Basic Chemistry CHAPTER 2. What are elements? What can you tell me about elements?
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Transcript of Basic Chemistry CHAPTER 2. What are elements? What can you tell me about elements?
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Basic ChemistryCHAPTER 2
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What are elements?What can you tell me about elements?
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What are elements?Elements: The fundamental units of matter
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What are elements?Elements: The fundamental units of matter
What do we mean by fundamental?
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Elements of the Body96% of the body is made from 4 different elements
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What are atoms?
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What are atoms? Atoms: The building blocks of elements
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Atomic StructureWhat are the different parts of an atom?
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Atomic Structure
NucleusProtons (p+)Neutrons (n0)
Outside of nucleusElectrons (e-)
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Atomic Structure of Smallest Atoms
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How do we identify elements?
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How do we identify elements?Atomic number
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How do we identify elements?Atomic mass number
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How do we identify elements?Atomic mass number:
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Why are atomic masses not in whole numbers?
Protons + Neutrons right?
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Isotopes and Atomic Mass
ISOTOPES!
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Isotopes and Atomic MassIsotopes:
Have the same number of protons
Vary in number of neutrons
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Isotopes and Atomic MassClose to mass number of most abundant isotope
Atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation
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Electrons and Bonding
Energy levels called electron shells
Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly attracted
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Electrons and Bonding
Bonding - interactions between electrons in the outer shell (valence shell)
Full valence shells do not form bonds
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Electrons and Bonding
How to fill the atom’s shellsShell 1 - maximum of 2 electronsShell 2 - maximum of 8 electronsShell 3 - maximum of 18 electronsShell 4 - maximum of 32 electronsShell 5 - maximum of 50 electronsShell 6 – maximum of 72 electrons
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Lewis Dot Structures
Diagrams that show the bonding between atoms
Represent the valence shell
Carbon has 6 protons, 6 elections
So…….4 electrons are in the valence shell
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Rule of Eights (Octet Rule)
Atoms are considered stable when their outermost orbital has 8 electrons
The exception to this rule of eights is Shell 1, which can only hold 2 electrons
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Radioactivity
Radioactivity—process of spontaneous atomic decay
What can we use this for?
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Radioactivity
Radioactivity—process of spontaneous atomic decay
What can we use this for?
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Radioactivity
Radiometric Dating:
Uranium 238U to 206Pb, with a half-life of 4.47 billion
years 235U to 207Pb, with a half-life of 704 million
years.
Carbon Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of
carbon, with a half-life of 5,730 years Very short compared to other isotopes
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Molecules and Compounds
Molecule: Two or more like atoms combined chemically
Compound: Two or more different atoms combined chemically
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What are chemical reactions?What do you remember?
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What are chemical reactions?
Atoms are united by chemical bonds
OR
Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken