BASELINE TESTS OF THE ELECTRIC PASSENGER VEHI-TC(U) SEP …
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BASELINE TESTS OF THE SE-100 CENTENNIAL ELECTRIC PASSENGER VEHI-TC(U) SEP 00 E J DOWIALLO, I R SNELLINGS EC-77-A-31-1042 UNCLASSIFIED MERADCO-2308 EEEhEEEE EhhEBNNhEhEE- mEIIIIIEEIIE- IIEIIIIEEIIIIE IEEEEIIIIIEE-
Transcript of BASELINE TESTS OF THE ELECTRIC PASSENGER VEHI-TC(U) SEP …
BASELINE TESTS OF THE SE-100 CENTENNIAL ELECTRIC PASSENGER VEHI-TC(U)SEP 00 E J DOWIALLO, I R SNELLINGS EC-77-A-31-1042
UNCLASSIFIED MERADCO-2308
EEEhEEEEEhhEBNNhEhEE-mEIIIIIEEIIE-IIEIIIIEEIIIIEIEEEEIIIIIEE-
IIIII '_----__' ___
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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CA-~RTNATIONAL BUJREAU OF STANDARDS- 1963-A
IIAD
.Report 2308
BASELINE TESTS OF THE GE-100 CENTENNIAL
0ELECTRIC PASSENGER VEHICLE
by
Edward J. Dowgiallo, Jr.Ivan R. Snellings
andWilliam H. Blake
JAN 1 4 1981
September 1980
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
U.S. ARMY MOBILITY EQUIPMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND
FORT BELVOIR, VIRGINIA
81 1 ,13 004
Destroy this report when no longer needed.Do not return it to the originator.
...........
UNCL ASISIFIFI)(-D-------f-- I,(~-SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE..D.... (lIen Aat DC M , -
rREAD I?4STRUCTI NSREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETTNG FORMI
1. REPORT NUMBER 2.GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
2308 r~<TUE~kYE TENNAL/ *S.TYPE OF REPORT 6 PERIOD COVERED
7ASELINE TJESTS OFTH VEI-1CL t7FN1 Final/echnical {e MoELETRI ~(SENER . ~6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
AUTHOR(e) -.- B.CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(&)
Edward/ j~owgialo, JrlvnR/nIing and1 a nyMemn
Depatmen ofa~nc Enery / Se tn
9. MONRORING ORANCYAI NAME N ADDRESS -- TOn io.Cnto~n Ofc)I. SECURITY CLASS.T (OJET tierTAS
It. DOSTRBUTIONG STICATMEN DES 12_SzeAepr&t)
aprnoved for p 0b4c rees;10t5uto nlmtd
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thi srct.tgdtBlc2. tdfretro Report)
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side It necesary nvmd identify by block number)
Electric VehicleTraction BatteryCharger
24L AM. ACT (Ctbas to reverse aft% N narsessy -d Ideafifr by bloc' rambet)
- -- Ihe GE-100 Centennial electric vehicle is a one-of-a-kind prototype. Results of per-formance tests, speed, acceleration, gradeability, range, and efficiencies are presented.The GE-100 is powered by eighteen 6-volt lead-acid batteries driving a 16.3-kW d.c. seriesmotor through an EV-l C controller. The motor drives the wheels through a chain driveto the differential. No regenerative braking was provided. -
DO n F~S17 ~~O F O ~SO LT UNCLASSIFIED
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I., !,:PREFACE
TIeElectric and Hybrid Vehicle Test was conducted by the Army Mobility Equip-ln~ent Research and [)evelopmlent Conmmand (MERADCI)M) under tine guidance (if tine US
lDepartment of Energy (D)OE).
Michael E. Johnson. P.E. of VSE Corporation was responsible for aspects of calibrationI of the signal conditioning circuits and recording instruments as well as data tabulations.
, plotting. and preparation of line report. Richard Boyd of VSE C'orporation was responsi-
ble for aspects of the report and data analysis.
Computer )rogramming and some data tabulations and plots were made by l)avid Scottand Arthur Nickless of the Systems Technology & Management Division. ManagementInformation Systems Directorate. MERAI)C()M.
James A. Queen and Calvin T. Bushrod of the Environmental & Field Division, Pro-duct Assurance & Testing Directorate. assisted in vehicle operation and data collection.
Accession For
NTIS 7 F &IDTIC T,1-;
C- des
"O
iii
CONTENTS
Section Title Page
PREFACE iii
ILLUSTRATIONS vi
TABLES viii
I SUMMARY I
11 INTRODUCTION 3
III OBJECTIVES 3
IV TEST VEHICLE DESCRIPTION
1. Description 52. Operating Characteristics 5
V INSTRUMENTATION 5
VI TEST PROCEDURES
1. Maximum Cruise Speed 122. Range Tests - Constant Speed 123. Range When Operated in a Selected Driving Pattern 124. Maximum Acceleration 135. Coast-Down Tests 136. Tractive Force Tests 137. Charger Efficiency Tests 13
VII TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
I. Maximum Speed 142. Range 143. Maximum Acceleration 144. Gradeability 145. Gradeability Limit 316. Road Energy Consumption 357. Road Power Requirements 358. Indicated Energy Economy 40
iv
I,&
CONTENTS (CONT-D)
Section Title Page
Vill COMPONENT PERFORMANCE AND EFFICIENCY
1 . Battery Charger 402Battery Characteristics 4
3. Controller 444. Motor 445. Drive Train 44
Ix RELIABILITY 44
APPENDICES
A. VEHICLE SUMMARY DATA SHEET 45
B. TABULATIONS OF GRAPHED DATA 50
C. DERIVATION OF ROAD LOAD POWER 87
vI
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page
I Side View of GE-100 Centennial Vehicle 6
2 Front/Left Side View of GE- 100 with All Doors Open 7
3 Front View of GE-I 00 Showing SCR Controller and Gasoline- 8Fired Heater and Motor
4 Rear View of GE-100 Showing Battery Removal Apparatus 9
5 Inside View from Driver's Seat of GE- 100 10
6 Block Diagram of Propulsion System and Instrumentation I I
7 "B" Cycle, Velocity vs Time is
8 "B" Cycle, Battery Voltage vs Time 16
9 "B" Cycle, Battery Current vs Time 17
10 "B" Cycle, Battery Power vs Time 18
11 "C" Cycle. Velocity vs Time 19
12 "C" Cycle, Battery Voltage vs Time 20
13 "C" Cycle, Battery Current vs Time 21
14 "C" Cycle, Battery Power vs Time 22
15 "D" Cycle, Velocity vs Time 23
16 "D" Cycle, Battery Voltage vs Time 24
17 "D" Cycle, Battery Current vs, Time 25
18 "D" Cycle, Battery Power vs Time 26
Vi
ILLUSTRATIONS (CONT'D)
Figure Title Page
19 Acceleration vs Velocity 27
20 0% Depth of Discharge, Velocity vs Time 28
21 40% Depth of Discharge, Velocitv vs Time 29
22 80% Depth of Discharge, Velocity vs Time 30
23 0% Depth of Discharge, Percent Gradeability vs Velocity 32
24 40% Depth of Discharge, Percent Gradeability vs Velocity 33
25 80% Depth of Discharge, Percent Gradeability vs Velocity 34
26 Coast-Down Cycle 1, Velocity vs Time 36
27 Coast-Down Cycle 4, Velocity vs Time 37
28 Coast-Down Cycle 7, Velocity vs Time 38
29 Road Energy vs Velocity 39
30 Road Power vs Velocity 41
31 Constant Speed Battery Performance, First 25% of Range 42
32 Constant Speed Battery Performance, Last 25% of Range 43
vii
i i*
TABLES
Table Title Page
I Summary of Test Results for GE-1O0 Centennial 2Electric Vehicle
Conversion Factors 4
viii
BASELINE TESTS OF THE GE-IOO CENTENNIAL
ELECTRIC PASSENGER VEHICLE
1. SUMMARY
The GE-100 Centennial Electric. an electric vehicle manufactured by General Electricand Triad Services. Inc., was tested under the direction of the U.S. Army Mobility Equip-ment Research and Development Command (MERADCUM) from 4 June to 20 June and
from 2 July to 27 July 1979. The tests are part of a )epartment of Energy (DOE) project
to access advances in electric vehicle design. This report presents the performance testresults on the GE-100 Centennial Electric.
The GE-100 Centennial Vehicle is a one-of-a-kind experimental prototype. The conceptwas developed by GE and Triad Services. Inc., under DOE contract EY-76-(:-03-1294.
phase one of the Near-Term Electric Vehicle Program. The conceptual study exploredelectric vehicle performance availahle with standard production components. The vehicle
was built and funded by General Electric. using available hardware. i.e.. standardproduction components. It is powered by eighteen 6-volt lead-acid traction batteries
driving a 16.3-kW (21.8-hp) (3200-r/rin) motor through an EV-I armature chopper and
control. All items are 1978 or earlier technology. Front brakes are inboard Chevelle with
copper drums: rear brakes are Subaru drums. The vehicle did not employ regenerative
braking.
The vehicle was provided lv General Electric. The intent of testing was not to verify
vehicle performance. as this prototype is not a candidate for the I)O)E demonstration
programs. However. the available standard production components used in this vehiclewill he use(d in prospective vehicles. The testing was performed to expose the electric-
hybrid-vehicle JEiHV) communitv to the results available with 1978 electrical technology.
The results of the tests are shown in Table 1.
I able 1. Summary of lest Results for
Test Speed Number BatteryDate or o f I nergy Out Energy F nergy Out of Charger Batt,
(July) Driving Pattern Range Cycles of Battery I.conomy* (nto Battery) Eficil
13 40 km/h 112 kin - 15.5 k, .138 k 27.8 kWh 55.1(25 mi/h) (70 mi) km
(221 \1mi I
18 56 km/h 96 km 15.3 kWh .159 kWh 26.0 kWh 56.3(35 mi/h) (60 mi) km
(25S kh)m i
12 80 km/h 69 km 12.9 kWh .187 21.6 kWh 59.7c(50 mi/h) (43 mi) km
(300 kWh)mi /
6 SAE J227a B 80 km 227 16.3 kWh .204 Wh 29.7 kWh 54.99(50 mi) km
(326 Wh)mi/
10 SAE J227a C 67 km 122 14.4 kWh .215 kWh 25.0 kWh 57.6q(42 mi) km
(343 kWh)
24 SAE J227a D 62 km 42 14.1 kWh .227 Wh 20.5 kWh 68.89(39 mi) km
362mi)
* Battery Energy Economy Energy out of battery per mile of range.
2
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Is for GE Centennial Electric Vehicle
Energy Vehicle
Battery into Charger Energy Wind Wind Temperature Temperature
Efficiency Charger Efficiency Economy Start of Test End of Test Start of Test End of Test
55.8'; 33 kWh 84.3'; .295 ('aim South 23°C 30'C
kin 7.4 km/h (74 F) (86"F)
( 471 kWh (4.6 mi/h)
56.37, 31 kWh 83.4% .517 kWh Calm NW 26°C 27*C
kin 9.3 km/h (790
l:) (8 1' F)
323 kWh (5.8 mi/h)i/
59.7"1 27 kWh 80.2% .391 kWh Calm Calm 220C 26
0 C
km (72"1:) (7801:)
(628 kWh)
54.9% 37 kWh 80.3% .463 kWh Calm NW 16'C 27'C
km 3.7 km/h (611:) (80*1;)
740 kWh) (2.3 ini/h)mi/
57.6% 30 kWh 83.3% .448 kWh NW South 26°C 25'C
km 3.7 km/h 7.4 km/h (7801:) (7701:)
(714 kWh) (2.3 mi/h) (4.6 mi/h)mi
68.8, 25 kWh 82.0% .403 kwh Calm SW 26°C 29°C
km 4.8 km/h (78 0 F) (85°F)
(64 1 kwh) (3 mi/h)
mi/
11, INTRODUCTION
The vehicle tested and the data presented in this report are in support of Public Law94-413 enacted by Congress on 17 September 1976. The law requires the Department ofEnergy (DOE) to develop data characterizing the state-of-the-art with respect to electricand hybrid vehicles. The data so developed are to serve as a baseline to compare im-provements in electric- and hybrid-vehicle technologies, to assist in establishing perfor-mance standards for electric and hybrid vehicles, and to help guide future research anddevelopment activities.
The U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command (MERAD-COM) under the direction of the Electric and Hybrid Research, Development. andDemonstration Office; Division of Transportation Energy Conservation; DOE, has con-ducted track tests of electric vehicles to measure their performance characteristics antivehicle component efficiencies. The tests were conducted using a DOE test procedure"ERDA-EHV-TEP," described in Appendix A of MERADCOM Report 2244.' This pro-cedure uses the "Electric Vehicle Test Procedure SAE J227a," revised February 1976.U.S. customary units were used in the collection and reduction of data. The units wereconverted to the International System of Units for presentation in this report. U.S.customary units are presented in parentheses. Number values are truncated to reflectnominal values except where precision is required. Conversion factors are shown inTable 2.
The assistance and cooperation of General Electric Industrial Control Division andCorporate Research and Development were greatly appreciated. The Department ofEnergy supplied funding support and guidance during this project.
Ill. OBJECTIVES
The characteristics of interest for the GE-100 Centennial Vehicle are vehicle speed.range at constant speed, range when operated in a selected driving pattern, maximumacceleration, gradeability, gradeability limit, road energy consumption. road power. andvehicle energy economy.
.. I-;.~~~~~~~ J. lhm~gialh.. Jr.: C . L'; |aih, y. Jr.: 1. H..%n Sm-1iti : awl 'Al. 1|. |lake:; "|Ra-line Tl -1. 4f the' E%1.; Monr E-o..riv. Pa-s.ge.r
\.i.id.." MII HAiCOM Re.pIrl 22it tJiPl 478 .
3
Table 2. Conversion Factors
To Convert
Quantity from to Multiply by
Acceleration ft/s2 rn/s2 3.048 x 10'mi/h.s rn/s2 4.470 4 x 10'
Energy (work) ft -lbf J 1.355 818Wh Btu 3.412 141 x 10'Wh 1 3.600 x 103
Btu (IT) 1 1.055056
Force lbf N 4.448 222
Length ft rn 3.048 x 10-1
mi km 1.609 344
Mass lb kg 4.535 924 x 10'
Power hp (550 ft lbf/s) W 7.456 999 x 102
Velocity mi/h km/h ).609 344
Pressure lbf/in 2 kPa 6.895
4
IV. TIES>T \EIII(II," E I S(:IP'IIN
1. Description. 'The (;E-100 Cenlemnial Vehicle i.s tilt Near-'Iern Rel'erene Elei-Irh" Vehicle. It is a 3-ilor. l,-ipassenger coninhnter car driken InF 18 6-iit lead-avid bat-teries. It %as designed from the grunl tp a, an elhcric vehicle. I)esign t'cature- ioirikof noltilg are the reduced aeroilvlanic drag,. rear facing passenger seats. mechanicaltraniusion replaced bIo electrical equitrol-, batlrie. reni able a-, a ,,ingle unit from ill#ientilated tunnel. .ide 14 I4rs open parallel 1o lte l,,h, andl lte use of* elected malerialifor vecight redition. The vehicle is 4 -1 l in Fignures I tlhrough 5. The iehl'e i, IhvsrilI-cd in .Appendix A.
2. Operating Charactcristics. The %chicle is similar to a ritulparabe-size internal-cohustion vehicle. (Controls are loc'atel in similar po,,-tions, and Ilh 4ri ingcharacteristics are similar. A key switch is required to activate tile vehicle. Tli -av-celerator" pedal controls a signal voltage to tile EV-IC controller which. in turn. pro-grams the pulse width (on time) and pulse frequency of batten voltage coinected ito tile16.2-kW (21.8-hp) (3200-r/iin) motor. The controller reacts to the 'accelerator" positionto control the vehicle speed and acceleration as controlled by ithe driver. A relay Iiypassesthe controller for high-power or high-speed conditions. The controller enploys fieldweakening to increase top speed. Reversing is acconiplished electrically. hut tilt operatoractions are similar to those for a vehicle with an automatic transnission. No rewenerativebraking is provided on this vehicle. A block diagram is shown in Figure 6.
V. INSTRUMENTATiWN
The GE Centennial was instrumented to measure vehicle speed and range. hatteryvoltage, current, averaged current, instantaneous power and averaged power, motorvoltage, the temperature of the motor frame, and the battery charger power. Battery elec-trolyte temperatures were measure(l with thermnometers. A brief description of the in-strumentation system is given in the following paragraphs. Details of the recorder aregiven in Appendix i) of MERADCOM Report 2244.
Instrumentation consisted of signal-conditioning circuits and a magnetic tape recorderfor recording analog signals of electrical parameters. The magnetic tape recorder wasoperated in the frequency modulation mode at 4.763 cm (1-7/8 in.) per second. Thesignal-conditioning circuitry to the recorder consisted of a main battery voltage divider, ashunt-voltage amplifier for current monitor, an analog multiplier, and circuits for aver-aging power and current.
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Figure 4. Rear view of GE-100 showing battery removal apparatus.
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averaged. The raw Naies include the rapid s" itching transient. a.sociated with the solid-
state controller.
VI. TEST PROCEI)IIRES
The tests were iwrforned at the MERAI)C()M test favility. Fort Ilcivoir. and at theAielrdeen Proving (;round I..Al(;) test facility at Alerdeen. Nlarvland. When Ihe vehiclewas delivered to M ERAI)C()M. the pretest cheeks described in Ap)Jipendix F .fNIERAI)C()M Report 2244. were conducted. A shakedown run was perfornied tofaniliarize the driver with the operating characteristics of the vehicle and to verify properoperation of all instrumnientation systems. All tests were run in accordance with the l)()EElectric anid llybrid Vehicle Test and Evaluation procedure. Appendix A ofMERAI)COM Report 2244.' All tests were performed with a full load of 227 kg (5NK) lh .
1. Maximum Cruise Speed. The vehicle was eapable of sustaining 88 km/h(55 mi/h) on level straightaway. The NIERA)COM facility has a 2.0-kni (I V4-nii) loopwith a 3-percent and a 5-percent grade. The vehicle could sustain 80 km/h (50 mi/h) butnot 88 kni/h on this course. The highest speed used for the constant-speed range test was80 ki/h. The vehicle was operated to a maximum speed of 97 km/li (60.3 mi/h) on a leveltrack ( - I-percent grade) at Aberdeen Proving Ground.
2. Range Tests - Constant Speed. Range tests at constant speed were carriedout at -40 km/h (25 ni/h), 56 km/h (35 ni/h), and 80 km/h (50 ni/h): speeds were held con-stant within 1.6 km/h (1 ni/h). and the test was terminated when the vehicle could nolnger maintain 95 percent of the designated test speed. Range at 40 km/h was 112 km
70 mi). Range at 56 kmi/h was 96 km (60 mi). Range at 80 km/h was 69 km (43 mii).
3. Range When Operated in a Selected Driving Pattern. Test Schedules "B."32 kim/h (20 ni/h): "C." 48 knh (30 mi/h); and ")," 72 kin/h (45 mii/h) of SAE J2 27awere na. Range on the "B" schedule was 80 km (50 mi). Range on the "C" schedule was67 km (42 mi). Range on the "D" schedule was 62 kni (39 rai).
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\,.i),,h,.'"t ME -I)(I'DM Rqimr 2244 didl 1978p.
I Ibid.
12
4. Maximum Acceleration. Maxiniui acceleration was calculated front the recordedtime and velocity data. The tests were conducted on the 3-mile straightaway at APG.
Time to accelerate to 32 km/h (20 mi/h) was 4.5 s an to 50 km/h (31 mi/h) was 8.5 s.(;radeability at speed 1 as 'ai lated front 1he acceleration data and front draw-bar tests.
To ensure the passenger comfogrl with a smooth start, the controller delays maximunm
torque until the vehicle lbegihs o roll.
5. Coast-Down Tests. The v( hicle coasted to a st op from the maximum speed reached
during the acceleration tst. [ho velocity was recorded on an analog recorder. The analog
recording was analyzed for tie !AE J227a vehicle road energy consuniption and vehicleroad load power. The unique design feature of coupling the motor directly to the drive
train did not allow mechanical isolation.
6. Tractive Force Tests. The maximum-grade capability of the test vehicle wasdetermined from tractive force tests bv towing a field dynamometer at approximately 1.6kin/h (I ni/h) while the test vehicle was being driven with wide-open throttle. The forcewas measured by the dynamometer instrumentation from a load cell attached between thevehicles. The test was run with the batteries 0 percent. 40 percent, and 80 percent dis-
charged. This test was used to compute the gradeability limit. Gradeability was a func-tion of controller action rather than battery discharge, at least up to 80-percent depth of
discharge (DOD). Trartive tests were terminated at 80-percent DOD as determined 1v
measureutent of energy with a |[all-effect watt-hour meter. A DOD was achieved bv
operating the vehicle at 56 km/h (35 mi/h).
7. Charger Efficiency Tests. A residential kilowatt-hour meter was used to measureinput energy to the charger. The charger output power and energy were measured with a
Ilall-effect watt-hour meter which responds to inputs from d.c. to considerably higher
than 5 kilt. Charger efficiency was calculated as the ratio of energy to the battery. as
measured by a [Jall sensor, to the energy to the charger as measured by a rotating watt-
hour meter. The efficiency was calculated to le in the range of 80 percent to 84.3 percent.
'rhe ferro-resonant transformer corrected for changes in the line voltage and was pro-
granmed for 27.5-amp peak current demand, with the charge rate tapering off based on
battery voltage. A complete test was not performed on the charger characteristics. Theauxiliary battery was charged from the on board charger by a (i.c. to d.c. converter froni
the propulsion batteries during vehicle operation.
13
The data collected from all range test-ts are sumniarizni in Table 1. The table shows thetest 41laa lype of es.environmental conditions. the range test results. energy into and out
of the batten. anti the energy into the charger. These data are used to determine vehicle
celeatin cost owntests. 1t is defined as the maximum speed that could be reached oilthetrck ndr fllpower. The measured maximum speed was 97 kn/ 603mi/h)fo
2. Rane. Thefollowing range tests were run: 40-kih (25-iih). 56-kmm/h (35-mIli/h).70-ki/h (44-ii/h), 80-kin/h (50-i/h)f. B-cycle, C-cycle, and D-cycle. The testresults are shown in Table 1. These tests were rumi one ltme each due to the limitedavailability of the vehicle. The spoeed. velocity, current, andi power profiles for the thirdcycle and next to the last cycle for each "B," "C," and "D" driving schedule are presentedin Figures 7 through 18. The data for these figures are shown in Appendix B.
3. Maximum Acceleration. The average maxinium acceleration of the vehicle wasmeasuredl with the batteries fully charged. 4() percent discharged. and 80 piercenit dis-charged. The results of the tests arc shown iii Figure 19 and Appendix B. Maximum ob-served acceleration was 10.14 km/h.s (6.3 mii/h.s) at 4.8 km/h (3.0 mli/h). Velocitv as afunction of timne is shown in Figures 20. 21. and 22 for the 0-percent. 46)-percent. and80percent depths of dlischarge of the balterN. respectively. Note that the first-cycle (0 per-cent DOD)l) acceleration has some initial anonolous behavior which is reflected in the(other derived graphs of road enlergv andi road power. This initial cycle problem probablyarises from vehicle lubricant stiffness anml controller consi derations. The jaggedapplearanc-e of the graphs is due to road and vehicle irregularities: the impact boecomnespronouncedl as velocity andi acceleration flatten. Selection of the cycles representing
4f)-percent andi 80-percent D)OD was affected byv track considerations.
4. Gradeahility. The grade in percent which the vehicle is able to traverse at any,elected speed is calculated from i axiunm acceleration tests by using the equation:
G= 100 tail IsiIn1 0.015.5 -iII
where:
a, acceleration in mle! I- per houir lper~seconim at P-'o'e1 n.
14
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Thle controller limnitedl the acceleration at low speeds to minimnize jerk: therefore.tyramleabilitv at low speeds was calculated from draw-bar forces. The gramleaIbility vers
%elocity results are graphed in Figures 23. 24. anjd 25: the tabulated results are Ahowni i"Appenidix It.
5. (.radeability Limit. (,radeabi lily linait is definied by [te SAE J227a p.rocedureas tihe niaxirnun grade on which the vehicle can just move forward. The Iinit is dter-
mined by mecasuiring the tractive force with a load cell while towing a dynamometer atabot 1.6 km/h (I mi/h). It is calculated fronm:
G radami lily' limit in percent =0 t()an ill- P)
where:
P tractive force (11)).W gross vehicle weight (11)).
The tractive forces thiat the GE- 100 Centenniial was capable of exerting for three states ofbattery discharge were:
0% Discharged - 3115 N (7(X) Ibf).400% D)ischarged - 4448 N (1000 Ihtf).80% D~ischarged - 4717 N (1060) Ibf).
At a vehicle test weight of 1778 kg (3920 11b). the resulting gradeability limits were:
0% D~ischarged and cold - 18.1 %40% D~ischarged - 26.4 %80% D~ischarged and hot - 28.1 %
The values at the 40-percent and 80-percent discharged state were greater than at theO-percent discharged state for the tractive force measurements. The cause was a comluina-tion of controller action and an increase in battery temperature. Lower tire and hearingfriction with a warmed-up vehicle also decreased the piroipulsiont forces required.
31
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00
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The ldepth of discharge was deternined by measuring the energy drawn fromnithe battery using a Hall-effect ueter. The batter was discharged by accelerating thevehicle for coast-down tests. This procedure raised the electrolyte tenmperature fronm 27'C
to 52°(" (80() F to 125'F) or, in effect, increased the hattery capacity by 31 percent (0.7percent capacity increase per degree Fahrenheit change). Acceleration runs also changedft drive train friction. This testing was not intended to investigate drive train friction or
temperature effects on battery capacity, hence the greatest value of draw-bar force wasused to calculate greadeability limit.
6. Road Energy Consumption. Road energy is a measure of the energy consumedin overcoming the vehicle's aerodynamic and rolling resistance.
The road energy for the vehicle at various speeds and the losses in the drive trainwere determined front coast-down tests (Figures 26, 27, and 28). Road energy E iscalculated from tile following equation:
joWVn-I -Vn kWhEn = 7.72 x10W Ed
tn - tn-I km
where:
V = vehicle speed, km/hW = gross vehicle weight, kgI time, SE=- drive train energy
Vn-I - Vntn - a, km/h.s
n n-I
The results of the road energy determination are shown in Figure 29 and Appendix B.
7. Road Power Requirements. Road power is a measure of vehicle aerodynamicand rolling resistance. The road power, P,,, required to propel a vehicle at speed n isdetermined from coast-down tests. The following equation was used:
2 2 V2
6.08x 10-5 W Vn- nt -tn-I
35
+ ,. -, -, - + :4
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Because there is no %ay to di-engage flit motor. the-e calculatio. inhclude moliter " i,.losses. The resulls of road pomer calculations are .hown in igure 30 antil A enlix B.Appendix C shows a calculation aipr.ach lo lake windage losses into account.
8. Indicated Energy Economy. SAE J227a dcfines energy economy as "fthe vehicle
range in various operaling mode.s divided into the AC energy required to returni the bat-tery Io its original stale of charge. The test procedure monitored electrical power transferat three points. A rotating watt-hour meter measuredi tle 60-liz a.c. input to ithe charger.A Hiall-effect device measured the d.c. energy into the battery. A Hall-effecl device also
measured the ld.c. energy out of the balter. The efficienc,, ofti charger. t- batter,. antthe overall svsteni were Ihen calculated as the ratio of energy out to energy in.
The Vehicle Energy Economv column of Table I is the system, (4iOno1V. wlich is
the a.e. energy into the charger divided by the distance covered at the test slee(I or over
the driving pattern. The Battery Energy Econotay column is the d.c. energ out of the bat-tery divided by the distance covered during the test.
Charger efficieney is lit ratio of output d.c. energy to input a.e. energ.
expressed as a percentage. The Ilall-effct devices respnlded from d.c. to frequenciesbIond 5 kHz.
VIii. COMP()NENT PERFORMAN(E AND EFFICIENCY
1. Battery Charger. The (;E CRD Ferro-Resonant laboratory model batterycharger and the on-board accessory battery charger are described in Appendix A. TheFerro-Resonant unit charges the main propulsion batteries during a non-operating period.
The auxiliary battery was charged from the propulsion batteries during operation of thevehicle. Charger efficiency was calculated to )e as high as 84.3 percent. )uring portionsof the test the auxiliary battery was charged with a separate charger at the same time thepropulsion batteries were heing charged.
2. Battery Characteristics. The (;E- 100 Centennial use(d the Globe-Union GC-419lead-acid batteries for propulsion. Eighteen modules of 6 volts each were connected inseries to provide a nominal operating level of 108 volts. The propulsion batteries arerated at 132.5 Ah on a discharge current of 75 A for 106 ain. Figures 31 and 32 display
the battery characteristics for the first 25 percent and the last 25 percent of operatingrange. respectively. The reduced power at speed for the last 25 percent of range reflectsthe reduced chassis forces due to warmed-up tires. etc. The roll-off of voltage withincreasing range is a characteristic of the battery. but control of current and power is fine
to the motor controller.
40
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3. Controller. The (eneral Ehlectric EV-I Silicon Control (ectifier (SCl.model (:. wilh currelit limtiting aniad delmland pickup of a conitractor to vpass the con-
troller %was nIsed. The controller has two adjuslable features - creep s)eed and controlledavveleration - and one fixed 'eattire - toip speed. The SCR is switched oi and off by an
oscillator card at a rate fi 50 liz io 30 lz with duty cv'h %aryilig front 5 percent at 50liz to 50 percent at 300 IlIz. When the oscillator reaches approximately 95 percent at 50
lz. the bypass relay is energized to provide uninterrupted battery voltage directly to theIolor. The oscillator is controlled byl the position of the accelerator pedal.
Wave formn analysis of tie controller for harmonic content was calculated byFourier Transtormation. The analysis indicates that 98 percent of tile energy is traits-
ferred at frequencies below 5 kliz in all modes.
4. Motor. The d.c. series 5BT2364 CH (S/N JIA2-99) motor is described inAppendix A. The significant design fealure of this vehicle is that the motor is connecteddirectliy t) the drive train, without clutch or transmission. This feature not onl' allows
lower weight. but optimizes the electro-meehanieal characteristics of a d.c. series motorfor starting torque. speed regulation, and reversing. The vehicle did not have regenerationor plugging in tihte tested configuration. Having the motor connected directly to the drivetrain required a correction to the coast-down tests to develop the aerodvnanic drag plusrolling resistance. See Appendix C for procedure.
5. Drive Train. The vehicle employed a chain drive with a 1.36:1 ratio and a
differential with 4..135:1 ratio for an overall drive line ratio of 5.62:1. MotorlNuhiclespeed ratio is 80.5 rhmin/mi/h. Tires. brakes. etc.. are described in Appendix A. Manufac-furer's figure of 98-percent (Irive train ntechanical efficiency was provided.
IX. RELIABILITY
Ilie vehicle was not available long entouigh to conduct an evaluation of reliability.However, there was an interruption in tite testing to allow the car to be dent(nistrateI tothe public. When the car was returned, it required 2.5 gal of water to service the hattervand one mohdule had to he replaced because of a burned post. These problems are
associated with training the operators concerning routine maintenance.
The on-board auxiliarN charger was hypassed in favor of charging front a MERAI)-(C()M charger be'a||se of excessive draw front ite (n-hoard charger.
44
APIIENIDIX A
VEHICLE SUMMARY DATA SHEET
1. Vehicle Manufacturer:
General Electric C:o.
Corporate Research and I)cvelopmentI River Road Bldg K-IScleneetadi,. NY 12315
Triad Associates32049 IlowardMadison IHeights. MI 48071
2. Vehicle Description:
Nante: Centennial ElectricModel: GE-10().Availabilitv: One-of-a-kind experimental prototypePrice: Estinated replacement valhe $250K
3. Vehicle Weight:
Curb weight: 1551 kg (3420 Ib)[)river weight: 68 kg (150 Ib)Passenger weight (3):. 159 kg (350 Ib)(;ross weight: 1778 kg (3920 Ib))
4. Vehicle Size:
Wheelbase: 2.34 m (92 in.)Length: 4.)6 in (160 in.)Width: 1.68 ni (66.1 iin.)Height: 1.36 ti (53.6 in.)Headroom: 0.97 ni (38.3 in.)Leg room: 1.06 m (41.9 in.)Frontal area: 1.77 n12 (19 ft2)
Road clearance: 0.15 in (6 in.)Number of seats: 4Wheel track: 1.38 in (54.5 in.) front: 1.47 m (58.0 in.) rear
45
5. Auxiliaries and Options:
Lights: lleadligh.1s (4), front parking and direction. front side markers (parking and
direction), rear lamp assenly (backul,, taillight. directional, stop). rear license
plate lamp, rear side markers. dome light. 2 courtesy lanm;ps, dash cluster illumina-
tion lamps.
Windshiell wilers: Yes
Radio: Yes CB transceiver, Am/Fn stereo
Anipmeter: YesSpeedometer: Yes
Left-hand drive: YesRegenerative braking: No
Power steering: NoWindshield washers: Yes
Heater: Yes (gas)
Fuel gage: Yes (state of charge)Tachometer: No
0dometer: Yes
Direct-drive transmissionMirrors: Yes (3)Power brakes: No
6. Propulsion Batteries:
Types: Lead-acid (motive GC-419)
Modules: 18 (6 volts)
Battery voltage: 108 volts
Size: 0.26L x 0.18W x 0.2911: 0.014 tit each 0.252 tit' total (10.2L x 7.1W x 11.4 11:
826 in3 each, 14859 in3 . 8.6 ft3 total)
Manufacturer: Globe UnionCells: 3 per module 54 total
Capacity: 132.5 Ah (75 A for 106 uain)
Weight: 30.9 kg each, 556.2 kg total (68.1 lb ea, 1226 lh total)
7. Auxiliary Battery:
Type: Lead-acid (SCI)Manufacturer: Globe Union
Cells: 6Voltage: 12 voltsCapacity: 30 Ah @ 20-h rate
Size: 0.1971, x 0.130W x 0.18711 ti. 17.751. x 5.13W x 7.3811 in.)
Weight: 10 kg (21.8 Il)
46
8. Controller:
TyIpe: SCR EV-I(Maiutfarturer: 4 ,endral El4tricVollage rating: 84 to 144 -olls:Cirrenl rating: 850 A. peak 375 max a biatt.
Size: 0.3561, x 0.205UW x 0.17711 m, (141, x 8W x 711 in.1Weighl: 23.1 kg (51 lI)
9. Propulsion Motor:
Tyel: d.c. -erie,- 511T 236 (:1 SiN JI, 12-99) blower vent
Manufacturer: Genral ElectrieVollage: 109 V at rated po er)ower: 16.26 kV (21.8 hlo
hIstihalicii class: F
(urr,: 170A at raled louer
Size: 0.29 m dia. ( 11.38 iii.). 0.51 mil, (20.0 iii.)Weight: 1.4 kg, (230 I1,)Rated speei: 3270 r/lnin
i aiximum slpeedi: 68() r/liiila
10. Battery Charger (Propulsion):
Manufacturer: Geeieral ElectricInptl %oltage: 220 V single-ijoase
Recharge lime: 6 to 8 IType: liaboratory Model Ferro-Rescnant
()ff boardPeak cturrent demiand: 27.5 AAutomatic tuarn off: Adj. time 12 I maxWeight: 43 kg (95 IIq
11. Battery Charger (On Board):
Tyli)e: I.e.-d.e, transformer isolatedManufacturer: EVAP"eak eurrent: 2.5 A
Size: 0.321, x 0.0410W x 0.0811 m (12.51, x 1.0W* x 3.011 in.1Weight: 2.7 kg (6 Ib)
Automatie turn (off: Y es. regulatedlulml volliage: 85- to 125-' d.e.
Reeharge time: 4 to 6 It
47
12. Body:
\lanufavinrer- (;E/Triad
"' le: I latchhackMaterial.-: Stailes. steel utnder Iod: seel alld fibrglass. IdhI)oors: 3, 2 1iarallelograin linkage side. I giall-ing rear hatchWi ndos: (lass windshield: IAexan0 -2 fixed-in side Ioors. 2 sIidiiag-in dot(r., 2
fixed-in rear quarters. I fixed-in rear doorSeats: 2 full hucket in front - 2 removable rear faring jump seats.(argo space volne: 1.36 in (48 ft3 ) to willdo levelCargo sloace limenlsioll: 1.831, x 1.22W x 0.61 II in (6.01. x 4.0W x 2.011 fit)
13. Chassis:
Tvpe: lnibo(lyManufacturer: Triad ServicesMlaterial: Stainless steel lackbone. fiberglass panels
Modification: None - original designSprings and shocks: Coil. Monroe take-aparsAxles: Audi Fox Frot: Subarn hubs. no axle-rear Morse ttvvo chain. Chrysler
parking pawl. BW differential 1.36: 1 chain, 4.135: 1 differential. 5.620:1
driveline ratio (80.5 r/min/mi/h)Steering: Triad Serxices. new design. 18.5: 1 turning ratio. 9.75 il (32 ft) turning
diameterBrakes: Front. inboard Chevelle, copper drums; rear, subaru drumsParking: Vega coupled to front ChevelleRegenerative: NoTrires: Michelin B78-13 radial 165 to 179 K Pa (24 to 26 Ib/in.2(*
0.30 in (11.8 in.) rolling radiusWheel track: 1.38 n (54.5 in.) front; 1.47 m (58.0 in.) rear
lii Im -. mnu railg, is thl' te ormnal iuahflrr'e - r. 'llenldIed operating Iind: ho eitpr. itt I'rmnission of the tinelmargutlfaetelr G I inrea'eI i ke'd . lr.. P i 283:. kIa 141 blin.' . Th pre.u re of 28: kI %, inaintained for the te..t. in Ihis n-..
48
Motor Characteristics Data
LOSSESIBATT IARM VM TORQUE RPM HP WATTS EFF.
177. 560. 27.2 166.5 0. 0 15012. 0
171. 459. 34.9 129.5 312. 7.68 10299. 35.8
221. 377. 59.5 101.8 1046. 20.27 7306. 67.4
280. 309. 96.2 78.7 2164. 32.45 5494. 81.5
245. 253 105.4 60.8 2620. 30.33 4075. 84.7
201. 208. 107.5 46.6 2916. 25.88 3023. 86.5
165. 170. 109.2 35.0 3272. 21.82 2325. 87.5
135. 140. 110.6 25.4 3750, 18.17 1899. 87.7
1Il. 114. 111.8 17.8 4404. 14.90 1688. 86.8
91. 94. 112.8 11.6 5372. 11.87 1732. 83.6
74, 77. 113.5 6.8 6778. 8.80 2178. 75.1
49
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Maximum Acceleration Data
Acceleration to 24 km/h (15 mi/h) for GE-100(Same for 0%, 40% and 80% discharge)
Time Velocity Acceleration
Seconds km/h mi/h km/h -sec mi/h -sec
0.00 0.0 0.00 3.86 2.40
0.42 1.6 1.00 4.78 2.97
0.76 3.2 2.00 8.69 5.40
0.94 4.8 3.00 10.14 6.3
1.10 6.4 4.00 7.72 4.8
1.31 8.0 5.00 7.72 4.8
1.52 9.6 6.00 7.72 4.8
1.73 11.2 7.00 8.69 5.4
1.91 12.8 8.00 8.69 5.4
2.09 14.4 9.00 7.64 4,75
2.31 16.0 10.00 7.40 4.6
2.52 17.6 11.00 7.40 4.6
2.75 19.2 12.00 6.95 4.32
2.99 20.8 13.00 6.76 4.20
3.24 22.4 14.00 6.44 4.0
3.49 24.00 15.00 6.44 4.0
68
Maximum Acceleration Data
Acceleration from 24 km/h at Various States of Discharge for the GE-100
Velocity 0/l Discharge 40"7, Discharge 80';( Discharge
km/h mi/h km/h sec mi/h sec km/h sec mi/h sec km/h sec mi/h sec
24.0 15.0 6.44 4.00 6.44 4.00 6.44 4.00
32.2 20.0 5.89 3.66 4.88 3.03 3.86 2.40
40.2 25.0 5.02 3.12 4.26 2.65 2.19 1.36
48.3 30.0 4.35 2.70 3.89 2.42 1.85 1.15
56.3 35.0 2.80 1.74 2.95 1.83 1.61 1.00
64.4 40.0 2.03 1.26 2.11 1.31 0.85 0.53
72.4 45.0 1.26 0.78 1.59 0.99 0.74 0.46
80.5 50.0 0.77 0.48 0.74 0.46 0.64 0.40
88.5 55.0 0.31 0.19 0.18 0.11 0.0 0.0
69
0'; Dishcarge Gradeability at Speed
Elapsed Velocity Grade ':)Time (See) (km/hr)
1.20 3.50 0.001.80 5.26 8.382.40 6.42 5.533.00 7.27 4.033.60 7.41 .684.20 7.48 .334.80 7.67 .905.40 7.99 1.516.00 9.96 9.396.60 11.23 6.047.20 12.58 6.427.80 14.56 9.458.40 17.19 12.619.00 18.95 8.399.60 19.20 117
10.20 19.80 2.8510.80 22.49 12.9011.40 25.17 12.8312.00 28.14 14.2812.60 30.80 12.7113.20 33.59 13.3613.80 36.09 11.9614.40 38.07 9.4815.00 39.91 8.7515.60 41.57 7.8916.20 43.27 8.1416.80 45.64 11.3117.40 47.55 9.1218.00 49.36 8.6218.60 51.25 9.0319.20 53.73 11.8419.80 55.61 8.9820.40 57.37 8.3921.00 59.26 9.0021.60 60.98 8.2122.20 62.81 8.7122.80 63.88 5.0723.40 65.18 6.2024.00 66.68 7.1524.60 67.53 4.0425.20 68.87 6.3425.80 70.03 5.5526.40 71.15 5.3027.00 72.28 5.4127.60 73.14 4.0528.20 74.25 5.3028.80 74.85 2.8529.40 75.65 3.8130.00 76.68 4.87
70
(Y,; )isicarge (radeabidity at Speed
Elapsed Veucily Grade C)Time (Sec) (kin/irl)
30.60 77.11 2.0531.20 77.86 3.5831.80 78.56 3.3032.40 79.16 2.8833.00 79.73 2.6833.60 80.11 1.8134.20 80.40 1.40
34.80 80.86 2.1935.40 81.23 1.7236.00 81.58 1.7036.60 81.84 1.2237.20 82.30 2.1837.80 82.93 3.0138.40 83.02 .3939.00 82.25 -3.6339.60 82.93 3.2240.20 84.00 5.0840.80 84.17 .8141.40 84.95 1.8242.00 84.75 .9242.60 84.08 -3.1643.20 85.41 6.3143.80 85.40 -.0444.40 86.11 3.4045.00 86.00 -.5245.60 86.10 .4746.20 86.48 1.7946.80 87.07 170
47.40 87.10 .1548.00 87.49 1.8748.60 87.78 1.3649.20 88.58 3.8149.80 89.60 4.8550.40 89.41 -.8851.00 89.46 .2151.60 89.61 .7352.20 89.91 1.3952.80 90.31 1.93
53.40 89.57 -3.5454.00 89.21 -1.7054.60 89.29 .3755.20 89.43 .6755.80 89.92 2.3656.40 89.86 -. 2957.00 89.60 -1.2557.60 89.89 1.3558.20 90.41 2.4958.80 90.73 1.5259.40 90.92 .9060.00 90.91 -. 06
71
"Mid" '
('l Dishcarge (;radeability at Speed
Ilap ed Velocity Grade (V ITime (Sec) (km/hr)
60.6(0 90.60 -1.4861.20 90.91 1.5161.80 90.92 .0462.40 91.28 1.7063.00 91.24 -.2163.60 91.12 -.5464.20 92.38 5.9864.80 93.07 3.3165.40 93.02 -.2766.00 93.69 3.2166.60 92.99 -3.3567.20 93.23 1.1667.80 93.13 -.5068.40 93.86 3.4969.00 93.59 -1.2769.60 93.03 -2.7070.20 93.96 4.4670.80 93.67 -1.3871.40 93.70 .1472.00 93.49 -1.0372.60 93.43 -.2773.20 93.27 -.7473.80 93.85 2.7574.40 94.01 .7275.00 93.68 -1.5475.60 93.25 -2.0376.20 93.95 3.3376.80 93.78 -.8077.40 93.69 -.4678.00 93.76 .3578.60 94.33 2.7179.20 94.13 -.9779.80 94.60 2.2480.40 94.53 -.3381.00 93.92 -2.8981.60 94.17 1.1882.20 93.66 -2.4382.80 93.88 1.0583.40 94.41 2.5184.00 94.38 -. 1184.60 95.08 3.3385.20 95.90 3.8685.80 96.15 1.2086.40 96.35 .9587.00 96.70 1.6687.60 96.79 .4488.20 95.84 -4.5288.80 97.26 6.8089.40 96.08 -5.6590.00 97.45 6.54
72
0'2 Iishcarge Gradeability at Speed
lapsed Velocity Grade ('.;
Time (See) (km/hr)
90.60 97.28 -.8491.20 97.20 -.3891.80 96.11 -5.1592.40 96.68 2.6893.00 96.49 -.8893.60 96.72 1.0794.20 97.17 2.1794.80 96.73 -2.1195.40 97.55 3.8896.00 96.38 -5.5396.60 97.15 3.6497.20 97.91 3.6397.80 97.94 .1198.40 98.52 2.7699.00 97.03 -7.0799.60 97.99 4.56
100.20 97.64 -1,65100.80 98.54 4.25101.40 98.71 .82102.00 99.32 2.89102.60 97.86 -6.95103.20 98.03 .83103.80 98.60 2.71104.40 98.23 -1.77105.00 99.63 6.69105.60 99.62 -4.80106.20 99.51 4.21106.80 99.68 .79107.40 98.62 -5.05108.00 99.30 3.27108.60 98.79 -2.43109.20 98.27 -2.50109.80 98.67 1.91110.40 98.54 -.59111.00 98.22 -1.52111.60 98.21 -.08112.20 98.74 2.55112.80 97.86 -4.21113.40 98.94 5.16114.00 98.68 -1.26114.60 99.56 4.20
73
40% Dishcarge Gradeability at Speed
Elapsed velocityTime (See) (ke/h,) Grade (,)1.201.80
3.50 0.002.40
8.20 22.932.40
13.44 25.673.60
18.56 25.094.20
22.98 21.494.80 27.07 19.775.40
30.16 14.87.33.28
6.00 14.956.00 35.82
12.166.60 38.96
15.087.20 42.49
17.038.40 46.01
16.929.00 48.26 10.779.60
50.70 11.6810.20
52.83 10.1710.80 54.73
9.0611.40 56.76
9.6912.00 58.36
7.6212.60 59.70
6.3813.20 61.29
7.5813.80 62.70
6.7014.40 64.43
8.2615.00 65.56
5.3415.60 66.78
5.8316.20 67.75
4.6216.20 68.76
4.8216.80 69.55
3.7317.40 70.36
3.8718.00 71.37
4.7919.20 72.06 3.261 19.80 72.70 3.0420.40 73.33 2.9974.25
4.3721.00
74.7121.60 7.62.202.075.36 3.10
22.20 75.44 .4022.80 75.71 1.2523.40 76.87 5.224.00 77.75 4.1624.60 78.39 3.0525.20 78.73 1.6425.80 79.14 1.9226.40 79.44 1.4527.00 0021.4527.60
80.02 2.7328.20
80.44 2.0328.80
80.95 2.4029.40
81.16 1.0130.00
81.67 2.4282.20 2.52
74
4017 Dishcarge Gradeability at Speed
Elapsed Velocity (,rade i',)Time (Sec) (kni/hr)
30.60 82.41 1.0031.20 82.85 2.0931.80 83.33 2.2932.40 84.01 3.2133.00 84.20 .9333.60 84.75 2.5934.20 84.74 -.0434.80 85.51 3.6835.40 86.02 2.4236.00 86.30 1.3236.60 86.32 .0937.20 86.14 -.8237.80 86.52 1.7838.40 87.99 7.0139.00 87.82 -.8039.60 88.05 1.1040.20 89.07 4.8240.80 90.04 4.6041.40 89.91 -.5842.00 90.71 3.7742.60 89.91 -3.8043.20 90.04 .6443.80 89.25 -3.7644A0 89.83 2.7345.00 90.12 1.3945.60 90.89 3.6846.20 91.23 1.6046.80 91.38 .7347.40 91.48 .4548.00 91.75 1.2848.60 92.31 2.6849.20 92.26 -.2149.80 92.62 1.6950.40 92.57 -.2551.00 92.73 .7751.60 92.76 .1752.20 92.95 .8852.80 92.69 -1.2153.40 93.34 3.0854.00 93.11 -1.1154.60 93.72 2.9355.20 93.42 -1.4755.80 93.09 -1.5656.40 94.24 5.4857.00 94.35 .5157.60 93.88 -2.2358.20 94.41 2.5358.80 94.34 -.3159.40 93.76 -2.7760.00 94.30 2.57
75k. __ __
4(Y," Dislicarge Gradeability at Speed
F:lapsed Velocity Grade(%Timie (See) (km/hr)
60.60 94.50 .9361.20 94.21 -1.3961.80 94.42 1.0062.40 94.79 1.7S< 3.00 95.02 1.0963.60 94.70 -1.4864.20 95.46 3.5964.80 94.92 -2.5565.40 94.73 -.9066.00 96.33 7.6266.60 96.18 -.7467.20 95,49 -3.2567.80 95.92 2.0368.40 95.26 -3.1569.00 95.80 2.5669.60 96.17 1.7770.20 96.18 .0770.80 96.80 2.9471.40 95.89 .4.3472.00 96.65 3.6472.60 97.33 3.2273.20 96.38 -4.5073.80 96.32 -.2874.40 96.83 2.4275.00 96.39 -2.10
75.60 47.14 3.5576.20 96.98 -.7776.80 96.90 -.3977.40 97.20 1.4578.00 97.75 2.6078.60 97.02 -3.4579.20 97.98 4.5879.80 97.32 -3.1780.40 98.42 5.2681.00 98.23 -.9281.60 99.10 4.1382.20 97.61 -7.09 .82.80 98.47 4.1083.40 98.24 -1.1184.00 98.08 -.7584.60 98.17 .4485.20 97.72 -2.1285.80 98.58 4.0886.40 98.28 -1.4587.00 98.47 .9487.60 97.82 -3.1288.20 98.46 3.0788.80 98.35 -.5189.40 99.51 5.5190.00 99.19 -1.53
76
40", Dishcarge Gradcability at Speed
Elapsed Velocity Grade (":)Time (Sec) (km/hr)
90.60 99.39 .9591.20 98.65 -3.5191.80 98.76 .5192.40 97.69 -5.1193.00 98.11 2.0193.60 98.10 -.0394.20 98.92 3.8794.80 97.72 -5.6995.40 97.92 .9296.00 97.$0 -.5696.60 98.00 .9797.20 97.94 -.3297.80 97.25 -3.2698.40 97.53 1.3299.00 97.08 -2.1299.60 97.17 .4!
100.20 97.43 1.24
77
80', l)ishcarge Gradeability at Speed
Elapsed Velocity Grade , )Time (See) (km/hr)
1.20 3.50 0.001.80 3.87 1.732.40 7.60 18.043.00 12.74 25.183.60 17.61 23.754.20 22.38 23.274.80 26.65 20.725.40 31.30 22.656.00 35.53 20.536.60 38.72 15.327.20 42.00 15.767.80 45.09 14.828.40 48.07 14.339.00 50.85 13.319.60 53.32 11.83
10.20 55.76 11.6710.80 57.90 10.2111.40 59.34 6.8412.00 61.13 8.5612.60 62.78 7.8513.20 64.11 6.3113.80 65.68 7.4914.40 67.14 6.9715.00 68.16 4.8215.60 69.34 5.6416.20 70.27 4.4216.80 71.30 4.8717.40 72.26 4.5818.00 73.38 5.3218.60 74.40 4.8319.20 75.46 5.0419.80 76.31 4.0420.40 76.47 .7721.00 77.86 6.6421.60 78.70 3.9722.20 79.37 3.1922.80 79.96 2.8223.40 80.57 2.8824.00 81.06 2.3224.60 81.59 2.5425.20 81.83 1.1525.80 82.28 2.1426.40 82.91 3.0127.00 83.46 2.5927.60 83.06 -1.8828.20 84.09 4.8628.80 84.68 2.8429.40 84.37 -1.4930.00 85.27 4.27
78
--" _-___m A I
8Y7 Disncarge Gradeability at Speed
Elapsed Velocity Grade (%)Time (See) (km/hr)
30.60 85.08 -.8731.20 86.06 4.6231.80 85.56 -2.3532.40 85.95 1.8533.00 86.99 4.9633.60 87.22 1.0734.20 86.93 -1.3634.80 88.09 5.5435.40 87.83 -1.2736.00 88.08 1.2136.60 88.54 2.1837.20 88.21 -1.5637.80 88.06 -.7138.40 89.02 4.5639.00 89.30 1.3239.60 89.29 -.0240.20 89.43 .6340.80 89.78 1.6941.40 90.22 2.0842.00 90.02 -.9442.60 90.09 .3343.20 90.58 2.3143.80 90.77 .9244.40 90.06 -3.3845.00 91.07 4.7845.60 91.43 1.7446.20 91.71 1.3146.80 91.60 -.5047.40 91.88 1.3248.00 92.11 1.0848.60 91.96 -.7049.20 92.19 1.0749.80 92.22 .1550.40 92.93 3.4051.00 93.11 .8351.60 92.97 -.6552.20 93.15 .8452.80 93.49 1.6353.40 93.74 1.1654.00 93.74 0.0054.60 93.80 .2855.20 93.75 -.2155.80 95.43 8.0156.40 95.03 -1.9057.00 94.17 -4.1057.60 95.20 4.8858.20 94.89 -1.4358.80 94.30 -2.8259.40 94.67 1.7660.00 94.69 .10
79
_ _ _
807, Dishcarge Gradeabihity at Speed
Elapsed Velocity Grade()Time (See) (km/hr)
60.60 95.78 5.1561.20 95.58 -.9161.80 95.40 -.8662.40 95.35 -.2363.00 97.09 8.2863.60 95.88 -5.7564.20 96.81 4.4364.80 97.02 .9965.40 95.68 -6.3966.00 95.45 -1.0966.60 96.16 3.3867.20 95.77 -1.8667.80 96.02 1.1868.40 95.67 -1.6569.00 96.24 2.7169.60 95.43 -3.8870.20 95.21 -1.0370.80 96.03 3.9271.40 95.94 -.4272.00 95.44 -2.4172.60 95.99 2.6573.20 96.25 1.2073.80 97.23 4.6974.40 97.12 -.5475.00 97.58 2.1575.60 97.62 .2376.20 97.22 -1.9376.80 96.43 -3.7377.40 97.20 3.6678.00 97.66 2.1578.60 96.96 -3.2979.20 97.95 4.6979.80 97.59 -1.7080.40 97.63 .2081.00 98.36 3.4781.60 97.80 -2.6882.20 99.68 8.9882.80 98.11 -7.4683.40 98.93 3.9084.00 98.91 -.1184.60 99.66 3.5985.20 99.90 1.1385.80 98.72 -5. -'186.40 99.66 4.4587.00 99.36 -1.4287.60 99.04 -1.5488.20 98.82 -1.0588.80 99.24 2.0389.40 98.90 -1.6290.00 99.53 3.00
80
8tY7S, Dishcarge Gradeability at Speed
Elapsed Velocity Grade (7)Time (See) (km/hr)
90.60 99.20 -1.6091.20 99.67 2.2391.80 99.89 1.0692.40 99.72 -.7993.00 100.14 2.0093.60 100.42 1.3394.20 100.10 -1.5294.80 100.30 .9595.40 100.51 .9796.00 100.12 -1.8596.60 100.64 2.4997.20 100.87 1.1197.80 100.46 -1.9898.40 100.12 -1.6299.00 99.57 -2.6199.60 99.84 1.30
100.20 99.21 -3.01100.80 99.63 2.01
81
.L
Cycle 1. Coast Down
ELAPSED UELOCITV ROAD ENERGV ROAD POUWR AUG. VEL.TIME iSEC1 (KRq/WR) (KWNIKM) (KU) (KM1HR)
0.00 98.22 .0028 .2721 98.223.00 93.49 .2124 26.3609 95.856.0 90.57 .13L5 12.1006 92.039.0% 88.48 .0938 8.3987 89.5212.00 84.04 .1997 17.2277 86.261S.0% 81.25 .1253 10.3530 82.64i8.O) 78.09 .1421 11.3236 79.6721.00 77.41 .0306 2.3783 77.7524.00 74.50 .1305 9.9123 75.9627.00 71.08 .1539 11.2037 72.7930.0e 69.02 .0925 6.4809 70.0533.00 66.18 .1279 8.6444 67.6036.00 63.86 .1843 6.7795 65.0239.00 61.53 .1048 6.5673 62.6942.00 59.28 11009 6.0964 6J.4145.00 57.16 .0957 5.5728 58.2i48.00 54.85 .1038 5.8149 .6.ou51.00 S2.61 .1007 5.4104 53.7354.00 49.76 .1278 6.5330 51.157.00 47.48 .lti7 4.9913 48.u.60.00 45.2 .0J90 4.5935 46. ;£3.00 43.15 .wj54 4.219S 44. 266.00 41.33 .v'ej 3.4694 4d.e469.0%0 39.64 .0758 3.0696 40.41i72.00 38.21 .0643 2.5033 38.9375.00 37.26 .0425 1.6034 37.7478.00A 35.90 .0616 2.2521 36.5881.00 34.aS .b468 1.6S72 3S.3784.00 33.55 .058s 1.9994 34.2087.00 32.49 .04E 1.5851 33.0290.00 31.67 .A367 1.1782 32.0893.00 30.51 .O519 1.6138 31.0996.00 29.34 .O530 1.58S0 29.9299.00 28.37 .0432 1.2468 28.85102.00 27.29 .0487 t.3S42 27.8310S.00 26.32 .0439 1.1763 26.80103.00 2S.32 .0448 1.1579 2S.82111.00 24.16 .0s20 1.2854 24.74114.00 23.30 .0386 .9163 23.73117.00 22.23 .8483 1.0989 22.77120.00 21.37 .0387 .9428 21.8123.00 20.30 .0481 1.0017 20.84126.00 19.29 .0456 .9034 19.79129.00 17.93 .08609 1.1339 18.61132-.00 16.83 .0493 .862 17.38135.00 15.69 .O515 .8370 16.26138.00 14.S7 .0502 .7599 15.13141.00 13.44 .0507 .7106 14.61144.00 12.49 .0427 .553S 18.9?
82
ELAPSED UELOCITY ROAD ENERGY ROAD POUEN AVG. VEL.TIME (SEC) CKN.IHR) IIHIK" ) (EU? KMR
147.00 11.17 .0594 .7026 11.83150.00 10.28 .0401 .4300 10.73153.eo 9.09 .#535 .5187 9.69156.00 8.33 .0342 .2979 8.71159.00 7.21 .ese2 .3903 7.77162.00 5.97 .0559 .3686 6.59l6s.ee 5.13 .0379 .21e1 5.55
83
A..
Cycle 4, Coast Down
ELmPSED ULOCITY ROAD ENERGY ROAD POUER AUG. VEL.TIME (SEC) 4KM/HR) (KWHIKM) (KU) (KM/mR)
so 96.63 .1503 14.5732 96.963.00 92.137 .20s0 19.3433 94.356.00 88.17 1751 15.7784 90.129.06 85.12 .1373 11.8936 86.65
l2.04 81.48 .1636 13.6292 83.301.(0 79.14 .1050 8.4302 80.31
76.66 .1118 8.7118 77.9021.00 74.24 .1087 8.1977 75.4524.00 72.27 .0887 6.5060 73.2527.00 68.88 .1520 10.7264 70.5830.v( 61.06 .0818 5.5618 67.9733.00 64.16 .1306 8.57t3 65.611E.00 ce.1q .08S6 5.5951 63.17
.)0 64.u6 .0 sg 4.2298 61.420. J H.7'9 Oli4.* 5.0147 59.72
6.0 ol .94 .4.8167 57.8EAl.ti 54.- .1118 6.1957 55,70
51-. 52.io .0749 4.0149 53.63F ,o vS . ,4 .1 o 4 5.2408 51.67
4).1J .0634 3.1618 49.8460.00 47.74 .0628 3.04ol 48.43
4S.70 .0913 4.2671 46.726.00 44.13 .0707 3.1764 44.9269.00 4 .b3 .0675 2.9267 43.3872.00 41.30 .O5% 2.4998 41.9775.U 39.75 .0697 2.8261 40.537 .k0 33.11 .0738 2.8*42 38.93bl.ot 56.9d .0508 1.9t55 37.55S;.'0 35.22 .0750 2.709t: 36.15
67.k0 34.18 .0 S8 1.7tuJ 34.7550.00 32.80 .0623 2.0u5 3j.49i
j . e, 31.37 .0644 2.D L! . 1:,. 30.15 .%548 .t;I i0. hlk5j 28.60 .0695 L."4,, L.J?
102.00 26.75 . d34 2..077 27.67105. 24.60 .0963 2.4731 25.b81¢0.00 22.32 .1026 2.4069 23.4611 .00 19.95 .'l6 2.2528 21.14114.00 18.01 .073 1.6572 18.98117.00 15.94 .0530 1.5782 16.98120.00 13.18 .0927 1.3823 14.91123.00 11.b7 .0t04 1.1637 12.87
126.00 10.13 .0779 .8575 11.0012'.00 8.UI .09s3 .8647 9.0713c. o .20 .0815 .5794 7.11
84
Cycle 7, Coast DownELAPSED VELOCITY ROAD ENERGy ROAD POUER AUG. VEL.TIME (SEC) (KM/tIR) (KL*/KM) (KU) (KM/hk)
4.00 98.27 .1191 11.7368 98.543.00 94.1e .1878 18.0616 96.196.00 91.6F .1112 10.3290 92.869.00 87.84 .1700 15.2585 89.7311.043 4.64 .1441 12.4280 86.24
$.00 83.02 .0726 6.0877 83.8328.00 80..5 .1338 10.9054 81.5321.00 77.42 .1180 9.2887 78.7324.00 75.03 .1075 8.1942 76.2327.00 72.43 .1168 8.6098 73.7330.00 65.92 .1131 8.0490 7i.1833.00 67.99 .0865 5.9643 68.9636.00 65.35 .1189 7.9283 66.6739.00 6i.24 .0948 6.0924 64.3042.00 6e.83 .le85 6.7299 62.0245.00 51.07 .1242 7.3841 59.4548.00 55,71 .1057 6.0154 56.8951.00 54.04 .07s 4.1201 54.8854.00 51.87 .0979 5.1848 52.9557.00 49.75 .0952 4.8375 50.8160.00 47.49 .1016 4.9394 48.6263.00 45.41 .0934 4.3375 46.4566.00 4.1.6 .0830 3.6915 44.4969.00 41.60 .02185 3.7681 42.5872.0a 40.19 .0632 2.5836 40.8975.00 38.96 .0S52 2.1858 39.5878.0 37.85 .0501 1.9259 38.4081.00 36.63 .0548 2.0396 37.2484.00 35.70 .0418 1.5130 36.1687.00 34.43 .0571 2.0007 3S.0690.08 33.77 .0294 1.0029 34.1093.00 32.83 .0423 1.4086 33.3096.oD 31.59 .0561 1.8069 32.21g1.00 30.69 .0403 1.2555 31.14l02. 29.82 .0389 1.1769 30.261a5.00 28.90 .0414 1.2158 29.36108.00 27.87 .0463 1.3135 28.39111.06 26.99 .0397 1.0895 27.43114.0d 25.88 .0498 1.3168 26.44117.00 24.90 .0441 1.1204 25.39120.00 24.17 .0333 .8090 24.53123.00 23.02 .0516 1.2172 23.59I . o 21.73 .0581 1.2993 22.37
21.02 .0319 .6826 21.3719.93 .'45 1.0126 20.47
1 . 1a.66. 1.0917 19.29t- 0017 .72 . 0 .7645 18 .19141.6) 16.60 0o .8628 17.16144.,ao 15.56 .3469 .7538 16.08
85
AD-A093 737 ARMY MOBILITY EQUIPMENT RESEARCH AND0 DEVELOPMENT COMM-ETC F/9 13/6BASELINE TESTS OF THE GE-100 CENTENNIZAL ELECTRIC PASSENGER VE1I--ETC(U)SFP So E J DOWGIALLO, I R SNELLINGS EC-77-A-31-101- 2
UNCLASFIED MERADCOM-2308 NL
*lIIII2-1II
1111Q8 1.0 ur1I111 36 IIlii! -111.80
II]l 6
11111 I2.5*jjjjj4 IU1.6
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CI'ART
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-1963-A
WIN W.
ELAPSED ULOCITY ROAD ENERGY ROAD POUER AUG. VEL.TIME (SEC) (KM/HR) (KUH/KM) (KU) (KM/NR)
147.00 14.50 .0476 .7151 15.03150.00 13.41 .0489 .6832 13.96153.0 12.31 .0497 .6397 12.8615G.00 11.51 .0361 .4299 11.91
159.00 l0.i9 .05uo .5470 10.95162.00 9.o0 .f19 .6006 9.71165.00 7.89 .,05 .4271 8.46168.00 6.39 .0676 .4830 7.14171.00 4.86 .06s9 .3876 5.62
86
-ii
APPENDIX C
GRAPHICAL DERIVATION OF ROAD LOAD POWER
General
The acceleration and deceleration of the GE-IO0 electric vehicle can be determinedusing graphical methods. A Soltec model 3312 chart recorder was used to play back thevelocity as a function of time. Tangents to the velocity curve were selected at incrementsof speed to reflect significant changes in acceleration. There is slow acceleration at zerospeed with an increase in acceleration for about the first second. This can be attributed tothe design characteristics of the controller which insure a smooth start, rather thai a jerk.which might otherwise le associated with the maximum torque of a locked-rotor seriesd.c. motor.
Controller Effect
At about 4 seconds, under maximum acceleration, the vehicle has achieved sufficientspeed for a bypass relay to %hunt out the controller. Acceleration to about 24 kmlh (15mi/h) was independent of battery charge. The vehicle was accelerated under various statesof battery charge, the effect of thermal cut hack was noted on several runs. This is a con-troller feature which compensates for the temperature of the SCR. When the SCR warmsup, it has a tendency to allow more current, a thermal sensor cuts back the condition timeto retain the smooth starting characteristics. This test was run on a hot day 29)C (840F)under stringent conditions (Electrolyte temperature reached 44'C (1120F)). The thermalsensor prevented operation of the bypass relay on several runs. If the thermal cut backhad not operated, there would have been a noticeable jerk due to "torque jump."
Data Reduction
Newton's F= ma was used to determine the coast-down forces. Acceleration, a. wasgraphically determined by AV/At methods. The vehicle weight was taken as 1747 kg(.3850 lb)* and the conversion factors were determined front:
The original design weight of the vehirle was 1717 kg I3850 16).
87
tP
P = IaV
Nt ii pounds forceg in ft/s2
a in nii/h.s%, in mi/h1) iii Ior power
W 5280 5180 1 [lb-s2 ft ft. hp]32.17 xa 0 x 3600 550 Ift s s ft lb
P = W x a xV x 1.216 x 10"
Tie motor windage and friction were subtracted from the observed coast-down power toarrive at the vehicle external forces. The power was plotted as a function of velocity onlog - log paper. Curve fitting resulted in the following enpirical equation for vehiclepower on zero grade:
P = 5.95 x 102 V + 6.06 x 10V 2 + 1.05 x 1 "' V3
P in hp
V in km/h
Corrections
Motor windage losses were calculated from:
= 4.02 x 103 (r/rnin 3
\1000/
P in hipr/min from milh x 80.5 motorlvehicle speed ratio.
Motor friction losses were calculated from:
P rr,,ii.. = 1.327 x 1O"14 r/min
88
and then correcteld by 98 iercent for drive train efficiency. Corrections to tie power trainloads for motor windage and friction were provided by the manufac urer.
Vehicle Road Energy
The energy ,onsumption lwr unit ilistance as a function of speed was deternined hy
converting the road load power from hp to k%' and dividing by the velowity. This is tieERI)A-EilV-TEP formula:
E = 9.07 x I( (' W( ki
Where a in mi/hs.At
89
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