Base

Automatic Car Parking System Using PLC & SCADA Department Of EXTC

Dr. Bhausaheb Nandurkar College Of Engineering & Technology, Yavatmal Page | 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Automation is basically the delegation of human control function to technical

equipment forincreasing productivity, increasing quality, reducing cost, increasing safety

in working conditions. Automation plays an increasingly importantrole in the global

economy and in daily experience. Automation (ancient Greek: = self dictated),

roboticization or industrial automation or numerical control is the use of control systems

such as computers to control industrial machinery and processes, replacing human

operators. In the of industrialization, it is a step beyond mechanization. A PLC

(Programmable Logic Controller) is a programmable system used for automation. The

Programmable Logic Controller may be defined as “A PLC is a microprocessor based

specialized computer that carries out control functions of many types and levels of

complexity.” We have designed a kit for automating a car parking system. For this a PLC

has been used.

Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce

the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of

industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization

provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements

of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental

requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world

economy and in daily experience. PLC plays an important role in the world of automation



industry. It acts a major function in the automation field. PLC has replaced the wiring and

cabling system that was used in the previous. Its soft wiring feature makes changes in the

control system easy and cheap. So in today’s world it is very important to study PLC.

Most of the industries in INDIA now have started to employ PLCs. PLC reduces

complexity, increases safety, cheap and PLC based automation system not only guarantees

reduced production time but also a higher productivity both in terms of quantity and

quality. For these reasons everyone is now willing to leave the conventional industrial

control sys-tem and switch to PLC. PLC is being used in many sectors in INDIA, the few

examples are - Manufacturing industries, travel industries, printing industries, food

industries, hospitals, plastics industries, leisure (Roller coaster ride and effects control

system) etc . Also in some shops and restaurants many PLC based devices are being used.

Even PLC is used in lift and escalator control systems. The application of PLC in many

sectors of our country is increasing day by day.

Automatic parking systems are a contemporary answer to the increasing number of

cars and the limited number of free space available for purposes, especially in city areas.

Savings in construction volume of up to 50% is characteristic for automatic parking

systems based on their compact warehouse design, coupled with effective transport

system. In this project, we will discuss the automation process of an automaticparking

system. This system will be controlled by PLC and SCADA. This system has been

testeand worked well, so it is possible to apply this system nowadays. This results in

incentives for individual solutions to parking space problems in city areas.



1.1 Literature Review

1.1.1 Historical Aspects

Over the years, car parking systems and the accompanying technologies have

increased and diversified. Car parking systems have been around almost since the time

cars were invented. In any area where there is a significant amount of traffic, there are car

parking systems. Car Parking systems were developed in the early 20th century in

response to the need for storage space for vehicles.

Mechanical parking systems were first introduced in the U.S. using freight

elevators about the time of World War I. During the 1920’s and 1930’s a series of other

patents were granted but it was not until the late 1940’s that the Bowser, Pigeon Hole and

Roto Park systems became operational and installed in numerous locations. Some of these

early systems were vertical elevator lift modules that placed cars on upper levels of a

structure to be moved by attendant and others mechanical devices that could move

vehicles into “slots” in a framework built around a central corridor. Capacities ranged

typically from less than 100 spaces to more than 600. All of these “early days” systems

shared common characteristic the use of a site area much smaller than the area needed for

a conventional garage. For the next twenty years there was some discussion of “advanced”

mechanical garage systems appearing in Europe and Asia, but no major projects which

were planned on were constructed in the U.S.

During the past decade the constant demand for parking, especially in large urban

centers, created a new U.S. interest in these high technology foreign systems automated,

computer based systems that added speed, reliability and safety to the basic garage types

invented fifty years earlier. European and Asian manufacturers have begun to market their



systems and establish offices in the U.S. Several U.S. firms also have entered the

marketplace and created greater local interest in automated parking. Some 100 of these

projects are now in the planning stage.



1.1.2 Traditional Parking SpaceVS Automated Parking System

Traditional Parking SystemAutomated Parking System



1.2 Motivationt

As population of world is increasing day-by-day and hence use of vehicles also in

demand. This results in parking issues in most crowded cities or places such as malls,

market areas, offices, etc. This gives us motivation to build an efficient, space saving and

automated car parking system which will reduce human efforts. For this we have design

mechanical model in such manner that it will park number of cars in small areas.

Also, LINX CONTROL PVT.LTD. motivate and support to build this

mechanical model.

1.3 Area Of Concentration

The main area of concentration of this project is to solve the problem of space requirement

for parking and also to make it automated. Following are the area concentration in our

project :

1.3.1 AUTOMATION

Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce

the need for human work in the production of goods and services. Automation plays an

increasingly important role in the global economy and in daily experience. The main area

of concentration is to provide automated car parking system. For this purpose we have

implement programming using

RSLOGIX 500 and interface this programming with the help of RSLINX to control room.



1.3.2 SPACE REQUIREMENT

Webuid mechanical in such a way that it will park number of cars in a smaller area

and overcomes with issues regarding space requirement.

1.3.3 REDUCTION IN HUMAN

This prototype model provides reduction in human efforts as it facilitates the

monitoring of whole system in a centered control room. This can be achieved by using

SCADA software for visual purpose. SCADA systems are used to monitor critical

infrastructure systems and provide early warning of potential disaster situations. One of

the most important aspects of SCADA has been its ability to evolve with the ever-

changing face of technology that is now referred to as Information Technology (IT)

systems.



CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Block Diagram

Figure 2.1 Block diagram of the system



2.2 Element Of Section

2.2.1 Input Devices:

Intelligence of an auto system is greatly depending on the ability of a PLC

to read in the signal from various types of automatic sensing and manual input field

devices. Push-button, key pad and toggle switches that form the basic man machine

interface any type of manual input device. On the other hand, for detection of work piece

monitoring of moving mechanism, checking pressure or liquid level and many other, The

PLC will have to tap the signal from the specific automatic sensing devices like Proximity

switch, limit switch, photoelectric sensor, and level sensor and so on. Types of input signal

to PLC would be ON/OFF logic or analog. These input signals are interface to PLC

though various types of PLC input module.

2.2.2 Output Devices

An automatic system is incomplete and the PLC system is virtually paralyzed

without means of interface to the field output devices. Some of the most commonly

control devices are Motors. Solenoids, relays, indicators, buzzers and etc. through

activation of motor and solenoids the PLC can control from a simple pick and place

system to a much complex servo positioning system. These types of output devices the

mechanism of automated system and so its direct effects on the system performance.

However, other output devices such as pilot lamp, buzzer and alarms are merely meant for

notifying purpose. Like input signal interfacing signal from output devices are interfaces

to PLC through the wide range of PLC output module.



2.2.3 PLC

The Programmable Logic controller is a specialized computer used to control

machines and process. It uses a programmable memory to store instructions and specific

functions that include On/Off control, timing, counting, sequencing, arithmetic, and data

handling.

Fig. 2.2.3 PLC Structure

The PLC, also known as programmable controller is defined by the National

Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) in 1978 as: "a digitally operating electronic

apparatus which uses a programmable memory for the internal storage of instructions for

implementing specific functions, such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and



arithmetic, to controlthrough digital or analog input/output, various types of machines or

process".

A PLC consist of a Central Processing Unit (CPU) containing an application

program and input and output interface modules, which are directly connected to the field

I/O devices. The program controls the PLC so that when an input signal from an input

device turns ON, the appropriate response is made. The response normally involves

turning ON an output signal some sort of output devices.

2.2.4 Advantages of PLC Control System

∑ Flexible

∑ Faster response time

∑ Loss and simpler wiring

∑ Solid-state no moving parts

∑ Modular design easy to repair expand

∑ Handles much more complicated

∑ Less expensive



CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE SECTION

This project includes different electronic hardware. Here is the hardware

description of automatic car parking system using PLC and SCADA.

3.1.PLC

The Bulletin 1766, MicroLogix 1400 programmable controller contains a power

supply, input and output circuits, a processor, an isolated combination RS-232/485

communication port, an Ethernet port, and a non-isolated RS-232 communication port.

Each controller supports 32 discrete I/O points (20 digital inputs, 12 discrete outputs) and

6 analog I/O points(4 analog inputs and 2 analog output: 1766-L32BWAA, -AWAA and -

BXBA only).

The hardware features of the controller are shown below.

Fig.3.1 Micro-logix 1400



3.1.1 Configuration of PLC

Fig.3.1.1 Typical Configurations for PLC

Many PLC configurations are available, even from a single vendor. But, in each of these

there are common components and concepts. The most essential components are:

Power Supply - This can be built into the PLC or be an external unit. Common voltage

levels required by the PLC (with and without the power supply) are 24Vdc, 120Vac,

220Vac. CPU (Central Processing Unit) - This is a computer where ladder logic is stored

and processed. I/O (Input/Output) - A number of input/output terminals must be provided

so that the PLC can monitor the process and initiate actions.

Indicator lights - These indicate the status of the PLC including power on, program

running, and a fault. These are essential when diagnosing problems.

The configuration of the PLC refers to the packaging of the components.

Typical configurations are listed below from largest to smallest as shown in above figure



Rank - A rank is often large and can hold multiple cards. When necessary, multiple

racks can be connected together. These tend to be the highest cost, but also the most

flexible and easy to maintain.

Mini - These are smaller than full sized PLC racks, but can have the same IO capacity.

Micro - These units can be as small as a deck of cards. They tend to have fixed quantities

of I/O and limited abilities, but costs will be the lowest.



3.2Proximity Sensors

Fig. 3.2 Proximity Sensor

Proximity switches are generally used to sense the position of a moving object in

manufacturing processes. Typically, they utilize an oscillator driver circuit in combination

with an induction tank circuit. The tank circuit includes an induction coil as a means for

sensing the presence of an object such as metal. The magnetic field induces eddy currents

in a conductive object which enters within the generated magnetic field. The oscillation

amplitude is attenuated due to the energy drawn from the induction coil. The amount of

the attenuation is directly related to the distance between the metal object and the

induction coil.

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects

without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a

beam of electromagnetic radiation , and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field



object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different

proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or

photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor

always requires a metal target. A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often

used as a touch switch.

Proximity Sensor includes all sensors that perform non-contact detection in

comparison to sensors, such as limit switches, that detect objects by physically contacting

them. Proximity Sensors convert information on the movement or presence of an object

into an electrical signal. There are three types of detection systems that do this conversion:

systems that use the eddy currents that are generated in metallic sensing objects by

electromagnetic induction, systems that detect changes in electrical capacity when

approaching the sensing object, and systems that use magnets and reed switches.

The Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) define proximity sensors in JIS C,

which conforms to the IEC 60947-5-2 definition of non-contact position detection

switches.

JIS gives the generic name "proximity sensor" to all sensors that provide non-

contact detection of target objects that are close by or within the general vicinity of the

sensor, and classifies them as inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic, photoelectric, magnetic,

etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_proximity_sensor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_sensor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_sensor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_switch



3.3 Types ofProximity Sensor

There are several types of proximity sensor are as follows:

∑ Inductive Proximity Sensor.

∑ Capacitive Proximity Sensor.

∑ Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor.

∑ Photoelectric Proximity Sensor.

∑ Magnetic Proximity Sensor.

3.3.1. Inductive Proximity Sensors

Inductive sensors use currents induced by magnetic fields to detect nearby

metal objects. The inductive sensor uses a coil (an inductor) to generate a high frequency

magnetic field as shown in Figure. If there is a metal object near the changing magnetic

field, current will flow in the object. This resulting current flow sets up a new magnetic

field that opposes the original magnetic field. The net effect is that it changes the

inductance of the coil in the inductive sensor. By measuring the inductance the sensor can

determine when a metal have been brought nearby. These sensors will detect any metals,

when detecting multiple types of metal multiple sensors are often used.

A typical inductive proximity sensor employs a ferrite cup core as the sensing

element. It allows the flux field to be focused in front of the cup and to further increase the

sensing distance. The oscillator typically operates between 100 kHz and 800 kHz, where

the eddy current losses are significant.



Operating Principle of Inductive Proximity Sensors

Inductive Proximity Sensors detect magnetic loss due to eddy currents that are generated

on a conductive surface by an external magnetic field. An AC magnetic field is generated

on the detection coil, and changes in the impedance due to eddy currents generated on a

metallic object are detected. Other methods include Aluminum-detecting Sensors, which

detect the phase component of the frequency, and All-metal Sensors, which use a working

coil to detect only the changed component of the impedance.

Fig.3.3.1 Operating Principle of Inductive Proximity Sensors

There are also Pulse-response Sensors, which generate an eddy current in pulses

and detect the time change in the eddy current with the voltage induced in the coil. The

sensing object and Sensor form what appears to be a transformer-like relationship. The

transformer-like coupling condition is replaced by impedance changes due to eddy-current



losses. The impedance changes can be viewed as changes in the resistance that is inserted

in series with the sensing object.

3.3.2 Capacitive Proximity Sensor.

Proximity capacitive sensing is a technology that enables touch

detection by measuring capacitance, exhibiting a change in capacitance in response to a

change in surrounding materials. Certain sensors gauge the change by generating an

electric field and measuring the attenuations suffered by this field. Unlike inductive

sensors, a proximity capacitive sensor can detect anything that is either conductive or has

different dielectric properties than the sensor’s electrodes’ surroundings. They are

excellent touchpad enablers because we, humans, being mostly water, have a high

dielectric constant, and we contain ionic matter, which makes us good electric conductors.

Free scale uses multiple technologies in its proximity capacitive sensors.



Capacitive Model

Fig.3.3.2 Capacitive Model

Where,

C = Capacitance in faraday.

A =Area of the plate distance between plates.

D =Dielectric constant.

P =Permitivity of free space.



3.3.3 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor.

Ultrasonic sensors operate on an elapsed time measurement system. When the

sensor is adjusted to sense a target at a given distance, a timing window is established. The

sensor accepts or acknowledges only the echoes received within this window. Signals

echoing from background material take longer, and will not be acknowledged.

The maximum frequency at which the sensor is capable of turning on and off depends on

several variables. The most significant are target size, target material and distance to the

target. The smaller the target, the more difficult it is to detect. Thus, maximum frequency

for a small target will be lower than for a large target. Materials that absorb high frequency

sound (cotton, sponge, etc.) are more difficult to sense than steel, glass, or plastic. Thus,

they also have a lower maximum switching frequency.

The humans can hear sound of up to 20kHz frequency only. This proximity

detector works at a frequency of 40 kHz. It uses two specially made ultrasonic transducers:

One transducer emits 40kHz sound, while the other receives 40kHz sound and converts it

into electrical variation of the same frequency.



3.3.4 Photoelectric Proximity Sensor.

A photoelectric proximity sensor is a sensor that uses light to sense an object. This

is done through a technique using pulsed light in either diffuse, through beam, or retro-

reflective modes to detect objects.

In automation, photoelectric sensors in general provide all the benefits of fast and

noncontact detection. Among standard sensors, a distinction is made between the three

functional principles of Thru-beam sensors, retroreflective sensors, and diffuse mode

sensors, depending on the function and the relative position.

Our broad range of photoelectric sensors is aimed at all automation solutions

where noncontact object detection can be utilized. The wide variety of different operating

principles, models, sizes and specifications means that the best possible sensor can always

be found for the relevant application and all conditions that occur in practice can be met.

3.3.5 Magnetic Proximity Sensor

Magnetic sensor is ideal for generating switch-contact count signals from passing

steel or iron castings, weldmesh, stampings, “Tin-cans”, pulley spokes, etc. A flux-field,

generated by internal permanent magnets is arranged to hold the SPDT switch contact in

the N.C. position. When an external mass of magnetic material (target) approaches the

sensing area, it shunts away a part of this field, causing the switch contact to transfer to the

N.O. position. The distance, at which this occurs, is called the “Sensing Distance” and it

depends on the size, shape and thickness of the ferrous target. The curve below shows

variation of sensing distance with target area of steel plate, 0.1” or more in thickness. For



very thin sheet steel (0.01” to 0.02”) de rate sensing distance by 50%. Once the N.O.

switch transfer is made, the target must move away approximately 2 times the sensing

distance to re-establish the original N.C. contact closure. These switches can be operated

at speeds up to 60 counts/sec and have a life rating of 2-billion operations when used in

low-current, low-voltage electronic counting applications. Operating temperature range is

-50o to +120oC.

The magnetic switch senses presence of magnet and give specified signal.

Fig.3.3.5Magnetic Proximity Sensor



3.4 DC GEAR MOTOR

The geared instrument dc motor is ideally suited to a wide range of applications

requiring a combination of low speed operation and small unit size. The integral iron core

DC motor provides smooth operation and a bidirectional variable speed capability while

the gearhead utilises a multistage metal spur gear train rated for a working torque up to

0.2Nm. The unit, which is suitable for mounting in any attitude, provides reliable

operation over a wide ambient temperature range and is equipped with an integral VDR

(voltage dependant resistor) electrical suppression system to minimise electrical

interference. The motor unit offers a range of gear ratio options for operating speeds from

5-200 rpm and is ideally suited to applications where small size and low unit price are

important design criteria.

Fig.3.4DC Gear Motor Construction



CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE SECTION

4.1. SCADA

SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.

SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as

telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and

transportation. These systems encompass the transfer of data between a SCADA central

host computer and a number of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and/or Programmable

Logic Controllers (PLCs), and the central host and the operator terminals. A SCADA

system gathers information (such as where a leak on a pipeline has occurred), transfers the

information back to a central site, then alerts the home station that a leak has occurred,

carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as determining if the leak is critical, and

displaying the information in a logical and organized fashion. The SCADA systems

consist of the following units :

ß One or more field data interface devices, usually RTUs, or PLCs, which interface

to field sensing devices and local control switchboxes and valve actuators

ß A communications system used to transfer data between field data interface

devices and control units and the computers in the SCADA central host. The

system can be radio, telephone, cable, satellite, etc., or any combination of these

ß A central host computer server or servers (sometimes called a SCADA Center,

master station, or Master Terminal Unit (MTU)



ß A collection of standard and/or custom software [sometimes called Human

Machine Interface (HMI) software or Man Machine Interface (MMI) software]

systems used to provide the SCADA central host and operator terminal application,

support the communications system, and monitor and control remotely located

field data interface devices

Fig .4.1.Typical SCADA System



4.1.1 Field Data Interface Devices

Field data interface devices form the "eyes and ears" of a SCADA system.

However, before any automation or remote monitoring can be achieved, the information

that is passed to and from the field data interface devices must be converted to a form that

is compatible with the language of the SCADA system. To achieve this, some form of

electronic field data interface is required. RTUs, also known as Remote Telemetry Units,

provide this interface. They are primarily used to convert electronic signals received from

field interface devices into the language (known as the communication protocol) used to

transmit the data over a communication channel.

A PLC is a device used to automate monitoring and control of industrial

facilities. It can be used as a stand-alone or in conjunction with a SCADA or other system.

PLCs connect directly to field data interface devices and incorporate programmed

intelligence in the form of logical procedures that will be executed in the event of certain

field conditions. PLCs have their origins in the automation industry and therefore are often

used in manufacturing and process plant applications. The need for PLCs to connect to

communication channels was not great in these applications, as they often were only

required to replace traditional relay logic systems or pneumatic controllers. As PLCs were

used more often to replace relay switching logic control systems, telemetry was used more

and more with PLCs at the remote sites.



4.1.2 Communications Network

The communications network is intended to provide the means by which

data can be transferred between the central host computer servers and the field-based

RTUs. The Communication Network refers to the equipment needed to transfer data to

and from different sites. The medium used can either be cable, telephone or radio.

4.1.3 Central Host Computer

The central host computer or master station is most often a single computer

or a network of computer servers that provide a man-machine operator interface to the

SCADA system. screens and associated data can be displayed for the operators. Operator

terminals are connected to the central host computer by a LAN/WAN so that the viewing

screens and associated data can be displayed for the operators.

4.1.4. Operator Workstations and Software Components

Operator workstations are most often computer terminals that are networked

with the SCADA central host computer. The central host computer acts as a server for the

SCADA application, and the operator terminals are clients that request and

sendinformation to the central host computer based on the request and action of the

operators.



4.2. RS Logix 500

Overview

The RSLogix™ family of IEC-1131-compliant ladder logic programming

packages helps you maximize performance, save project development time, and improve

productivity. This family of products has been developed to operate on Microsoft®

Windows® operating systems. Supporting the Allen-Bradley SLC™ 500 and

MicroLogix™ families of processors, RSLogix™ 500 was the first PLC® programming

software to offer unbeatable productivity with an industry-leading user interface.

These RSLogix products share:

∑ Flexible, easy-to-use editors

∑ Common look-and-feel

∑ Diagnostics and troubleshooting tools

∑ Powerful, time-saving features and functionality

RS Logix programming packages are compatible with programs created with

Rockwell Software's DOS-based programming packages for the SLC 500 and MicroLogix

families of processors, making program maintenance across hardware platforms

convenient and easy.



4.2.1 Ladder

Consolidate and display all project information as a Project Tree wi"Point-and-

Click" accessibility. Edit several rungs simultaneously and/or program using symbols that

you have not yet assigned addresses to using the Program Editor. Correct errors at your

convenience using the Project Verifier.

4.2.2 Cross-Reference Information

Move to any rung or instruction you need by clicking on the cross-referenced item

using the Online Cross-Reference. View cross-reference information simultaneously with

your control program online or on a report.

4.2.3 Drag-and-Drop Editing

Add addresses to instructions by dragging them from the Data Table Monitor,

Database Files, or the Address/Symbols Picker to the desired instruction, or quickly move

instructions within a project or from one project to another, or move data table elements

from one data file to another.

4.2.4 Diagnostics

Locate problem areas in your application using Advanced Diagnostics. Locate

and replace addresses and description text easily using Search and Replace. Examine the

status of data table elements simultaneously with the Custom Display Monitor. Review

status bit settings including scan time, math registers and interrupt settings using Tabbed

Displays. Access I/O configurations, program files, data table files and more from the

Consolidated Project View.



4.3 Wonder ware In-touch

Wonder ware In Touch™ visualisation software is a powerful SCADA/HMI for

industrial automation, process control and supervisory monitoring. In Touch enables users

to visualise and control processes while providing engineers with an easy-to-use

development environment and extensive functionality to rapidly create, test and deploy

powerful automation applications that connect and deliver real-time information. In Touch

software is an open and extensible HMI that enables flexibility in custom application

design with connectivity to the broadest set of automation devices in the industry.

Fig. 4.3

Wonderwar

e In-touch



CHAPTER 5

WORKING

5.1 Flow Chart



Hardware diagram



5.2 Operation

Working of automatic car parking is simply based on the flow chart shown in

figure.

As the car enters into the range of proximity sensor, sensor senses the car and

sends a signal to the PLC’s port. SCADA which receives the signal from the port of PLC

indicates “availability of car” to the operator. Operator, after verifying the car related

information, enters the empty slot number and elevator mechanism is triggered with the

help of PLC’s output port. In order to provide the 12V dc voltage to the elevator

mechanism, “relay circuitary”is used to connect the battery output 12V to the elevator

mechanism.

In order to pick-up a car, elevator mechanism performs operation in three different

stages. In first stage stacker, consisting of simple dc motor, comes out and lift the car.

Once car is lifted, stacker is pulled back and elevator moves up to the desired floor. In

third stage, stacker comes out of the elevator mechanism, elevator is lifted down, and

hence, once the car is parked into the floor, the stacker is pulled back of the elevator

mechanism.

Now, elevator mechanism is again ready for next operation of car re-parking, thus,

the above operation is repeated for further car parking.



CHAPTER 6

LADDER LOGIC PROGRAMMING

The steps necessary to program the first part of the experiment, the series rung,

will be explained in detail. For the other parts of the exercise, only the different steps

required to do these parts are explained.

6.1 Timers

To enter a timer into a rung, position the cursor on the right side of the rung, or to

the left of where you want to place the instruction.

6.2 Counters

Counter blocks are placed in the ladder rung in much the same way as timers. To

enter an up counter into a rung, first click on the CTU and position the arrow on the right

side of the rung.

6.3 Online Editing With PLC in Run Mode

The ladder logic program may be edited while the PLC is in the Run mode.



6.3.1 Ladder-Logic Diagram



CHAPTER 7

APPLICATION

When a vehicle arrived for parking, there is a chance of probability to extend this

system along with the identity cards .The LCD displays the empty spaces

availability of that particular rack. Then user has to enter his password, provided the

first digit must be the empty space in which he wishes to park his vehicle thus ensuring

protection. Again if he entered correct password then only the exit gate will be

opened for him. If the person removes another vehicle then the sensors

that are provided beneath every parking place gives a buzzer sound which is being

provided and automatically the exit gate gets closed propviding security to vehicle owner.

B y t h i s i mp l em en ta t i on in t h e c i rcu i t , p a rk i n g p ro b l em i s s o lv ed an

a l so i t p r ev en t s vehicle thefts.



CHAPTER 8

ADVANTAGES

1) Efficient.

2) Time saver.

3) Car safety.

4) Safer for driver.

5) Environmental friendly



CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

9.1 Automatic parking. Quite simple.

The average driver spends about 90 minutes a day in the car. So the car has to

spend the other 22.5 hours parked - somewhere. But more and more, finding a parking

place is becoming a challenge, especially in big cities and popular destinations. Planners,

developers, architects and engineers are all looking for viable solutions.

An opportunity to bring the technology of automated parking to where it´s needed

most. These advanced automated parking systems are extraordinarily well-designed. The

advantages are clear. The systems are scalable and adapt to virtually any architectural

footprint. What´s more, they are fast, efficient and environmentally sound.



9.2 Simply economic.

Worldwide, city centres are the core of modern life, work and society. However,

traffic volume has far outstripped the parking designed to handle it.

Whether for commercial or residential areas, the increasing demand for parking

has brought with it infrastructure headaches for municipalities...and it frequently means

lost revenue as drivers take their business elsewhere. Automatic parking systems are able

to solve these core problems more economically than conventional parking garages. Quite

simply, they create more parking from less space and consume fewer resources.

9.3 Simply aesthetic.

As cities reinvent themselves for the future with sustainable planning and

development, they keep an eye toward making their redefined landscape attractive and

functional.

An automatic parking system enhances the utility and beauty of a building. They

offer architects and city planners more choices than just a closed facade in an existing

structure. Automatic parking has advantages over conventional parking in nearly every

aspect of beauty and utility. In fact, its greatest beauty is that it can often be made

invisible.



9.4 Simply ecological.

In 2007, the world´s population passed a milestone: for the first time in history,

more people live in cities than outside of them. By 2030, more than 60% of the world´s

population will live in cities.

This means that cities will have to become more innovative in providing quality

living and services in an ecologically sound manner. Currently, cities use more than 75%

of the energy produced, and create more than 80% of the world´s greenhouse gas

emissions. One way to reduce the carbon footprint of cities is by reducing the hunt for

parking. An abundance of automated parking means fewer cars on the road, less

congestion, and cleaner air for everyone.



CHAPTER 10

FUTURE SCOPE

Also we can implement database management system which provides detail

information about vehicle i.e. arrival and departure time, date and day, vehicle number

,etc. Due to this we can access past information about vehicles in case of any emergencies

from the database. It enhances the security standards for parking system.



CHAPTER 11

REFERENCES

1. Under the guidance of “LiNX Control” (An Industrial Automation Company),

IT-Park, Nagpur

2. Programmable Logic Controller by Stephen, Philip.

3. Industrial Automation by Prof. Gupta.

4. Automatic car parking” by Prof. Anil Thakur.

5. Petruzella, Frank D. (2010) - ‘Programmable logic Controllers’ - Tata

McGraw Hill Education, pp.6-12.

6. Rashid, M.H. (2010) – ‘Power Electronics’- British Library of Congress

Base

Documents

Transcript of Base