Basic Automotive technology An introduction to basic automotive technology for non technical staff....
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Transcript of Basic Automotive technology An introduction to basic automotive technology for non technical staff....
Basic Automotive technology
An introduction to basic automotive technology for non technical staff.
Presented by Selamat Basir
Basic Automotive technology
By the end of this presentation
1. You should understand the basic principals of automotive technology
2. You should understand the terminology associated with modern vehicles
3. You should know where to find additional information
Objective
Basic Automotive technology
Objective
This should allow you to….
1. Use your enhanced technical understanding to help you
make better use out of future product training
2. Improve you understanding of customers’ needs and
concerns
3. Better understand the impact a vehicle’s performance has
on customer satisfaction
4. More effectively identify customers’ requirements and
discuss technical topics more confidently
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
Transmission
Running gear
Electrics
Safety
Lets break things down into manageable groups
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
In line 4 cylinder, single over head camshaft, 8 valve engine
Camshaft
Valves
Pistons
Timing belt
Distributor
Flywheel
Crankshaft
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
Intake valve
Valve cover
Intake port
Cylinder head
Coolant
Engine block
Oil sumpOil
Crankshaft
Camshaft
Spark plug
Exhaust valve
Exhaust port
Piston
Con-rod
Big-end
The same engine from a different view
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
The four stroke cycle of a petrol engine or Spark Ignition (SI) engine
Intake Compression Combustion Exhaust
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
The four stroke cycle in three dimensions
Induction Compression Power Exhaust
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
The four stroke cycle
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
The four stroke cycle
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
The four stroke cycle of a diesel or Compression Ignition (CI) engine
Compression Combustion ExhaustIntake
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
SI engine: spark ignition, air and fuel drawn in to the engine & ignited by spark plug. (Petrol)
CI engine: compression ignition, only air drawn into the engine. The fuel is injected at TDC & self ignites. (Diesel)
SI is quieter, smoother, lighter and more responsive
CI is more efficient more economical and more reliable.
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
60 - 120°
1
2
3
4 8
7
6
5
60 - 120°
1
2
3
4 8
7
6
5
In line six cylinder engine
Eight cylinder “V” engine (known as a V8)
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
72°
15° 15°
72°
15° 15°
15°15°
Six cylinder narrow “V” engine (known as a VR6)
12 cylinder “W” engine (known as a W12)
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
In line four cylinder
“V” six cylinder
Flat four cylinder (boxer)
Basic Automotive technology
W 12 engine found in the Bentley Continental GT.
Engine
Basic Automotive technology
The cooling system
Head cooling
Block cooling
Thermostat
Radiator cap
Water pump Cooling fan
Expansion bottle
RadiatorHeater matrix
Heater fan
Engine
Basic Automotive technology
Engine
The cooling system
Basic Automotive technology
Fuel tank
Fuel pump
Fuel filter
Distributor
Ignition coil
Oxygen sensor
Knock sensor
ECU
Throttle position sensor
Injector
Air mass meter
Cold start injector
Manifold pressure sensor
Fuel rail Fuel pressure regulator Non return valve
Crank position sensor Temp sensor Battery
Engine
Basic Automotive technology
Turbocharger:Gives almost limitless improvements in engine performance.
Efficiency is high as the charger is driven by waste exhaust gas.
Engine
Basic Automotive technology
Closed loop three way catalytic converter.
Reduces the emission of the three main pollutants produced by combustion Nox, CO & HC.
A - Reduction Catalyst B - Oxidation Catalyst C - Honeycomb
Engine
Basic Automotive technology
Transmission
Front Wheel Drive
Rear Wheel Drive
All Wheel Drive
Three basic options
Basic Automotive technology
Transmission
Manual transmission is controlled by the driver using the gear stick, can be 4, 5 or 6 speed. Needs a clutch to allow for smooth gear changes and for pulling away from rest.Advantages: More efficient, More reliable.
Semi Automatic transmissions are becoming more common these days. The most basic types are really just an Automatic transmission but with some driver input possible. Some of the most advanced systems are derived from F1 and give the driver full control plus better acceleration and quicker gear changes.
Basic Automotive technology
Transmission
Basic Automotive technology
Transmission
Automatic or manual
Automatic transmission is controlled by hydraulic pressure or by electronics or by a mixture or the two, can be 3, 4, 5 or 6 speed. Does not need a clutch as the take up of the drive is done automatically as are the gear changes.
Advantages: Smooth, Easy to drive.
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
Brakes Steering Suspension
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
Disc brakes
Brake calliper
Wheel hub
Brake pad grips disc
Brake cylinder Disc joined to wheel
Hydraulic cylinder
Callipers force pad onto disc
Fluid enters brake cylinder
Fluid goes down pipe
Disc
Brake lever pressed
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
Drum brakes Brake shoe
Hydraulic cylinder pushed brake shoe
onto drum
Springs pull shoes away from drum when brake is
released
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
Brake system layout
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
ABS brakes, Anti-lock Brake System
Wheels speed sensors send signals to the ECU for comparison. If the signals show a wheel to be rotating at a different speed the ECU can adjust the brake pressure to unlock the wheel.
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
Steering
Can be assisted by a hydraulic pump
Pinion joined to steering column
Steering wheel
Steering column
Rack
Pinion
Steering shaft turns, pinion rotates, driving the rack along
Rack is joined to rods that push the wheels left or right
Rack is pushed along
Pinion turns
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
Steering
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
Suspension
Front Suspension
Rear Suspension
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
Air suspension
The conventional springs are replaced with air suspension units. The units are controlled by an ECU to give optimum performance and comfort. The driver can also select the suspension characteristics, firmer for high performance and softer for greater comfort. The ride height can also be controlled. In some cases where there is a total failure of the electrical system the vehicle will be at its lowest setting and may require to be jacked up so that blocks can be inserted to give sufficient clearance.
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
Special note for Bentley Continental GT
Prior to raising the motor car, it is necessary to de-activateThe ride height control function, and place in ‘Jack Mode’• Switch on the engine
• Simultaneously press and hold these two buttons located on the lower centre console for 5 seconds• JACK MODE will appear on the drivers information panel • The car can now be lifted, without damage to the air suspension
Basic Automotive technology
Running gear
Tyres
If a tyre needs to be replaced it is important that the replacement is of the same size and specification. It is also preferable for the tyre to be the same make.
If a wheel has to be changed the wheel nuts must be tightened with a torque wrench.
Basic Automotive technology
Electrics
Battery
Performance can be affected by low temperatures so failure in winter is more common. Hot conditions can also affect battery life. In hot climates battery life can be 18-24 months, in more temperate climates 36-50 months.
If the battery is in good condition but the vehicle is unused for a period of time the battery can become discharged. In most cases trying to start the engine with a discharged battery will cause the battery to fail.
Basic Automotive technology
Electrics
BatteryPrecautions:Jump starting the vehicle can damage the control units, to prevent damage jump cables must be surge protected. Alternatively a purpose built booster pack can be used. Connect positive cable first followed by the negative cable, when disconnecting remove the negative first then the positive.
Safety:The acid contained in the battery can cause skin and eye irritation, gloves and goggles should be worn when handling battery's. If a person does come into contact with acid the area should be flushed with water until irritations stops
Battery's produce hydrogen gas which is highly flammable, only work in well ventilated areas and avoid sparks or naked flames. Always disconnect the negative battery terminal first to avoid sparks and when connecting attach the positive terminal first.
Basic Automotive technology
Electrics
Starter motor
Uses stored energy from the battery to start the engine. Requires a large amount of current during starting, the larger the engine the more current is needed. This sudden large current draw can cause a weak battery to short circuit and become faulty.
Basic Automotive technology
Electrics
AlternatorGenerates electrical power for the vehicle when the engine is running. Is able to produce enough power to run all of the vehicle electrical systems and charge the battery. Alternators are rated in amps.
When an alternator fails there will normally be a warning lamp showing on the dash board. The vehicle can still run for a short time before the battery will become discharged. Normally when the charging system warning lamp is showing the vehicle will need to be recovered to the dealer. Possible causes of failure can be an internal fault requiring a new alternator but loose connections are possible.
Basic Automotive technology
Electrics
General
Modern vehicle electrical systems drain current from the battery when the vehicle is switched off. All of the control units (ECU) require current to retain their memory, radios, clocks, alarm systems also require current. In some cases vehicles will have two battery's, one for starting and one for delivering power to consumers.
If the battery becomes discharged and is either changed or jump started it is possible for an ECU to record a fault in its memory due to low current. This fault may cause a warning light or multiple warning lights to be displayed on the dashboard. In cases like this the vehicle should be recovered to the dealer for investigation. Starting the vehicle may not be possible after the battery has been discharged and or changed due to loss if signal to the immobilizer system. To resolve this the dealer will need to re-set the immobilizer so recovery will be necessary.
Basic Automotive technology
Electrics
Immobilisers
To prevent theft many modern vehicles employ an immobiliser system. The system prevents the engine from being started by an unauthorised person. The system can be activated by a transponder or by an infrared remote control.
Basic Automotive technology
Electrics
CAN data bus = Controller Area Network
Modern vehicles can have up to 20 Electronic Control Units and the speed of data transfer is vital for effective operation. Many new cars now employ this CAN data bus system to speed up communications.
Basic Automotive technology
Safety
Passive safety
Passive safety systems are designed to reduce injury and increase survivability in the event of an accident.
Passive safety systems include, Air bags, Seat belts, crumple zones and safety cells.
Basic Automotive technology
Safety
Active safety
Active safety systems are designed to help the driver avoid accidents.
Active safety systems include, ABS, ESP, TCS, EBD, EBC and HBA.
ABS=Anti-lock Brake System (prevents wheels locking up when braking)
ESP=Electronic Stability Programme (prevents vehicle skidding when cornering)
TSC=Traction Control System (prevents wheels from spinning under acceleration)
EBD=Electronic Brake Distribution (ensures correct distribution of braking force)
EBC=Engine Brake Control (assists foot brake to slow the vehicle)
HBA=Hydraulic Brake Assistance (increases the power of the brakes)
Basic Automotive technology
End
Questions ?