Baseline Data outdoor : 10-2009 to 06-2011 Indoor: 11-2009 to 10-2010
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Transcript of Baseline Data outdoor : 10-2009 to 06-2011 Indoor: 11-2009 to 10-2010
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Baseline Data outdoor : 10-2009 to 06-2011
Indoor : 11-2009 to 10-2010Technology Testing : 06-2010 to 07-2010Deployment of ForcedDraft Stoves : 02-2010 to 06-2010
PILOT PHASE(10-2009 to Present)
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10 km10 km
Pilot Phase
Experiment Concept
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Village Center Observatory
Traffic-Sample site
NASA-AERONET
SURYA
MISRMODIS
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A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment
Technology assessment, dissemination and documentation of emission reduction in the pilot phase
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India
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Cooking technology options
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Focus: Biomass based IC• Even in 2030, 632 million people in
India will depend on biomass for
energy
• In-situ production and consumption
– No expensive LPG like supply
chains
Natural Draft
– Mostly single burner
– Enhanced “free convection”- grates,
design
– Mostly gasification through air pores
– Price: 1100-2500
Forced draft
– Only single burner
– Air “forced” into stove chamber using fan
SMF battery power pack,
Gasification
– Top loading- Processed Fuel, Pellets,
rice: $60-80
Model/ parameter
Thermal efficiency (%-age)
Reduction in PM2.5 (%-age)
Reduction in CO (%-age)
Reduction in Black Carbon (%-age)
Natural draft
20 - 28 20-39 26-34 22-55
Forced draft
30-40 42-55 31-48 49-85Strengths•10% – 25% increase in thermal efficiency•PM 2.5 emissions reduction by a factor of 2-4
Weakness• Field Vs Lab: Performance differential• None of the commercial stoves meet WHO stipulated
PM2.5 levels
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Mud Stove Improved Cookstove
Surya dovetailed an ongoing TERI DST Project which
Tested 11 cookstove models Established the advantages of
Forced Draft Stoves Reduced cost by 40%
Surya dovetailed an ongoing TERI DST Project which
Identified and trained village volunteers
Optimized the right mix of fuels for production of pellets
Facilitated the setting up of entrepreneurship based pelletization and stove dissemination
Surya
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Energy for a Sustainable Future the Secretary-General’s Advisory Group On Energy And Climate Change (AGECC) Summary Report And Recommendations, 28 April 2010, New York
Desired Outputs Resources needed(RN)
Activities undertaken till date
Contribution of activities undertaken to outputs
Resources mobilized and spent(RM& S)
Additional resources required(ARR)
Technology
Identification of appropriate technology options for meeting cooking energy needs
Customized forced draft stove-single pot
Customized forced draft stove- two pot
Dissemination of 10 000 forced draft stoves
Pilot testing of different cook stoves models in the Lab
Pilot testing of different cook stoves in the field
Comparative assessment of biomass stove technologies focusing both on emission and thermal efficiency characteristics
Dissemination of close to 500 forced draft stoves
In forced draft stoves emission reduction ranges 60-80%
For Natural draft stoves it is substantially less
Thermal efficiency and fuel savings are much higher in forced draft stoves
Surya-Pilot phase
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Baseline monitoring : Cooking a major source of high BC Concentrations
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Baseline monitoring : BC Indoor concentrations drive outdoor
concentrations
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TERI Stove development under DST Project
• Patented Model
• Cost- 2000
– 50% lesser price than comparable
commercial model
• Dual Charging facility- Grid+ Solar
• Separate Power pack
• Dissemination to 50 households
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Problems with existing single pot models
• Requirement of processed wood- • Expensive pellets , Manual chopping
• Men non inclined, Physically stressful for women
• Continuous feeding
• Single pot stove- insufficient for big family
• Traditional Roti baking
• Fuel incompatibility- inability to use non monetized biomass
• Hence development of a twin pot forced draft model
TERI Stove development under DST (Indian Government) Project
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Surya : Stove dissemination and capacity building
• Close to 500 stoves –village saturation
• Another 500 stoves under the DST project– Full Subsidy– Partial Subsidy– Full Cost
• Training and awareness campaign
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Forced draft better than natural draft
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Conclusions
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A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment
Wireless System for High Spatial Resolution Data Collection
N. RamanathanUCLA & NexLeaf
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Monitoring Stove BC Emissions Using Mobile Phones
Filter, placed on reference template
25 mm
Results sent back via SMS
Picture sent to server
Micro-Pump and Filter
N Ramanathan, et al, Atm Environment, 2011
Innovations
• $500 per unit, ultra low power.
• Low-tech: works with any camera cellphone.
• Real-time reporting.
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Deployment in India for Surya Pilot Phase
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Validation with four independent gold standard instruments: Error < 10%
Cookstove samples collected in India, urabn samples in California (n=80), comparison with Thermal-optical and Aethalometer
Cookstove samples collected by the EPA (n=600), comparison with Thermal-optical reflectance and transmittance methods.
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Global BC Monitoring Network Using Mobile Phones
•Will deploy 500 - 1000 cellphones in Surya Demonstration phase to better understand spatial variability of BC
•Use this data in conjunction with fine-resolution aerosol models (Prof. Carmichael), to compute BC emissions, and improve uncertainty in emissions inventories.
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A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment
Department of Environmental Health Engineering Center for Advanced Research on Environmental Health, (ICMR, Govt. of India)World Health Organisation Collaborating Center for Occupational HealthSri Ramachandra UniversityChennai, India
Exposure Implications for Health Impacts from InterventionsResults from Preliminary Comparative Assessments of
“Improved” and “Traditional” Biomass Cook Stoves in India
K. Balakrishnan
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• Large base of information on concentrations/exposures in solid fuel using households in India, but primarily from traditional (mud) stove users
• Previous intervention efforts have been directed at distribution of “Improved Cook Stoves”, without explicit exposure benchmarks for defining improvement
• Multiple market based models now being purchased by households
• Few efforts to compare “improvements” as compared to traditional cook-stoves and across multiple “ improved“ stoves
BACKGROUND
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Study design (Paired comparisons)
ICS1FRC
ICS 2FRC
ICS3FRC
ICS 4FRC
ICS 5FC
ICS 6FOFC
Indoor Kitchens Using Wood (72 HH; 2 states)
6 sub-groups ; 12 HH in each sub-group24 hr PM 2.5, CO; HH Questionnaire
24 hr PM 2.5, CO (Similar meal); HH Questionnaire
6 models of ICS distributed with training (1-2 months)
10% HHs sampled 6 months after ICS provision
HH-Household ; TC-Traditional cook stove; ICS- “Improved Cook-stove”; FRC-Free convection ; FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection
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Distribution of 24 hr kitchen concentrations
TC-Traditional cook stove; FRC-Free convection cook stove; FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection
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Comparisons of levels “ before” and “after”
PM2.5(µg/m3)Stove Type Levels N Median IQR % Difference p(Wilcox)
TotalBase 65 300 533
46.33 0.002Post 68 161 261
Free ConvectionBase 44 329 524.5
43.16 0.009Post 47 187 257.5
Forced Convection and Optimised fuelBase 10 142.5 231.25
25.96 0.770Post 10 105.5 158.5
Forced Convection Base 11 302 1347.5
67.22 0.032Post 11 99 139.5
CO(ppm)Stove Type Levels N Median IQR % Difference p-value(Wilcox)
TotalBase 66 5.88 8.70
42.25 0.0001Post 68 3.40 5.69
Free ConvectionBase 45 6.63 9.10
41.93 0.004Post 47 3.85 5.73
Forced Convection and Optimised fuelBase 10 2.79 5.36
13.37 0.193Post 10 2.42 2.10
Forced Convection Base 11 6.12 9.41
78.46 0.007Post 11 1.32 3.89
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Summary• Both free and forced convection models showed significant reductions as
compared to traditional cook-stoves (ranging between 43- 67%) for both PM 2.5 and CO.
• Our sample could not distinguish across improved stove models; detect a significant difference with the fuel optimized free convection model; or detect differences across states
• The lowest concentrations measured were however still much higher than the recommended WHO air quality guideline values for PM 2.5 (WHO AQG, Global Update 2005)
• Several HH determinants would need to be addressed for longitudinal exposure reconstructions in ICS studies
– Stove use/number of meals (frequency) /cooking duration (length)
– Stove location, change in fuel, ventilation (magnitude)
– Other sources of exposure (confounding)
• Role of ambient concentrations would need to be defined
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Integrated matrices for emissions, exposures and stove use: Implications for sustainability
TC
FRC
FOFC ?
Exposures
Emis
sion
s
Ease
of u
se
FC
TC-Traditional cook stove; FRC-Free convection cook stove; FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection Note: The chosen guideline is arbitrary on this scale as are the relative positions of the stoves. It is shown to merely illustrate the need to
integrate multiple inputs for choosing a technology to confer a required degree of exposure reduction
Guideline (Choice)
Guideline (Choice)
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A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment
Climate Change Science
V. Ramanathan On behalf of the Climate Change Team
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Diurnal variation of seasonal mean BC concentration at SVI_1 village centre (VC).
Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in BC Concentrations: Surya Village Center
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Diurnal variation of seasonal mean BC concentration at SVI_1 village centre (VC).
Seasonal Variation in BC Concentrations: Comparison with Climate Models
SimulatedGanguly etAl, 2010
SimulatedMenon et al, 2010
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Monthly mean LIDAR extinction profiles (532 nm) from CALIPSO for the grid (26–27N and 80–82E) for post-monsoon, dry and pre-monsoon seasons, respectively. SVI_1 is located within this grid.
How Deep Does the Soot aerosols Penetrate?NASA-CALIPSO Data
DEC to FEBOCT to NOV March to May
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Ab
sorp
tio
n C
oef
ft
Detection of Brown Carbon Absorption
Brown Carbon ?
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Relevance to LargerScale
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CorrelationBetween SuryaVillage and Indo-GangeticPlains
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Atmospheric Heating by Aerosols:(About 60% or more is due to biomass burning)
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Potential Signal Strength of the Intervention
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๏Cooking drives local outdoor BC concentrations.
๏Forced draft stoves are best from a BC mitigation perspective.
๏We can measure surface BC emissions with unprecedented spatial resolution.
๏We will be able to measure the BC hole from Surface Based measurements and Generalize to Regional Scales
• Should be able to Detect it from Space; But a great Challenge;
But NASA is upto it ( Dr. R. Kahn, Goddard)
Wrap-up for Findings from the Surya Pilot Phase
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A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment
Subhrendu Pattanayak Duke University
Sustainability: Affordability and Acceptable Adoption
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Meta Analysis of Stove Adoption
• 11 Analyses (8 papers)• SES, Income, Credit, substitute prices matter!• Similar findings for meta-analysis (140 analyses from
25 studies) of switching to clean fuels
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Scaling up: Some Findings!I. Who adopts clean fuels and improved cook stoves? (Lewis & Pattanayak)
– SES, education, prices, urban – matter– credit, information campaigns, social marketing – not studied
II. What factors explain PCIA program location and stove sales? (Colvin, Pattanayak, Sasser, Vergnano)
– sales impacted by institution (government, location) & product (price, testing) characteristics
– providers currently in countries with problems (biomass burning, ARI) and prospects (already spending on health programs)
III. Will cook stove programs be cost-beneficial is a wide variety of settings? (Jeuland & Pattanayak)
– cost-beneficial stove programs exist, but – substantial heterogeneity of NPV for different stove types