Baseline Study Report - UNEP€¦ · Baseline Study Report on ... (SEED Nepal) Anamnagar, ... The...
Transcript of Baseline Study Report - UNEP€¦ · Baseline Study Report on ... (SEED Nepal) Anamnagar, ... The...
Baseline Study Report
on
Assessment of Current Waste Agricultural Biomass
Management System and Practices at National and Local
Level at Madhyapur Thimi Municipality
Prepared By
Society for Environment and Economic Development Nepal
(SEED Nepal)
Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Submitted to
UNEP, DTIE,
International Environmental Technology Center (IETC)
Osaka, Japan
September 2009
1
i
Table of Content
Abbreviation .......................................................................................................................................... iii
1. Background....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Objective ......................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Limitation of the Study ...............................................................................................................3
1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................................3
2. Existing Waste Management Systems ............................................................................................5
2.1 Generation-based Waste Management......................................................................................5
2.1.1 Agricultural Farms ...............................................................................................................5
2.1.2 Agro Industries.....................................................................................................................5
2.1.3 Commercial...........................................................................................................................6
2.2 Stakeholders –based Integrated Solid Waste Management.....................................................6
2.2.1 Waste Generators .................................................................................................................6
2.2.2 Government ..........................................................................................................................6
2.2.3 SWM Service providers........................................................................................................7
2.2.4 Businesses.............................................................................................................................7
3. Assessment of WAB Management Systems.................................................................................8
3.1 Laws and Regulations .................................................................................................................8
3.1.1 Acts ........................................................................................................................................8
3.1.2 Rules ......................................................................................................................................8
3.1.3 Economic Instruments.........................................................................................................9
3.1.4 Enforcement .........................................................................................................................9
3.2 Institutions.................................................................................................................................10
3.3 Financial Mechanisms...............................................................................................................11
4. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................17
Reference .............................................................................................................................................18
ii
List of Tables
Table 1: Selection of Samples at Ward Level ..........................................................................................3
Table 2: Data Sheet on Policies...............................................................................................................9
Table 3: Data Sheet on Institutions.......................................................................................................10
Table 4: Analysis of Status of Institutions, weaknesses and Improvement Measures .........................11
Table 5: Data sheet on Financial Mechanism for Waste Management Chain......................................12
Table 6: Gap Analysis and Suggested Measures for Financial Mechanisms.........................................12
Table 7: Data Sheet on Prevailing Technologies for WM .....................................................................14
Table 8: Analysis of Limitations of the Prevailing Technologies for WM..............................................14
Table 9: Expected Performance Criteria of Technologies for WM .......................................................15
Table 10: Role of Stakeholders, Gap Analysis and Suggested Improvement measures.......................15
iii
Abbreviation
% - percentage
AD - Anno Domini (Number of years after the birth of Jesus Christ)
am - Ante Meridiem (before noon)
CBO - Community Based Organization
DTIE - Division of Technology, Industry and Economics
EST - Environmentally Sound Technology
GHG - Green House Gas
HH - Households
IETC - International Environmental Technology Center
J - Joule (unit of energy)
MSW - Municipal Solid Waste
MTM - Madhyapur Thimi Municipality
NGO - Non-Governmental Organization
SEED Nepal - Society for Environment and Economic Development Nepal
SSFA - Small Scale Funding Agreement
UNEP - United Nations Environmental Programme
WAB - Waste Agricultural Biomass
WM - Waste Management
1
1. Background Biomass is a broad term, which generally refers to any plant or animal matter. The main categories
of biomass are; agricultural residues, forestry wastes, animal wastes, wood as well as cellulosic
urban wastes. Almost 43 percent of the energy used by the third world countries is derived from
biomass. Over 2.4 billion people in the world are totally reliant on biomass fuels for their energy
needs. About 88 percent of the total energy consumed in Nepal at present is supplied by biomass. In
a plant body during the process of photosynthesis, the sun’s energy converts water and carbon
dioxide into organic matter. About 3.0 x 1021
J of energy is stored in 2 x 1011
tonnes of organic matter
produced annually by photosynthesis. Yet only 14 percent of the world’s energy comes from
biomass.
Billions of tons of waste agricultural biomass are generated every year particularly in developing
countries where in many cases agriculture continues to be the main economic activity. Waste
agricultural biomass includes all leaves, straw and husks left in the field after harvest as well as hulls
and shells removed during the processing of crop at the mills. The single largest category of crops is
cereals. Wheat, rice, maize, barley, and millet and sorghum account for approximately 28%, 25%,
27% 10% and 6% respectively of these crops. The main waste biomass are wheat residue, rice straw
and husk, barley residue, maize stalks and leaves, and millet and sorghum stalks.
Use of waste agricultural biomass as a fuel is considered to be carbon neutral because plants and
trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it while they grow. Burning waste
agricultural biomass returns this sequestered carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Growth of new crops,
plants and trees keeps the atmosphere’s carbon cycle in balance by recapturing carbon dioxide.
Developing and implementing programmes for converting waste agricultural biomass into useful
energy/material requires comprehensive data on present and anticipated waste situations,
supportive policy frameworks, knowledge and capacity to develop plans/systems, proper use of
environmentally sound technologies, and appropriate financial instruments to support its
implementation.
Since Madhyapur Thimi is the main center for agricultural production in the Kathmandu Valley, the
Municipality of Madhyapur Thimi has been chosen for the project site. Waste agricultural biomass
will be converted into resource using the application of a suitable technology. The selection of the
technology is not yet done and will be done with the consultation of all the stakeholders. The
technologies available include biomass briquetting, biomass Gasification, conversion into liquid fuel,
bio-methanation, composting and bio-gas from biomass. Besides, the waste biomass may also be
converted into material resource. The conversion process will be selected on the basis of social
acceptance, economically feasible and present market situation. The project will establish a real life
demonstration of a technology for converting the waste agricultural biomass into material or energy
resource.
This project is in direct support of Bali Strategic Plan for Capacity Building and Technology Support. It
is aimed that local capacity will be strengthened in data collection and analysis to develop baseline
scenarios for cities on quantification and characterization of waste agricultural biomass as well as on
prevailing management systems including regulations/policies. It is also aimed that local capacity is
2
built for identification of appropriate technologies and assessment of their potential for resource
conservation and GHG emissions reduction. It is also aimed that local capacity will be strengthened
on procurement and implementation of the Environmentally Sound technology (EST) with operation
and maintenance skills.
The management of solid wastes in Nepal dates back to 1768 AD when the ruler of those days set
some rules on creation of different castes to perform different activities in the society. The cast
exists in Nepal as Chyamme, Pode in the Kathmandu valley and in the hilly regions of the country
and as Dom in the plain areas were given the responsibility of collection, sorting, transportation and
disposal of the solid wastes mainly generated in the households and public places. Later in 1919,
during the tenure of then Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jung Bahadur Rana, the collection,
sorting, transportation and disposal of the solid wastes are channelized through setting up of an
organization. The name given to this organization was Safai Adda (Cleaning Office). With the
increment of the population in the urban areas, it was only in 1950, municipalities were given
responsibility to look after these issues. Nearly after three decades, in 1981, in order to address the
issue more specifically, Solid Waste Management activities were carried out as a project specially to
manage the wastes generated in the Kathmandu valley.
The management of solid wastes in Nepal can also be analyzed and linked with the urbanization and
the increment in the population in the urban areas. This situation obviously created generation of
higher quantity of solid waste and accumulation of these waste in the residential areas and open
dumping of wastes outside the city wall resulted in risk of outbreak of epidemic diseases, effect on
public health and loss of life. Besides, the improper management of these solid wastes created loss
in the aesthetic value of the area. The concept of management of solid waste in an organized way
and conversion of these wastes to some valuable resource was introduced only in early 1980s. The
major solid wastes generating sources in Nepal are household, industry, construction activities,
commercial activities and farm. In course of the management of the solid wastes in Nepal, the
attitude of people is changing as compared to the past and at the moment a concept of “MOHAR
(money) from PHOHAR (waste)” is becoming popular slogan among the people. It obviously results
in some monetary benefit out of the solid waste used to be thrown out as useless matter in the past.
Society for Environment and Economic Development Nepal (SEED Nepal) has been established to
provide solutions for preventing industrial and urban pollution; providing better working
environment, and improving the quality of life for women and disadvantaged group. Under the
assistance of United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), Division of Technology, Industry
and Economics (DTIE), International Environmental Technology Center (IETC) of Japan, Society for
Environment and Economic Development Nepal (SEED Nepal) has launched a project on Converting
Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) into Resource in association with the Madhyapur Thimi
Municipality (MTM). This study report on the Assessment of WAB Management System has been
undertaken as one of the activities under the project to assist in the implementation of the EST.
3
1.1 Objective
The objective of this study is to assess the present waste management system relating to the waste
agricultural biomass in the Madhyapur Thimi Municipality so that it will be helpful for selection of
the most potential Environmentally Sound Technology (EST) for converting WAB into resource and
establish successfully the demonstration unit.
1.2 Limitation of the Study
The information in this report were basically derived from the analyses of information collected
through household survey questionnaire from respondents of sampled 300 household of the 17
wards, Vegetable market and Agro processing Industries of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality (MTM).
1.3 Methodology The baseline study has been prepared as per the guidelines developed and made available by UNEP,
DTIE, IETC. The methodology used for the baseline study is as given below:
Formation of a Project Team – After the signing of the Small Scale Funding Agreement (SSFA) with
UNEP, DTIE, IETC, Japan, a Project Team was formed involving the professional from SEED Nepal and
some resource persons.
Collection of Documents and Information –Policy documents, Acts and regulations related to solid
waste management have been collected and reviewed.
Meeting and Interaction – The initiation of the study was done with a meeting at MTM with the
related officials. Necessary data and information to be collected from the generators namely the
farms, the processing facilities and from commercial facilities was discussed and their opinions were
sought.
Desk Study - Study of available literatures including the population census.
Sampling was carried out for more than 5 percent of the agricultural families. The ward wise
distributions of the sample according to 17 wards of the Municipalities are presented below:
Table 1: Selection of Samples at Ward Level
Ward No. Total No. Of HH Agri HH 5% Additional HH Total HH
1 441 325 17 10 27
2 358 260 13 10 23
3 476 337 17 10 27
4 339 187 10 9 19
5 345 273 14 10 24
6 288 238 12 10 22
7 509 207 10 10
8 431 238 12 5 17
9 278 183 9 4 13
10 380 238 12 12
11 407 302 15 15
4
Ward No. Total No. Of HH Agri HH 5% Additional HH Total HH
12 388 252 13 13
13 620 303 15 15
14 434 249 13 13
15 1,780 341 17 17
16 1,075 365 18 18
17 1,002 302 15 15
Total 9,551 4,600 232 68 300
Field Work - Enumerators were recruited from the local area with the cooperation of MTM. They
were provided orientation training to conduct the survey to collect the information. The project
team also visited related offices including office of MTM, District Development Committee of
Bhaktapur, Office of Cottage and Small Industries, District Agriculture Office, Bhaktapur to discuss on
the present management practices for WAB.
Analysis of the collected information - Information collected were reviewed and presented in this
report.
5
2. Existing Waste Management Systems The following paragraphs describe the existing practices in the management system relating to WAB.
The management system has been described based on generation based waste management system
and stakeholder based waste management system as given below:
2.1 Generation-based Waste Management The generation based waste management system consists of three major sectors. They are the
farms; the agro processing units or the agro-industries; and the commercial facilities or the
vegetable markets. The existing management systems for the sectors are presented below:
2.1.1 Agricultural Farms
The main crops being planted in the MTM are the paddy, wheat, maize and vegetables. Once the
agricultural products are ready and in the right time of the season depending on the crop, the
farmers harvest the crops.
Paddy and wheat crops are harvested by cutting the plants leaving around 3 inches of straw and
roots in the field. The paddy or the wheat grains are thrashed out from the plant manually or using
the thrashing machine and the rice straw or the wheat straw is piled and left in the field for drying.
The dried straw is bunched in a size of around one kilogram. The farmers are found to use
themselves some of these bunched rice straw and wheat straw for tying of vegetables, knitting of
mats, roofing of huts, cattle feeding etc. For this the farmers transport the necessary amount of
straw bunches from the field to their house manually or on bicycle or power tillers. Any remaining
amount of such waste is sold to other users mainly from the farm itself. Some of such wastes
especially short fibers and dust are also being burnt openly in the field.
In case of the maize crop, the cobs are only harvested leaving the stalks in the field for drying until
the field is to be prepared for the next crop. Some farmers, who also have cattle farming, use the
green stalks for cattle feeding. For the preparation of the next crop, the maize stalks are cut and
piled or subjected to open burning. Some farmers are found to carry these dried stalks to their home
for using as cooking fuel. The leaves covering the cobs and the stem of the cob after removing the
maize grain are also used as cooking fuel.
In case of Vegetables, the crops are plucked leaving the non-sellable portion in the field itself. The
waste vegetable portion is heap dumped to leave it for decaying and used as fertilizer for the next
crop. Some farmers even remove the waste vegetables from the field to dump them in the land near
to the river especially when the land is to be used immediately for next crop. Dry and not decayed
plants are openly burnt in the field before preparing plantation of next crop.
The survey has shown that out of the 300 households, only three persons have received training on
environmental aspects and waste management. Out of them 3 persons have been trained from local
club, 2 from local club, 3 from NGOs and one has received training from government as well as NGO.
Only five of them are found to use the knowledge from the training.
2.1.2 Agro Industries
Agro- industries producing WAB operating in MTM are only rice mills and beaten rice or Chiura mills.
Paddy is used as raw material to produce rice and rice husk results as byproduct or waste product.
6
As the rice mills in MTM is small Sheller mills, the rice husk produced is not consumed or used
internally. The rice husk produced is first heap dumped and then packed in jute sacks of around 20
kilograms. These sacked husk are piled in the store area and they are sold to be used as fuel.
The chiura mills also use paddy as the raw material to produce beaten rice or chiura. Rice husk gets
produced as byproduct or waste product. Most of such rice husk produced is used in the industrial
cook-stove in the process of roasting the paddy. Remaining rice husk is heap dumped and then
packed in sacks. These sacks are piled in the store to sell them to poultry farms.
2.1.3 Commercial
MTM has one wholesale vegetable market in Naghdesh and two organized retail markets one at
Gatthaghar and another one at Kaushaltar. The wholesale market operates from 3 am to 6 am in the
morning and the waste vegetables generated in the area is collected by the Municipality. The
collection is done using hand cart and it is carried to Municipal waste bin. Municipality Solid Waste
(MSW) Tipper comes to collect such wastes from the bean to carry and dispose openly to the
riverside. Similarly, the vegetable wastes generated in the retail markets are collected and disposed
to open area near to the rivers using tricycle carriers by private operators.
2.2 Stakeholders –based Integrated Solid Waste Management
This section describes the role of each stakeholder in the management of WAB. Stakeholders have
been categorized into four types namely the waste generator, the Government, the solid waste
management service providers and businesses. The roles in case of MTM are presented below:
2.2.1 Waste Generators
The waste generators are responsible for the proper utilization or proper disposal of the generated
WAB. However, as there are no significant laws, regulations and enforcement of existing laws, the
waste generators are taking it very easy. They are found to use themselves some of the wastes like
rice straw and wheat straw for tying of vegetables, knitting of mats, roofing of huts and cattle feed
etc. Any remaining amount of such waste is sold to other users. Some of such wastes are also being
burnt openly. The vegetable wastes are being heap dumped to convert into bio-fertilizer. The
general concept of the agricultural farmers is that they do not have WAB to throw out or WAB does
not pose any type of problem as waste for waste management.
2.2.2 Government
The national government or the local government does not have specific legislation or activities with
regards to the WAB as such. The following national laws and rules are in existence:
a. Environmental Protection Act, 1997
b. Environmental Protection Rules, 1997
c. Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987
d. Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Rules, 1989
e. Local Self Governance Act, 1999
7
All of the above legislations have provisions for the proper management of generated wastes, but
not specifically the WAB. Government of Nepal has created National Waste Management Council
(NWMC) under the chairmanship of Minister for Local Development and has formulated and
adopted National Solid Waste Management Policy in 1996. This policy envisages a two-tier
institutional system to execute management activities. This aim to have a separate institution from
central to local level and all stakeholders regarding solid waste management should be under its
organization. The local solid waste management agency is to act under instructions from the central
level agency. The major objectives of this policy are:
• to strengthen local governmental units for more efficient and reliable solid waste
management
• to launch awareness campaigns in order to muster public participation
• to involve non-governmental organizations in waste management
• to develop appropriate local technology for waste management
• to manage final disposal sites as per their amount and nature
• to make solid waste management an economically self-sufficient (sustainable) and self-
reliant activity
• to promote self-help cleansing schemes
• to mobilize waste as recycling resources
• to privatize solid waste management activity at different steps
• to intervene in solid waste generating activities at source to reduce them; and
• to prioritize public cleansing activities at the local level.
2.2.3 SWM Service providers
This is a recent phenomenon that the solid waste management has drawn attention. The main
service provider is the MTM. MTM provides services for collection, transportation and disposal of
the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). As the municipality does not have a dumping site, the disposal is
done in open area along the river. The municipality has 20 sweepers, 17 hand carts, 4 tricycle
rickshaws and one Tipper.
There are a number of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community Based
Organizations (CBOs) providing the services of collecting, shorting and composting of bio-degradable
wastes. The collection and transportation is being done using manual operated tricycle rickshaws.
The compost plant is currently not in operation due to some nuisance problems and conflict among
people residing near to the plant.
2.2.4 Businesses
Waste is also used as resource and business communities are smart to grab the opportunity to
convert trash to cash (Phohar converting to Mohar). In MTM, there are some businesses which use
WAB as resource. The examples are: the use of rice husk by the Poultry Farms as bed to mix it with
Poultry Manure to make organic fertilizer; use of wheat straw for making different kinds of
handicrafts; use of rice husk and straw as fuel in the Ceramic and Pottery units; and use of rice husk
in boilers. These business units actually purchase the WAB required from the generator.
8
3. Assessment of WAB Management Systems
3.1 Laws and Regulations
The laws and regulations are the important aspect under the stakeholder based waste management
system. The prevailing regulations in Nepal do not cover the provisions of WAB management. A few
legislations concerning the general solid waste management promulgated in the country are given
below:
3.1.1 Acts
a. Environmental Protection Act, 1997
The Environmental Protection Act has the following provisions with regards to the solid wastes:
1. Nobody shall create pollution in such a manner as to cause significant adverse impacts
on the environment or likely to be hazardous to public life and people's health, or
dispose or cause to be disposed sound, heat radioactive rays and wastes from any
mechanical devices, industrial enterprises, or other places contrary to the prescribed
standards.
2. If it appears that anyone has carried out any act contrary to sub-section (1) and caused
significant adverse impacts on the environment, the concerned agency may prescribed
necessary terms in regard thereto or may prohibit the carrying out of such an act.
3. If it appears that the use of any types of substance, fuel tools or device has caused or is
likely to cause significant adverse impacts on the environment, the Ministry may, by a
notification in the Nepal Gazette, forbid the use of such substance, fuel, tools or device.
b. Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987
This act has the following provisions concerning the management of the wastes:
a. necessary arrangement for safe pollution free disposal of the wastes by the generators
b. provision for the promoting of reuse and recycle of the solid wastes
c. Local Self Governance Act, 1999
The local self government act has the following provisions with regards to solid waste management
a. Imposition of fine and recur the expense to dispose the waste or order the individuals or
the institution to remove the waste in a safe place.
b. Responsibility for the maintenance of sanitary condition of the place, plaza and road and
launch the awareness programme to then people relating to sanitation.
c. Responsibility for the management of sanitation programme including SWM.
3.1.2 Rules
a. Environmental Protection Rules, 1997
This rule has the following provisions concerning the waste management:
Complaints may be Lodged in case anyone causes Pollution or Emits Waste
In cases where any individual, institution or industry does not control pollution or emits waste in
contravention of the conditions or standards prescribed under the Act or these Rules, the
individual, institution, Village Development Committee or Municipality affected by such action
may lodge a complaint with the concerned body.
Notice to be issued to control Pollution or not to Emit Waste
In cases where the concerned body finds in the course of an investigation conducted on its own
or following a complaint lodged under Rule 17 that any individual, institution or industry has not
9
controlled pollution or has emitted waste in contravention of the conditions or standards
prescribed under the Act and these Rules, it shall immediately issue a notice to the concerned
individual, institution or industry to control pollution or not to emit waste according to the
prescribed conditions or standards.
While issuing a notice to the concerned individual, institution or industry under sub-rule (1), the
concerned body may order him/it to take all or any of the following actions immediately by
prescribing a time-limit in that behalf:
o Measures to be adopted immediately for controlling or reducing pollution, or for not
emitting waste,
o To use, operate, or improve any device or equipment,
o Not to use all or any of the equipment currently being used or operated,
o To adopt the specified monitoring programs and submit a report to it,
o To adopt various alternative measures for controlling pollution and avoiding
emission of waste,
o To develop an environment management system and furnish information thereof,
o To perform other functions which are deemed appropriate for controlling pollution
and prohibiting waste emission activities.
3.1.3 Economic Instruments
The economic instrument is one of the best management tools for sustainable management of solid
waste. However, such instruments have not been used for WAB in the country or in the project area.
3.1.4 Enforcement
Although there are some rules, regulation concerning the solid waste management, there is week
monitoring and enforcement from the side of the government. In fact, with regards to Environment,
there exists only the Ministry and it does not have any department or agency for monitoring and
enforcement. The provision of environmental inspectors has not been put to use, although the
environmental inspectors have been designated from the existing technical staff members of the
Ministry.
Following table summarizes the WM related policy instruments:
Table 2: Data Sheet on Policies
Laws / Acts Rules & Standards Economic
Instruments Enforcement
Status Gaps Status Gaps Status Gaps Status Gaps
Overall
(General)
Umbrella
laws
exist
-
General
rules
regarding
solid
waste
exists
No rules
for
specifically
for WAB
Non-
existent
Provision
needed
Presently
very
week
Needs to be
strengthened
Primary
Storage &
Collection
- -
Non
existent
for WAB
Needs to
be
formulated
Incentive
not
available
Incentive
needed - -
Transportation - -
Non
existent
for WAB
Needs to
be
formulated
- - - -
10
Laws / Acts Rules & Standards Economic
Instruments Enforcement
Status Gaps Status Gaps Status Gaps Status Gaps
Incinerators - -
Non
existent
for WAB
Needs to
be
formulated
Incentive
not
available
Incentive
needed - -
Recycling - - - -
Incentive
not
available
Incentive
needed - -
Resource
Recovery
Incentive
not
available
Incentive
needed - -
3.2 Institutions
The following table presents type of institutions involved in the management of waste in the Project
area:
Table 3: Data Sheet on Institutions
Service provide Type of Service
Government Quasi-
governmental
Organization
Private
Sector
NGOs Others
A. Direct waste
management related
services
1. Collection √ √ √
2. Transportation √ √ √
3. Pre-treatment
4. Recycling/ Recovery √ √
5. Disposal √ √ √
Government B. Support Services Academia Consultants &
Expert Institutions Nat Local
Financial
Institution
NGOs
1. Awareness raising √ √ √ √ √
2. Information √
3. Technical Expertise √ √
4. Financing √ √
5. Others
The statuses of the institutions, their weaknesses and suggested measures for improvement have
been presented in the table below:
11
Table 4: Analysis of Status of Institutions, weaknesses and Improvement Measures
Type of Service Status Gaps &
Weaknesses
Suggested
Improvement
Measures
A. Direct waste
management
related services
1. Collection No specific collection system
for WAB
WAB needs to be
collected and used
Code of practice
needed
2. Transportation
Transported manually,
bicycle, tricycle, power tiller
Open condition
Contamination
and adverse
impact
Closed improved
transport system
needed
3. Pre-treatment Non existent Proper packing
needed
Proper packing,
compressing
4. Recycling/
Recovery Partially used
Inefficient
technology used EST
5. Disposal Direct disposal
More waste
generated and
adverse impacts
Controlled disposal
after recovery and
conversion
B. Support Services
1. Awareness raising Once in a while
Inadequate
programmes for
actual target
group
More frequent
using mass media
and direct to target
group
2. Information Limited and inadequate
information
Need of adequate
information
Information cell
needed and to be
strengthened
3. Technical Expertise Not being used Not demonstrated Demo unit needed
4. Financing Inadequate Not need based
budgeting
Budget planning
with good planning
5. Others
3.3 Financial Mechanisms
Currently available financial mechanisms have been presented below:
User Charges - There is no user charge for WAB in Nepal and MTM.
Penalty, fine and levy - Although there is the provision of penalty, fine and compensation in EPA and
EPR, as there are no standards with regards to WAB, these provisions are not effective in practice.
Environmental Bonds – Such bonds have not been floated in the country.
Environmental Fund - MOE has the provision of Environmental protection Fund. But this fund has
not been used for WAB till date.
Direct Loans - MTM has not obtained any direct loan from domestic or international financing
institution for WAB management.
12
International Cooperation - There have been some studies on MSW with international and bi-lateral
cooperation. But WAB has not been focused. This is the first project on WAB with UNEP assistance.
National Subsidies - There are no national subsidies for WAB management.
Annual Budget - Although there is no budget for WAB management from the side of National
Government, MTM has allocated some fund of around Rs. 200,000/- for waste management
including WAB Management.
Private Sector Participation
Recent activities have shown that the private sector has shown interest in the field of waste
management specifically segregation and composting. However, there has not been any project for
the management of WAB in the country or MTM.
The following table presents the financial mechanism for the waste management chain:
Table 5: Data sheet on Financial Mechanism for Waste Management Chain
Financing Mode
Area of Application Organization Direct
Revenue
Local Government/
National Government/
International Cooperation
Private Sector
(Mention Type
of PSP)
1. Collection MTM - 100% Local Govt. -
2. Transportation MTM - 100% Local Govt. -
3. Pre-Treatment - - - -
4. Recycling/
Recovery - - - -
5. Disposal MTM - 100% Local Govt. -
Gap analysis and suggested measures for financial mechanisms have been presented below:
Table 6: Gap Analysis and Suggested Measures for Financial Mechanisms
Area of
Application Financing Mode Gaps & Weaknesses
Suggested
Improvement Measures
1. Collection Direct Revenue
Value of waste not
known to generator or
MTM
Provide good service
and impose direct
revenue
Govt and International
Cooperation
Non-sustained
financing
Funding for demo so
that it can be sustained
and replicated
Private Sector Awareness, skill and
technology lacking
Involve private sector in
Demo
2. Transportation Direct Revenue - -
Govt and International
Cooperation - -
Private Sector - -
13
Area of
Application Financing Mode Gaps & Weaknesses
Suggested
Improvement Measures
3. Pre-Treatment Direct Revenue - -
Govt and International
Cooperation - -
Private Sector - -
4. Recycling/
Recovery Direct Revenue - -
Govt and International
Cooperation
Lack of fund for
recycle/ recovery of
WAB
Sufficient funding for
demo
Private Sector Not motivated to
invest
User or recycler must be
provided with incentives
5. Disposal Direct Revenue No monitoring and
enforcement
Must be charged from
generator for non-value
WAB
Govt and International
Cooperation Insufficient funding Sufficient funding
Private Sector No financial
motivation
Motivating through
payment of charges
3.4 Technology and Infrastructure
The prevailing technology and infrastructure for the Waste Management in MTM have been
described below:
Primary Collection and Transfer stations
The collection is done manually and there is no transfer station for WAB
Transportation
The transportation means for the transportation of WAB are manual on shoulder using Kharpan, bi-
cycle, tricycle rickshaw and in a small number on power tillers or tractors.
Pre-treatment
Open and direct Sun drying is the only pre-treatment used on WAB.
Recycling and Recovery
WAB is only used as fuel. Vegetable wastes are used for composting.
Final Disposal
Final disposal is just dumping openly along the river.
Prevailing technologies for Waste Management (WM) have been presented in the table below:
14
Table 7: Data Sheet on Prevailing Technologies for WM
Area of Application Technology
Type Number Important Features
1. Collection Hand tools As no of
farmers Manual
2. Transportation Kharpan, bicycle,
tricycle, Power tillers Varying Traditional
3. Pre-Treatment - - Only sun drying
4. Recycling /Recovery Burning - Traditional
5. Disposal open - Adverse impact to
environment
The table below presents the analysis of limitations of prevailing technology for WM:
Table 8: Analysis of Limitations of the Prevailing Technologies for WM
Limitations Area of
Application Technology
Technical Economic Environmental Social
1. Collection A: manual slow -
(Low cost)
-
(No adverse
impact)
-
(accepted)
2. Transportation A: Kharpan
Human
effort
based
-
(Low cost)
No adverse
impact, but
health impact
is there
-
B: bicycle/
tricycle slow
Medium
cost
-
(No adverse
impact)
-
C: tractor Not
accessible High cost Polluting
Only rich
farmers can
afford
3. Pre-Treatment A: sun
drying
Seasonal
slow
-
(Low cost) - -
4. Recycling
/Recovery
A: used as
fuel Traditional Low benefit Polluting
Complained by
neighbour
B: Used in
poultry Traditional
Comparatively
low benefit Odour problem -
C:
composting Traditional Low benefit GHG emitting
Complained by
neighbour
5. Disposal
A: open
dumping
along river
- - polluting
Aesthetic,
religious
problems
Any new technology to be introduced should have the essential and desirable performance criteria
as given in the table below:
15
Table 9: Expected Performance Criteria of Technologies for WM
Area of
Application Expected Performance Criteria
Technical Economic Environmental Social
Essential Desirable Essential Desirable Essential Desirable Essential Desirable
1. Collection simple manual
Beneficial
to
generator
Low cost
Without
health
hazard
Non-
polluting
Not
disturbing
traditional
practice
Local
Employment
generating
2. Transportation Appropriat
e for land
condition
Efficient Low
Cost
Cost on
volume
basis
Meeting
std.
Eco-
friendly -
No noise
disturba
nce
3. Pre-Treatment - simple - Low cost Meeting
std.
Eco-
friendly
As per IEE
report
Beneficial
to society
4. Recycling
/Recovery - efficient
Within
budget Low cost
Meeting
std.
Eco-
friendly
As per IEE
report
Beneficial
to society
5. Disposal Proper
site
Scientific
land fill
Within
budget Low cost
As per IEE
report
Eco-
friendly
As per IEE
report
Beneficial
to society
The roles of stakeholders, gap analysis and suggested improvement measures are presented in the
table below:
Table 10: Role of Stakeholders, Gap Analysis and Suggested Improvement measures
Area of Application Major
Stakeholders
Role of
Stakeholder
Gaps and
Weaknesses
Suggested
improvement
measures
Waste Generator
(Farmer, industry)
Collection, segregate,
pre-treat
Inefficient
collection
Improvement in
the collecting
practices
Govt. / MTM
Develop Code of
Practice, Collection,
Formulation of rules,
monitoring
Weak
enforcement,
Impractical rules
Rules and
regulations should
be practical and
strict enforcement
Service Provider Collection Inefficient
collection
Improvement in
the collecting
practices
1. Collection
Private / NGO Awareness, Collection
Insufficient
awareness,
Inefficient
collection
Improvement in
the collecting
practices
Waste Generator
(Farmer, industry)
Transportation to
storage point
Inefficient and
inappropriate
transportation
Improvement in
transportation
system
Govt. / MTM
Develop Code of
Practice, Formulation
of rules, monitoring,
transportation
Weak
enforcement,
Impractical rules
Rules and
regulations should
be practical and
strict enforcement
Service Provider Transportation Inefficient
transportation
Improvement in
the transportation
system
2. Transportation
Private / NGO Transportation and
awareness
Insufficient
awareness,
Inefficient
transportation
Improvement in
the transportation
system
16
Area of Application Major
Stakeholders
Role of
Stakeholder
Gaps and
Weaknesses
Suggested
improvement
measures
Waste Generator
(Farmer, industry)
Pre-treat (drying
only)
Govt. / MTM
Develop Code of
Practice, Formulation
of rules, monitoring
No rules and
regulation
Develop Code of
Practice,
Formulation of
rules, monitoring
Service Provider - - May introduce
pre-treatment
3. Pre-Treatment
Private / NGO - - May introduce
pre-treatment
Waste Generator
(Farmer, industry) - -
Better if the
generators
introduce
recycling /
recovery unit
Govt. / MTM
Motivation and
incentives, Formulate
rules and regulation
of rules, monitoring
No motivation, No
incentives, No
formulation of
rules and
regulation
Motivate other
stakeholders,
Formulate rules
and regulation
Service Provider - -
Better if the
service providers
introduce
recycling /
recovery unit
4. Recycling
/Recovery
Private / NGO Recycling / recovery
Inefficient and
incomplete
recycling /
recovery
Improve and
efficiently
operating
recycling /
recovery unit
Waste Generator
(Farmer, industry) Disposal
Partial and
improper disposal
Either complete
and proper
disposal or
subcontract
disposal
Govt. / MTM
Awareness, dumping
site arrangement,
Formulate rules and
regulation of rules,
monitoring, dumping
No dumping site,
No formulation of
rules and
regulation
Arrangement of
proper dumping
site, formulation
of rules and
regulation
Service Provider Disposal Partial and
improper disposal
Proper disposal at
dumping site
5. Disposal
Private / NGO Awareness, disposal
Insufficient
awareness,
improper and
incomplete
disposal
Massive
awareness, Proper
and complete
disposal
17
4. Conclusions The management system relating to WAB has been studied and presented in the report using the
UNEP guidelines. The formats provided have been helpful to summarize the various issues relating
to the management of the WAB in the project area.
Most of the items generated in the farm (except straws and stalks) are being heap dumped in the
field itself to decay contributing Methane, which is a harmful green house gas. These are being used
as bio-fertilizer. Only straws and stalks are being used for tying of green vegetables or as fuel. Some
portion of the straw left after cutting including the roots are left in the field for decaying. If they do
not decay before the plantation of next crop these are burnt openly with no benefit but emitting
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The husk from rice mills are mainly used as fuel or as bed for
collecting bird manure in the poultry farms. Waste from commercial facilities or vegetable markets
are collected by MTM to be disposed openly along the river together with other Municipal Solid
Wastes.
The practices of waste management being carried out by the stakeholders are found to be
inadequate also because they are not really aware of the effect and consequences. The true values
of the generated wastes are not known and hence these wastes have not been efficiently utilized.
The baseline study has clearly shown the need to manage the WAB properly by converting into
valuable resource and preventing the damage being caused to environment.
18
Reference UNEP, 2009. Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into Energy Resource – Volume 2 - Guidelines
for Assessment of Current Waste Management System and Gap Analysis, United Nations
Environmental Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, International
Environmental Technology Center, Osaka/Shiga, Japan
ISRC, 2008. Municipality Profile of Nepal 2008- A socio-Economic Development Database of Nepal,
Intensive Study and Research Center, Putalisadak, Kathmandu
CBS, 2001. Population Census of Nepal, 2001, Published by the Central Bureau of Statistics,
Government of Nepal
Environmental Protection Act, 1997
Environmental Protection Rules, 1997
Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987
Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Rules, 1989
Local Self Governance Act, 1999