Basic 8 Computer 1st Term E-notes

8/17/2019 Basic 8 Computer 1st Term E-notes

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!"e evelopment of electronic computer is ivie into sta$e referre to as$eneration. 4ac" $eneration of computer is associate wit" a specicinnovation an evelopment in computer tec"nolo$y over t"e previoussta$e.

=t is important to note t"at computer evelopment came in i>erent

types an capacity. Generations of electronic computer are $roupe into veinnovations in tec"nolo$ical evelopment an avancement as at t"e ate. !"e sta$es are 1st, 2n, r t" an t" $enerations. !"e $enerations of computers are not static, more sta$es are imminent as t"eir searc" forknowle$e an evelopment in t"e area information an communication !ec"nolo$y (=C!).

SUB-TOPIC /: GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERSCONTENTCLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER B0 GENERATIONS/ST GENERATION COMPUTERS

!"ese inclue sets of computer 'uilt 'etween 1:+1::. !"e employeelectronic vales (vacuum tu'es) for t"eir circuits. 4amples inclue ?eo @ark===, #tlas Series. ;niversal #utomatics computer (;7=9#C), 4lectronic %iscrete9aria'le #utomatic computer (4%9#C), 4lectronic %elay Stora$e #utomaticcomputer (4%S#C).

FEATURES=t uses punc" car=t "as valve+'ase mac"ine an uses vacuum tu'e for storin$ an processin$of ata.=t "as limite internal stora$e

=t consumes too muc" electronic power an t"ere'y $enerates too muc""eat.

2ND GENERATION COMPUTERS !"is computer $eneration eiste 'etween (1:0< + 1:0). !"ey use

transistor in place of valve. !"ey were smaller in si*e an faster in operationcompare wit" t"e 1st $eneration. 8esies, t"ey were more relia'le an t"enuse 4n$lis" as computer lan$ua$e. &i$" level lan$ua$e like 8#S=C, F3R!R#7,C383? etc. 4amples are =8@


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1RD GENERATIONS COMPUTERS !"e t"ir $eneration computers mark t"e 'e$innin$ of key'oars for

input an vieo isplay unit (monitor) for output. =t 'etween 1:00+1:.some of t"e computers, its maBor component was inte$rate circuits (=C)instea of transistor use urin$ secon $eneration. !"ey came in t"ree ()

i>erent si*es ie mainframe, mini, micro computers. Some of its '!a+#!&inclues

- use of circuits instea of transistors use in secon $eneration- it is more relia'le t"an t"e secon $eneration computers- =t "as etensive processin$ stora$e- =t came in t"ree i>erent si*es @ainframe, @ini, an @icro

computers.

TH GENERATION COMPUTERS !"is $eneration of electronic computer came into eistence (1:+1::


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=t "elps in plannin$ nancial mana$ementEALUATION:1. @ention at least $enerations of computers an t"eir features.2. %istin$uis" 'etween t"e rst $enerations of computers an t"e

Secon $enerations of computers.

SUB-TOPIC 2: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER B0 T0PES

CONTENT

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER B0 T0PES5"en computers are classie accorin$ to type, t"ree i>erent $roups orclasses of computers are reco$ni*e. !"ey are t"e i$ital analo$ue an"y'ri computer.

DIGITAL COMPUTER

!"is is most common type of computer toay. =t is use in processin$iscrete ata t"at "ave to o wit" countin$. %i$it is a num'er t"erefore,i$ital computers measure p"ysical Duantities 'y countin$. @ost applicationsof computer "ave to o wit" ata processin$. #s suc", t"e i$ital computer isso muc" in use. @any moern evices are now usin$ i$ital system.4amples of suc" evices are calculator, i$ital wrist watc"es, i$ital fuelispenser etc.

ANALOGUE COMPUTERS#nalo$ue computer processes continuous ata suc" as spee, temperature,"eart'eat etc. !"ey are mostly use in scientic measurement w"ic" may

reDuire t"e processin$ of continuous ata. !"ese are t"e type of speciali*ecomputers you are likely to see in t"e "ospitals connecte to patients.

H0BRID COMPUTER !"is type of computer com'ines t"e features of i$ital an analo$uecomputers to$et"er. =t can count an as well as measure.

EALUATION:1. State t"ree type of computers wit" eamples.2. 4plain 'rieEy t"e most common type of computer.

READING ASSIGNMENT:Rea "an'ook on computer stuies(practical $uie)for sc"ools ancolle$es 8ook 2,pa$es +,8y 7iyi #ekole$an.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:1. =s not a feature of rst $eneration computers(a)=t uses punc" car (')=t "as limite internal stora$e (c)=t consumes toomuc" electricity ()=t oes not $enerate muc" "eat.


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2. !"e followin$ are eamples of ft" $eneration computers ecept (a)/entium = (') /entium 2(c) /entium @ ()/entium 7one. #ll of t"e followin$ are si*es of microcomputers ecept (a)%esktop (') ?aptop (c) 7ote'ook () ;7=9#C. !"ir $enerations of computers uses tec"nolo$y in its 'uil+up.

(a)9?S=C (') =C (c) 9acuum tu'e () !ransistor

WEEK 1Da!………………………….

TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS: B S$4!& a"5 D!6#!! %' 7!#&a$$OBJECTIE:#t t"e en of t"e lesson stuents s"oul 'e a'le toH

+ Classify computers 'y purpose an e$ree of versality

+ Classify computer 'y si*e an capacity

SUBTOPIC /: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS B0 SI9E ANDCAPABILITIES

CONTENTSComputer classication accorin$ to t"e si*e an capacity are $roupe intofour () cate$ories. !"ese are micro computers, mini computers, mainframean super computers.

MICRO COMPUTERS

!"is is t"e smallest an most popular class of computers.@icro computers are also calle personal computers (/C) or esktopcomputers. !"ey are t"e most wiely use an t"e fastest $rowin$ type of computers. !"ey are accessi'le, relatively c"eap an interactive. =t is aneample of $eneral purpose computers.

CLASSES OR SI9E OF MICRO COMPUTERS@icro computers came in i>erent si*es ran$in$ from esktop, laptop,palmtop, note'ook computers etc.

DESKTOP

!"is cate$ory of micro computer can 'e set on t"e top of a esk I%esktopJ. =tsupports ot"er perip"erals an "as a very "i$" stora$e capacity an spee.

LAPTOP COMPUTER !"is type of computer can 'e place on t"e lap an also in a 'elief case. !"ey can 'e eit"er #C powere, 'attery powere or 'ot". !"ey com'ine t"epower of t"e /C wit" mo'ility.


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NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS !"ese are very "i$" /Cs 'ut "ave all t"e capacities of a /C./alm top !"ey are small enou$" to 'e "el in t"e palm of your "an !"eyare eDually as powerful as t"e %esktop.

WORK STATIONS !"ese are more powerful t"an t"e /Cs. !"ey are use 'y t"e en$ineers anscientists w"o process a lot of ata. =t is a kin of special purpose computer.

MINICOMPUTER !"is is a meium si*e $eneral purpose i$ital.=t is a multi+user i.e. it allows many users at once an "as t"e a'ility toperform many tasks simultaneously. !"e istin$uis"e features of mini frommicro computers are memory si*e, spee of operation, faster input anoutput evices an "i$"er cost. !"ey are specially esi$ne to solve an"anle wie variety of commutin$ pro'lems. =t "as 'ecome a popular an

powerful network server to "elp mana$e lar$e internet we' sites, corporateintranet an client server networks.

MAINFRAME COMPUTER !"ese are multi+user an multi+taskin$ $eneral purpose computers. !"ey "ave lar$e stora$e capacity an cost more t"an typical mini computers. !"ey are use 'y lar$e or$ani*ations suc" as 'anks, universities, central'ank, national population commission etc.

SUPER COMPUTER !"is can 'e seen as tec"nolo$ical improvement on mainframe computers. =t

is use in t"e scientic environment suc" as for space stuies an weat"erforecast. !"ey "ave "i$"er processin$ powers an lar$e stora$e capacities.

SUBTOPIC 2: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER B0PURPOSES

CONTENTSClassication of computer accorin$ to purpose can 'e $roupe into two,namely

1. General purpose computers

2. Special purposes computers

SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS !"ese are computers esi$ne solely to solve a restricte class of pro'lemse.$. computer for meical ia$nosis, weapon $uiance, traKc control, wealt"stuy an forecast, control of airplanes an prouction control of renery an$uiance etc.


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GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER !"is class of computers is also calle multi+purpose computers an are usefor variety of works. !"ey "ave t"e a'ility to store various pro$rams of instructions an perform variety of operations suc" as $rap"ics, ata'aseinventory an sales analysis.

@ost computers are $eneral purpose computers an t"ey can "anlesi>erent kin of work.

EALUATION:1. Classify computers 'y si*e an e$ree of versatility.2. State an iscuss ve $eneral c"aracteristics of computers.

READING ASSIGNMENTRea "an'ook on computer stuies (practical $uie) for sc"ools ancolle$es 8ook 2, pa$es 1+10, 8y 7iyi #ekole$an.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT1. Computers t"at are small enou$" to 'e "el in "ans are calle (a)/almtop (') %esktop (c) ?aptop () 7ote'ook.2. @eium+si*e computers are also known as computers.(a)@ini+computers (') @icro+computers (c) @ainframe computers ()5orkstations. #not"er for micro+computers is (a) CompaD computers (') @icro+computers (c) @ainframe computers ()#pple computers. @ainframe computers $enerate lar$e amount of "eat 'ecauseH(a) !"ey are very 'i$ (') !"ey consume too muc" electricity (c) !"ey

occupy so muc" room space () !"ey are very small. Computers esi$ne to solve special class of pro'lems are calle (a) General purpose computers (') Special purpose computers(c) 5orkstations () 4%S#C Computers

WEEK Da!………………………….TOPIC: THE COMPUTER S0STEMS: !"e Concept of computer

Systems, #n Component of computer Systems

OBJECTIES#t t"e en of t"e lesson, stuents s"oul 'e a'le to

- 4plain t"e term computer system- State t"e components of a computer system

SUBTOPIC /: THE CONCEPT OF COMPUTER S0STEMS

CONTENTS


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3utput

%evice=nput

%evice

Control ;nit

#rit"metic ?o$ic

;nit (#?;)

@ain @emory

R#@LR3@

Seconary

@emory

SMS!4@ ;7=!C / ;

Wa $& a &&!N # system is a $roup of interrelate components workin$to$et"er towars a common $oal 'y acceptin$ inputs an proucin$ outputsin an or$ani*e transformation process.# computer is an eample of a system mae of input evice, processin$

evice an output evice workin$ to$et"er to prouce t"e esire result.

THE S0STEM UNIT: System unit is t"e maBor part of a computer system. =tconsists of system 'oar or power supply, system 'oar or mot"er 'oar,rives, memory an t"e processor.Collection of all t"ese components insie a sin$le case or "ousin$ is callesystem unit. Some people refer to it as C/;. !"e C/; is an acronym forCentral /rocessin$ ;nit an t"e component parts of t"e system unit. !"esystem unit came in i>erent si*es, mini tower, full tower or esktopepenin$ on its p"ysical s"ape an arc"itectural esi$n.THE CONSTITUENT PARTS OF A COMPUTER S0STEM.

# computer system consists of t"ree main parts ot"erwise callecomponents. !"ese are1. &arware.2. Software.. &uman ware.

Ha#5 ;a#! %*%"!": computer "arware coul 'e ene as t"ep"ysical parts of t"e computer t"at we can see, feel an "anle Computer"arwire inclues t"e main parts an its perip"eral. !"e main parts are t"etwo evices processor an memory unit make up t"e central processin$unit. !"e C/; is responsi'le for all t"e processin$ responsi'le for feein$

ata into t"e system an collectin$ information from t"e system.

C/; is t"e 'rain of t"e computer system an su'+ivie into t"e control unit(C;), #rit"metic an lo$ic unit (#?;) an stora$e of memory unit.


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/. C%"#% +"$: !"is is t"e unit of t"e computer system t"at fetc"esinstructions from t"e main stora$e, interprets t"em an issues all t"enecessary si$nals to t"e components makin$ up t"e system. Control unitirect all "arware operation necessary in o'eyin$ instructions.2. A#$!$ a"5 %6$ +"$: !"is part of t"e C/; is w"ere all t"e

arit"metic is carrie out in t"e computer. !"ese are ain$ up, su'tractin$,multiplication, ivision etc. =t also carries out any lo$ic functions t"at arenecessary. ?o$ic functions are ecisions w"ic" "ave to 'e mae suc" as lesst"an O, eDual to (P), $reater t"an > etc. =ts operations consist of comparisons.1. S%#a6! %# !%# +"$: !"e memory or stora$e is t"e place in t"ecomputer w"ere t"e pro$ram an t"e ata are store. !"e computermemory is ivie into two, namely/. Ranom #ccess @emory (R#@)2. Rea 3nly @emory (R3@)

ROM: =s use 'y t"e manufacturer to store $eneral purpose an

permanent instructions as operatin$ system an pro$ram utilities to startan test t"e computer. Mou can only rea from R3@ 'ut cannot write into itas it is write protecte. !"e information "ere are permanent an cannot 'elost w"en t"e computer is s"ut own.RAM: %ata can 'e written into R#@ an erase to ena'le fres" ata to comein. !"is is t"e work area for t"e computer user w"en t"e pro$ram is 'ein$run.RAM is electric power epenent an store ata is lost w"en power $oeso>. =nformation in t"e R#@ is sai to 'e volatile an rea faster 'y t"ecomputer t"an information store in t"e eternal stora$e evices. (Reamore on stora$e evices in c"apter si.)

SUB-TOPIC 2: PERIPHERALS !"e $eneral name for all input an output evices are calle computerperip"erals.THE PERIPHERALS ARE IN THREE CATEGORIES

1. =nput evices (2) 3utput evice () #uiliary stora$e evice. !"ey aret"e evices attac"e to t"e computer system in orer to transferinformation into an out of t"e system.

I"*+ 5!7$!: t"ese are t"e meium t"rou$" w"ic" we can communicatetetual an $rap"ic ata etc. wit" t"e computer input evices suc" as

key'oar, Boystick, scanner etc. (see 'ook one for more information).

O+*+ 5!7$!&: !"ese are t"e computer evices t"at 'rin$ out t"eresult of processe ata or information from t"e computer e.$. 9ieoisplay unit or monitor, printer, speaker etc.

A+


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!"e auiliary stora$e evices are an aitional memory or eternalstora$e evice. =t is ot"erwise calle 8#CA S!3R4 or 8#CA;/ stora$eevice. !"is stora$e evice "ols lar$e amount of ata, information orpro$ram on a 'i$ term 'asis. !"ey are less epensive t"an t"at of main orprimary memory. !"ey also serve as an input an output evice i.e.

Floppy, C% R3@, Q=/ %=SA, F?#S& %=SA etc.

EALUATION:1. State t"e si*es of t"e t"e system unit you know an eplain any one of

t"em2. %ene t"e term System

READING ASSIGNMENT:Rea "an'ook on computer stuies (practical $uie) for sc"ools ancolle$es 8ook 2, pa$es 1+2


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Computer "arware wit"out software can 'e likene to a ve"icle wit"outfuel. # system can only perform 'ase on a set of $iven instructions t"atare to 'e followe in seDuence calle pro$ram.Software refers to t"e collections of all t"e pro$rams availa'le on acomputer. 8asically t"ere are two types of software. !"ese are system

software an application software.S&! S%';a#!: !"ese are pro$rams written 'y t"e computermanufacturer controls t"e internal operations of t"e computer system.3peratin$ system is an eample.A**$a$%" &%';a#!: !"ese are t"e pro$rams written 'y t"e softwareepert. !"ey are referre to as application software 'ecause t"ey areapplie to solve our pro'lems. !"ese software come in form of packa$esuc" as @S+53R%, @S+4C4?, @S+/354R/3=7! etc. #not"er part of application software is referre to as users software. ;ser software is apro$ram written 'y t"e computer operator or user of t"e system to meet"is immeiate nees. Rea more on t"is topic in t"e net c"apter.

H+a" ;a#! %*%"!"# computer system is more t"at Bust t"e mac"ine aloneH inclues all t"eot"er t"in$s t"at make t"e computer to function. !"e "uman aspect of computer is calle peoples ware or "uman ware. Computer cannot 'etreate in isolation wit"out t"e people t"at actually operates it. &umanware is t"e people workin$ wit" t"e computer. =t ran$es from t"eprofessional users like system analyst, en$ineer, pro$rammer tooperational users suc" as ata entry operators. Computer professionalsare t"ose w"o "ave uner$one one form of formal computer trainin$ ort"e ot"er an are certicate.

EALUATION:1. 5rite s"ort note on t"e followin$H

(i) System software(ii) #pplication packa$e

2. 4plain t"e term people wareREADING ASSIGNMENT:Rea "an'ook on computer stuies (practical $uie) for sc"ools ancolle$es 8ook 2, pa$es 1+2


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T #pplication software an planne software () 7one of t"e a'ove. 4ample of #pplication software inclues all, ecept (a) @S+53R% (') @S+4C4? (c) @S+/354R/3=7! ()

Uuick8asic

. 5"ic" of t"ese is not an operatin$ systemN(a) 3peratin$ system (')Centrali*e system (c) Coorinatin$ system() ?o$ical system

WEEK >Da!………………………….

TOPIC: THE COMPUTER SOFTWARE: %enition of computerSoftware, !ypes of computer software

OBJECTIES:

#t t"e en of t"e lesson, stuents s"oul 'e a'le toH4plain t"e term software an $ive eamples to i>erentiate 'etweensystem software an #pplication software.

CONTENT

S%';a#! is t"e term use to escri'e computer pro$ramsH it is t"e 'loot"at Eows t"rou$" t"e computer system. Compare wit" t"e "arware, t"esoftware use on a $iven computer is relatively easy to c"an$e an it is t"eattri'utes, w"ic" $ive computer t"eir Eei'ility. Vust as t"ere are two types of 'loo cells in "uman 'ein$s performin$

i>erent functions in t"e computer system. !"e rst is referre to as Systemsoftware an t"e ot"er is t"e application software. #ll ot"er forms of softwarecome uner t"ese two 'oar ivisions.Software component of t"e computer systemComputer "arware wit"out software can 'e linke to a ve"icle wit"out fuel.# system can only perform 'ase on a set of $iven instructions t"at are to 'efollowe in seDuence, calle pro$ram. Software refers to t"e collection of allt"e pro$rams availa'le on a computer system or in a computer installation.Software can 'e ivie into two main classes namelyH

/. S&! S%';a#!2. a**$a$%" S%';a#!

S&! S%';a#! !"ese are pro$rams written 'y t"e manufacturer toensure t"e smoot" runnin$ of t"e computer. !"ey are pro$rams t"at en"ancet"e performance operations of computer. =t is ivie into four classes of t"esystem namelyH1. 3peratin$ system2. !ranslators. %ata'ase mana$ement system (%8@S). ;tilities an service pro$rammersA**$a$%" S%';a#! !"is can 'e classie into two namelyH


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System Software#pplication Software

3peratin$ system

%8@S !ranslator

;tilities;sers /ro$rams #pplication /acka$

Computer#ssem'le

=nterpreter

i.e

@S 5or

@s 4cel

@S #ccess

/a$e makerCorel %raw

/ower point 4tc.

1. ;ser application pro$ram, 2. #pplication /acka$es !"e tree 'elow summari*es t"e classes of software

S%';a#!

EALUATION:

1. %istin$uis" 'etween system software an application software2. ?ist ve application packa$es you know

READING ASSIGNMENT:Rea "an'ook on computer stuies (practical $uie) for sc"ools ancolle$es 8ook 2, pa$es 2+2, 8y 7iyi #ekole$an.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:1. &ow many class of application packa$e o we "aveN

(a) 2 (') (c) () 62. 5"ic" of t"ese software is written 'y t"e manufacturerN

(a) System software (') application software (c) 4+learnin$ software() ?an$ua$e software

. Can 'e use to escri'e t"e software(a) 8loo (') 5ater (c) !oner () #nti+virus

. System software can 'e ivie into "ow many partsN(a) 0 (') 6 (c) () 1

. #n application packa$e t"at can 'e use to communicate tetual atato t"e user is calle (a) /ower point (') Corel raw (c) @S+53R% () 4cel

0. # collection of all t"e pro$ram availa'le in t"e computer system or setof instructions $uiin$ t"e operation of t"e computer is calle

(a) Software (') Firmware (c) /eople ware () &ar ware

WEEK ?Da!………………………….TOPIC: OPERATING S0STEM: %enition of operatin$ system (3S),4amples of 3peratin$ system.


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OBJECTIES:#t t"e en of t"e lesson, stuents s"oul 'e a'le toH

- %ene t"e term operation system- Give eamples of operatin$ system- State t"e functions of operatin$ system

-%i>erentiate 'etween %3S operatin$ system an winow operatin$system.

SUBTOPIC /: DEFINITION OF AN OPERATING S0STEM

CONTENT

DEFINITION OF AN OPERATIN S0STEM# set of instruction or pro$rams esi$ne to eKciently mana$e t"e resourcesof t"e computer system is referre to as operatin$ system. =t is t"e operatin$system t"at makes t"e computer unerstans t"e users instructions an

comman. =t is t"e life+wire of a computer system. =t oes t"e loain$ ansc"eule of all activities $oin$ on in a computer system some eamples of operatin$ system are %isk operatin$ system (%3S), 5inows 3peratin$System, ?inu 3peratin$ System, ;7= an eni 3peratin$ System. 4tc.

WHAT IS OPERATING S0STEM@#n operatin$ system can 'e ene as t"e collection of pro$rams w"ic" areresient in t"e computer memory. =t controls t"e $eneral operations of t"ecomputer system.

T0PES OF OPERATING S0STEM

!"ere are i>erent types of operatin$ system as specie 'y t"eiroperational performance. !"e most commonly use operatin$ system are

1. Sin$le user operatin$ system2. @ulti user operatin$ system. 7etworkin$ operatin$ system

S$"6! +&!# %*!#a$"6 &&! allows only a sin$le task performe at atime. =t allows a sin$le user to operate t"e mac"ine time in an interactivemoe an allows one user pro$ram to 'e in t"e main store an processe ata time. =t oes not allow users pro$ram. 4amples of a sin$le user operatin$system inclues @S%3S, /C%3S etc.

M+$- U&!# O*!#a$"6 S&! permits t"e eecution of more t"an onetask at a time. =t s"ares t"e system resources to more t"an one user 'yconnectin$ t"e iniviual user on t"e system. 4amples are winow :6,winows me, *eni osL2etc.

N!;%#$"6 %*!#a$"6 &&! is use in network environment w"ereusers form i>erent locations are interconnecte. Computers connecte to a


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lar$e network, suc" as 5#7 - =7!4R74!. 4amples of a networkin$operatin$ system inclues winow 7!, winow 2


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resies in t"e memory of t"e computer. 4amples of %3S are C?S. %#!4, %=R,%4?, C% prompt @%, 94R, File copy etc.Eerentiate 'etween %isk 3peratin$ System an

winow 3peratin$ System. ?ist four types of 3peratin$ System wit" eamples

READING ASSIGNMENT:

Rea "an'ook on computer stuies (practical $uie) for sc"ools ancolle$es 8ook 2, pa$es 1+2, 8y 7iyi #ekole$an.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:1. %8@S stans for

(a) %ata 'ase mana$ement system(') %ata 'ank monitorin$ system(c) %ata 'ase markin$ system


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() 7one of t"e a'ove2. !"ere are types of %3S(a) (') 2 (c) 0 ()

. packa$es are more interactive t"an t"e %3S (a) 5inows 3S (') Sin$le 3S (c) %ou'le 3S () 7one

. 5"ic" of t"ese is t"e master pro$ram of t"e computer (a) %3S (') S3S (c) 9?S=C () %8@S . @S%3S stans for

(a) @icrosoft isk operatin$ system (') @icro stan isk operatin$ system T @icro isk operatin$ system

()7one

WEEK 8

Da!………………………….TOPIC: NUMBER BASES (i) %ecimal (ii) 8inary (iii) 3ctal (iv)

&eaecimalOBJECTIES: #t t"e en of t"is lesson, stuent s"oul 'e a'le to

- ;nerstan "ow ata an information are represente ancommunicate to t"e computer.

- # num'ers to$et"er in 'ase two, 'ase ei$"t, 'ase ten an 'asesiteen.

- Covert ecimal num'ers to 'inary an "eaecimal num'er 'ase anvice+versa.

SUBTOPIC /: NUMBER S0STEM

CONTENTN+!# S&! !o e>ectively use t"e computer, it is t"erefore necessary to know "ow ata isrepresente an communicate to it.

T! D!$a N+!#&. !"ese are num'ers in everyay use. !"ey are alsoenary num'er or num'ers in 'ase 1


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1 6 6 1<S+#a$%" $" a&! !": =n su'traction, i$its from t"e su'traction aresu'tracte from t"e corresponin$ i$its form t"e minuen wit" t"e samepositional values.=f i$its from t"e su'traction are $reater t"at t"e corresponin$ minuen,

one is 'orrowe from t"e immeiate nei$"'or on t"e left an t"at one countsas ten.Eects its value or meanin$./ositional value plays an important role in convertin$ a num'er from one'ase to anot"er.E


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# (a.) 1


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2 r 1 2 r 1 2 1 r

< r 1 P 11112

2: . 12 2: 2 12 1 r1 2 r 12 r < 2 1r12 r 1 2 6 r12 2r1 2 r<


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P0X0XP 0X0


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4amples converts t"e followin$ enary to octal1. 61< 2. 01<

6 6 6 06 6 r 1 6 0 r 16 0 r < 6 1r2

6


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2 11


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Convert t"e followin$ &eaecimal to 'ase 1


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# 11


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memory an t"e auiliary or eternal memory. !"e main memory is referreto as t"e computer primary stora$e an resies in t"e computer casin$ orsystem unit. !"e computer "as two kins of main memory. 3ne ispermanently store an cannot 'e a>ecte w"en t"e mac"ine is turne o> an t"ere can 'e no loss of information. !"is memory kin is calle Rea

3nly @emory (R3@). =t is mostly use 'y t"e computer manufacturer to store$eneral purpose an permanent instructions on t"e computer, e.$ operatin$system. !"e ot"er memory is temporary. !"e temporary memory is a>ectew"en t"e mac"ine is turne o> an t"ere is loss of information. !"is kin of memory is calle Ranom #ccess @emory (R#@), it is t"e memory t"at "olsata input an t"e users software w"ile workin$ on t"em. !"e amount of R#@ varies from one computer to t"e ot"er.#uiliary memory is a seconary stora$e unit. =t is to supplement t"e mainmemory. =t is also calle 'ackin$ memory or eternal memory. =t is a massstora$e unit 'ecause it store lar$e amount of information. Seconarystora$e is neee ue to t"e volatile nature of R#@ an its ina'ility to store

lar$e volume of ata.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROM AND RAMROM RAM=t is an acronym forRea 3nly @emory=nformation are store on a/ermanent 'asis=nformation are retaine w"encomputer is turne o>

=nformation store is permanent=nstruction cannot 'e written on it'ut it can 'e rea

=t is an acronym forRanom #ccess @emory=nformation are store for aS"ort perio of time=nformation are cleare w"encomputer is turne o>

=nformation can 'e written to itan volatile=nformation can 'e written to itan also 'e rea from it.

T0PES OF SECONDAR0 MEMOR0 !"ere are i>erent types of seconary memory. Some of t"em are.(1) @a$netic tapes (2) @a$netic isk () 3ptical isk.MAGNETIC DISK @a$netic isk is anot"er form or auiliary stora$e evice. =t is use to writean ata on a isk calle isk rive.

!"ere are two types of ma$netic isks. !"ese are Eoppy isk an "ar isk.

OPTICAL DISK C% R3@ is an eample of optical isk. =t is usually riven 'y t"e C% R3@%rive, C% R3@ "as a lar$er stora$e capacity. !"ere are two types of C% [email protected]'le C% an Re+writa'le C% R3@. 5rita'le C% R3@ are use to storeata or information w"ic" oes not reDuire alternations as t"e contents of t"e meium cannot 'e altere w"ile t"e content of R4+ writa'le C% R3@ can


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'e altere an written C% R3@ is an acronym for Compact %isk Rea 3nly@emory.

EALUATION:1. 5"at is computer memoryN

2. @ention two types of computer memory. Give eamples.

SUBTOPIC 2: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAIN MEMOR0 AND AUILLIAR0MEMOR0 CONTENT

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAIN MEMOR0 AND AUILIAR0 MEMOR0

MAIN MEMOR0 AUILIAR0 MEMOR0 1. =t is primary stora$e it is seconary stora$e2. =t is internal stora$e it is eternal stora$e. =t acts as main memory it acts as 'ackup for main

. =t is volatile it is non volatile. =t is epensive it is less epensive0. =t "as small memory it a"s less memory capacity Capacity

MAGNETIC TAP !"is is similar to t"e tape use in auio tape recorer.@a$netic tapes are mae of a lon$ t"in lm covere wit" iron oie. !"e t"inlm is woun roun a plastic container in a form of a reel. %ata can 'e

written from tape to tape an place into t"e main memory. =t performs t"efunction of an input an output evices. =t is a seDuential access stora$eevice.

BIT: !"is is a 'inary i$it i.e. 'inary i$it i.e. < an 1B0TE: 'yte is a 'it of ei$"t i$it i.e.


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WORKING EAMPLES# 'yte P 6 'it1 kilo'yte (A8)P21


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Basic 8 Computer 1st Term E-notes

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Transcript of Basic 8 Computer 1st Term E-notes