Basic Anatomy - Tissues and Organs

There are many different types of cells in the human body. None of these cells function very well on their own. They are part of the larger organism - YOU

Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems

Cells group together to form tissues.

TISSUES – collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function

4 Primary Tissue Types:

•Epithelial Tissue•Connective Tissue•Muscle Tissue•Nerve Tissue

Consists of layers (formed by cells tightly bound together) of cells that line or cover all internal and external body surfaces.

Functions as protective barrier, keeps organs in place, and separate from other organs or parts.

outer layer of skin, inside of mouth and stomach, tissue surrounding body organs and blood vessels

STRUCTURE OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

EXAMPLES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Columnar Epithelial Tissue

Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Lining of blood vessels

Lining of blood vessels

http://www.curie.fr/recherche/themes/detail_equipe.cfm/lang/_gb/id_equipe/281.htm

http://cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/Medical/practice_lab_exam_Epithelium.htm

Intestinal Lining

Surfaces subject to abrasion: mouth, esophagus

Lining of blood vessels

Columnar epithelial tissues

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/wku/cancer.htm

Binds, supports, and protects structures in the body

Most diverse and abundant of the four types of tissue

Examples: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fat, blood

Loose connective tissue Fibrous connective tissue

Cartilage

Sharks are a type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago, before the time of the dinosaurs

They are made of mostly connective tissues, except for the teeth, which are the only remains of prehistoric sharks

Tendons

Tendons

Blood cells

Specialized tissue that can contract.

Three types of Muscle tissue:

Skeletal – moves bones in your body

Smooth – handles body functions that you cannot control consciously, e.g. movement of food through digestive tract.

Cardiac – found in the heart, pumps blood through body

Cardiac

Contains cells (neurons) that receive and transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses.Makes up the brain, spinal cord, nerves, also found in parts of sensory organ – retina in eye

Provides sensation of the internal and external environment and integrates sensory info.

Coordination of voluntary and involuntary activities and some body processes accomplished by nervous tissue.

http://www.washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TissuesPage.htm

Organs are the next level of organization in the body.

An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. 

Organ systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function.  There are 10 major organ systems in the human body.

Major Role (Function): Provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs. Major Organs (Structure): Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.

Major Role (Function): To protect against pathogens; helps regulate body temperatures

Major Organs/Structures:

Skin, hair, nails

Major Role (Function): Provide movement.  Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide and provide mobility. 

Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system.

Major Organs: Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the body

Major Role: The main role of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the body.

Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels and blood.

Major Role: To relay electrical signals through the body.  The nervous system directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc

Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

Major Role: Provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment.  Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body.

Major Organs: Nose, trachea and lungs.

Major Role: The main role of the digestive system is to breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance.

Major Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.

Major Role: To filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system. 

Major Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

Major Role: To relay chemical messages through the body.  In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc

Major Organs: Many glands exist in the body that secrete endocrine hormones.  Among these are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.

Major Role:To manufacture cells that allow reproduction.  In the male, sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female.

Major Organs:Female (top): ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands.  Male (bottom): testes, seminal vesicles and penis. 

Major Role:To destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body.  The lymphatic system also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood. 

Major Organs:Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells, T- and B- cells.

The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system.

The study of lymphatic drainage of various organs is important in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer. The lymphatic system, because of its physical proximity to many tissues of the body, is responsible for carrying cancerous cells between the various parts of the body in a process called metastasis. The intervening lymph nodes can trap the cancer cells. If they are not successful in destroying the cancer cells the nodes may become sites of secondary tumors.

Describe how the skeletal, muscular, nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems function in a person swimming laps in a pool.

Read in Synergy p.62-65, Tissues, Organs and Systems

Answer the questions 1 to 4 p. 65

The body is put into motion by the skeletal and the muscular systems. The blood will provide muscles with oxygen and glucose which are required for any physical activity. As the physical activity intensifies, the muscles will need more oxygen and the circulatory and respiratory systems will accelerate their rythm. All this activity is regulated and controlled by the nervous system.

1. Cell, tissue, organ, system2. ..

1. Organ2. Tissue3. Cell4. System

3. …3. Connective4. Epithelial5. Nerve6. Connective7. Muscle

4. …1. Nervous system2. Digestive system3. Excretory system4. Reproductive system