Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth Science.

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble's discovery of a pattern in the red shift of light from galaxiesmoving away from Earth led to the theory of an expanding universe. This expansion implies thatthe universe was smaller, denser, and hotter in the past. In the 1940s, scientists predicted that heat(identified as cosmic microwave background radiation) left over from the Big Bang would fill theuniverse. In the 1960s, satellite probes found that cosmic microwave background radiation fillsthe universe uniformly in every direction, and indicated a temperature of about 3 kelvins (K). Thisradiation has been cooling as the universe has been expanding.

A) B)

C) D)

1. Which graph best shows the relationship of the size of the universe to the temperature indicated by thecosmic microwave background radiation?

A) 1.0 billion years ago B) 3.3 billion years agoC) 8.2 billion years ago D) 13.7 billion years ago

2. Scientists infer that the universe began approximately

A) They are similar in size to the solar system.B) They contain only one star but hundreds of

planets.C) They may contain a few hundred stars in a space

slightly larger than the solar system.D) They may contain billions of stars in a space

much larger than our solar system.

3. Which statement best describes galaxies?

Base your answers to questions 4 through 7 on the table below, which shows eight inferred stagesdescribing the formation of the universe from its beginning to the present time.

A) decreased, only B) increased, onlyC) remained the same D) increased, then decreased

4. According to this table, the average temperature of the universe since stage 3 has

A) The Big Bang Theory B) The Theory of Plate TectonicsC) The Law of Superposition D) The Laws of Planetary Motion

5. What is the most appropriate title for this table?

A) 1 and 3 B) 3 and 5 C) 6 and 7 D) 7 and 8

6. Between which two stages did our solar system form?

A) 10-43 second B) 10-32 secondC) 10-6 second D) 13.7 billion years

7. How soon did protons and neutrons form after the beginning of the universe?

A) observations of supernova explosions.B) the discovery of black holes.C) observations that the Doppler red shift

becomes greater as we look at more distantgalaxies.

D) observations that most galaxies are rotating

8. The major evidence supporting the "Big Bang" theoryis

A) A B) B C) C D) D

9. The diagram below represents a side view of theMilky Way Galaxy.

At approximately which position is Earth's solarsystem located?

A) the universeB) our solar systemC) Earth’s ozone layerD) Earth’s earliest atmosphere

10. Cosmic background radiation provides directevidence for the origin of

A) brighterB) bluerC) redderD) unchanged in both color and brightness

11. Compared to light from from a stationary source atthe same point, light from an object moving towardyou is

A) contractingB) expandingC) staying the same sizeD) expanding and contracting regularly

12. Most astronomers agree that at the present timeuniverse is

A) rate of rotation of the SunB) existence of cosmic background radiationC) uniform radioactive decay of uranium-238D) separation of Earth's interior into different layer

13. Which evidence best supports the Big Bang theory?

A) sizes of nearby galaxiesB) relative motions of distant galaxiesC) densities of the planetsD) rotation periods of the planets

14. The red shift of visible light waves that is observedby astronomers on Earth is used to determine the

A) red shift in the light from distant galaxiesB) change in the swing direction of a Foucault

pendulum on EarthC) parallelism of Earth's axis in orbitD) spiral shape of the Milky Way Galaxy

15. Evidence that the universe is expanding is bestprovided by the

A) concentration in the yellow portion of thespectrum

B) concentration in the green portion of thespectrum

C) shift toward the blue end of the spectrumD) shift toward the red end of the spectrum

16. According to the big bang theory, the universe beganas an explosion and is still expanding. This theory issupported by observations that the stellar spectra ofdistant galaxies show a

A) contracting, onlyB) expanding, onlyC) remaining constant in sizeD) alternating between contracting and expanding

17. In a Doppler red shift, the observed wavelengths oflight from distant celestial objects appear closer tothe red end of the spectrum than light from similarnearby celestial objects. The explanation for the redshift is that the universe is presently

A) the larger it is.B) the faster it is rotatingC) the hotter it isD) the faster it is moving away from us

18. The more that the spectral lines of a star are shiftedto the red end of the spectrum

A) orbital velocities of stars are decreasingB) Earth’s atmosphere is warmingC) the Sun is coolingD) the universe is expanding

19. Astronomers viewing light from distant galaxiesobserve a shift of spectral lines toward the red end ofthe visible spectrum. This shift provides evidencethat

A) cosmic background radiation in spaceB) parallelism of planetary axesC) radioactive dating of Earth’s bedrockD) life cycle of stars

20. Which evidence best supports the theory that theuniverse began with a massive explosion?

A) 1.3 billion years B) 4.6 billion yearsC) 7.9 billion years D) 13.8 billion years

21. According to astronomers, the age of the universe isestimated to be

A) most galaxies are moving away from EarthB) a majority of stars in most galaxies are red

giantsC) the light slows down as it nears EarthD) red light travels faster than other colors of light

22. The red shift of light from most galaxies is evidencethat

A) the distance traveled by light in one yearB) the distance the Earth moves in one yearC) the time it takes light to go once around the

Earth's orbitD) the time it takes light to travel one year

23. A light year is

A) red-light end of the visible spectrumB) blue-light end of the visible spectrumC) ultraviolet-ray end of the electromagnetic

spectrumD) gamma-ray end of the electromagnetic

spectrum

24. Starlight from distant galaxies provides evidencethat the universe is expanding because this starlightshows a shift in wavelength toward the

A) The universe is at least twice as old as oursolar system.

B) Our solar system is at least twice as old as theuniverse.

C) Our solar system and the universe are estimatedto be 5 billion years old.

D) Our solar system and the universe are estimatedto be 10 billion years old.

25. Which statement best describes the age of our solarsystem and the universe?

A) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward theultraviolet end of the spectrum and the star ismoving toward Earth.

B) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward theultraviolet end of the spectrum and the star ismoving away from Earth.

C) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward theinfrared end of the spectrum and the star ismoving toward Earth.

D) The star's spectral lines have shifted towardthe infrared end of the spectrum and thestar is moving away from Earth.

26. The diagram below shows a standard spectrumcompared to a spectrum produced from a distant star.

Which conclusion can be made by comparing thestandard spectrum to the spectrum produced fromthis distant star?

A) red shifted lines B) blue shifted linesC) unshifted lines D) dim lines

27. A star moving away from the Earth will have aspectrum containing

A) our solar system, universe, Milky Way GalaxyB) our solar system, Milky Way Galaxy,

universeC) Milky Way Galaxy, our solar system, universeD) Milky Way Galaxy, universe, our solar system

28. Which sequence correctly lists the relative sizesfrom smallest to largest?

A) relatively cool in temperatureB) moving away from usC) moving toward usD) a blue star

29. If we observe a Doppler blue shift from a star, thestar must be

A) milesB) kilometersC) astronomical unit (AU)D) Lightyears (LY)

30. The unit most used by astronomers to express thedistances to other galaxies is

A) higher than the temperature at which waterboils

B) between the temperature at which water boilsand room temperature

C) between room temperature and the temperatureat which water freezes

D) lower than the temperature at which waterfreezes

31. The current temperature indicated by the cosmicmicrowave background radiation is

A) measurements of rates of decay usingcarbon-14

B) measurements of cosmic backgroundradiation

C) calculations of the distance from the Sun toeach asteroid in the asteroid belt

D) calculations of the temperature and luminosityof stars

32. Which information best supports the inference thatthe universe began with an explosion?

A) less than 1 B) 2.5C) 4.6 D) over 10

33. The explosion associated with the theory and theformation of the universe inferred to have occurredhow many billion ago?

A) a single constellationB) the Milky Way galaxyC) the solar systemD) a giant cloud of gas

34. Earth, the Sun, and billions of stars are containedwithin

A) solar systems B) asteroid beltsC) constellations D) galaxies

35. Billions of stars in the same region of the universeare called

A) PolarisB) AldebaranC) EarthD) the Milky Way Galaxy

36. The Sun revolves around the center of

A) fixed and stationaryB) moving randomlyC) contractingD) expanding

37. A red shift in the light from very distant galaxiessuggests that the universe is

A) a constellationB) the universeC) the Milky Way galaxyD) our solar system

38. The Sun's position in space is best described as theapproximate center of

39. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The data table lists four constellations in which star clusters are seen from Earth. A starcluster is a group of stars near each other in space. Stars in the same cluster move at the samevelocity. The length of the arrows in the table represents the amount of redshift of two wavelengths ofvisible light emitted by these star clusters.

Identify the name of the nuclear process that is primarily responsible for producing energy in stars.

A) will soon become a main sequence starB) will soon become a giant starC) is moving closer to EarthD) is moving away from Earth

40. A blue shift of the light from a star indicates that thestar

A) The gravitational force on Earth changes.B) The universe appears to be expanding.C) The Jovian planets are aligned with the Sun.D) Galaxies are becoming more numerous.

41. What does a red shift in light from distant celestialobjects indicate to a scientist on Earth?

A) color of the starB) shift of its spectral linesC) brightness of the starD) its change in apparent size

42. The velocity of a star toward or away from the Earthcan be determined by measuring the

A) travels in waves through spaceB) moves faster than the speed of lightC) is visible to humansD) moves due to particle collisions

43. Cosmic microwave background radiation isclassified as a form of electromagnetic energybecause it

A) revolving around the SunB) revolving around the Milky WayC) moving away from EarthD) moving toward Earth

44. When viewed from Earth, the light from very distantgalaxies shows a red shift. This is evidence thatthese distant galaxies are

A) shifted to shorter wavelengths.B) shifted to longer wavelengths.C) appear blue.D) appear red.

45. The Doppler effect predicts that light from a sourcemoving away from Earth will be

A) younger and largerB) younger and smallerC) older and largerD) older and smaller

46. Compared to Earth's solar system, the universe isinferred to be

A) spherical in shapeB) 4.6 billion years oldC) composed of stars revolving around EarthD) one of billions of galaxies in the universe

47. Most scientists believe the Milky Way Galaxy is

A) red shift, indicating that the universe isexpanding

B) red shift, indicating that the universe iscontracting

C) blue shift, indicating that the universe isexpanding

D) blue shift, indicating that the universe iscontracting

48. Light from distant galaxies most likely shows a

A) a solar system B) a universeC) a galaxy D) an ecosystem

49. What is the name usually given to the group ofobjects consisting of a sun and any planets, comets,and other objects that orbit it?

A) shrinking, onlyB) expanding, onlyC) shrinking and expanding in a cyclic patternD) remaining the same size

50. The redshift of light from distant galaxies providesevidence that the universe is

A) toward EarthB) away from EarthC) in an elliptical orbit around the SunD) in a circular orbit around the Sun

51. The diagram below represents the bright-linespectrum for an element.

The spectrum of the same element observed in thelight from a distant star is shown below.

The shift in the spectral lines indicates that the star ismoving

A) B)C) D)

52. The diagram below shows the spectral lines for anelement.

Which diagram best represents the spectral lines ofthis element when its light is observed coming froma star that is moving away from Earth?

A) elliptical B) irregularC) circular D) spiral

53. The diagram below represents the shape of theMilky Way Galaxy.

The Milky Way Galaxy is best described as

A) B)

C) D)

54. According to the Big Bang theory, which graph best represents the relationship between time and thesize of the universe from the beginning of the universe to the present?

A) asteroid belts B) terrestrial planetsC) spiral galaxies D) eccentric comets

55. The diagram below represents the development ofour universe from the time of the Big Bang until thepresent. Letter A indicates two celestial objects.

The present-day celestial objects labeled A are bestidentified as

A) B)

C) D)

56. The symbols below represent the Milky Way galaxy,the solar system, the Sun, and the universe.

Which arrangement of symbols is most accurate?

A) the Moon B) JupiterC) the Sun D) the Milky Way

57. Which celestial feature is largest in actual size?

A) shorter than normal (a red shift)B) shorter than normal (a blue shift)C) longer than normal (a red shift)D) longer than normal (a blue shift)

58. The diagram below illustrates three stages of acurrent theory of the formation of the universe.

A major piece of scientific evidence supporting thistheory is the fact that wavelengths of light fromgalaxies moving away from Earth in stage 3 areobserved to be

A) A B) B C) C D) D

59. The timeline below represents time from the present to 20 billion years ago. Letters A, B, C, and D represent specific times.

Which letter on the timeline best represents the time when scientists estimate that the Big Bangoccurred?

A) further away from usB) closer to usC) accelerating rapidlyD) already contracting toward another big bang

60. According to Hubbell’s law more rapidly movinggalaxies are now

A) galaxy ® solar system ® universe ® planetB) solar system ® galaxy ® planet ® universeC) planet ® solar system ® galaxy ® universeD) universe ® galaxy ® solar system ® planet

61. In which list are celestial features correctly shown inorder of increasing size?

A) blue shift of light from distant galaxiesB) red shift of light from distant galaxiesC) nuclear fusion occurring in the SunD) radioactive decay occurring in the Sun

62. The theory that the universe is expanding issupported by the

A) Earth B) Earth's MoonC) our solar system D) the universe

63. Fourteen billion years represents the approximateage of

A) redshift, appearing to be shorterB) redshift, appearing to be longerC) blueshift, appearing to be shorterD) blueshift, appearing to be longer

64. A major piece of evidence supporting the Big Bangtheory is the observation that wavelengths oflight from stars in distant galaxies show a

A) a galaxy B) a cometC) an asteroid D) a star

65. The photograph below shows a feature of theuniverse as seen through a telescope.

This feature is best identified as

A) redshift of light from distant galaxiesB) presence of volcanoes on EarthC) apparent shape of star constellationsD) presence of craters on Earth's Moon

66. The Big Bang Theory, describing the creation of theuniverse, is most directly supported by the

A) a type of solar systemB) a constellation visible to everyone on EarthC) a region in space between the orbits of Mars

and JupiterD) a spiral-shaped formation composed of

billions of stars

67. The Milky Way galaxy is best described as

A) nuclear decay of radioactive materialsB) nuclear fusion of radioactive materialsC) blue shift of light from distant galaxiesD) red shift of light from distant galaxies

68. The theory that the universe is expanding issupported by data from the

A) impact craters found on EarthB) cosmic background radiationC) the different compositions of terrestrial and

Jovian planetsD) the blue shift of light from distant galaxies

69. Which evidence best supports the theory that theuniverse was created by an explosion called the BigBang?

A) B)

C) D)

70. The symbols below are used to represent differentregions of space.

Which diagram shows the correct relationshipbetween these four regions? [If one symbol is withinanother symbol, that means it is part of, or includedin, that symbol.]

A)

B)

C)

D)

71. The diagram below represents a standard dark-linespectrum for an element.

The spectral lines of this element are observed inlight from a distant galaxy. Which diagramrepresents these spectral lines?

A) B)

C) D)

72. Which time line most accurately indicates when this sequence of events in earth's history occurred?

A) Galaxy A is moving away from Earth, butgalaxies B and C are moving toward Earth.

B) Galaxy B is moving away from Earth, butgalaxies A and C are moving toward Earth.

C) Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving towardEarth.

D) Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving awayfrom Earth.

73. In the diagram below, the spectral lines of hydrogengas from three galaxies, A, B, and C, are comparedto the spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in alaboratory.

What is the best inference that can be madeconcerning the movement of galaxies A, B, and C?

A) solar system, Milky Way, universeB) Milky Way, solar system, universeC) universe, Milky Way, solar systemD) Milky Way, universe, solar system

74. In which sequence are the items listed from leasttotal mass to greatest total mass?

Answer KeyStructure of the Universe and the Big Bang

1. B2. D3. D4. A5. A6. D7. C8. C9. B10. A11. B12. B13. B14. B15. A16. D17. B18. D19. D20. A21. D22. A23. A24. A25. A26. D27. A28. B29. C30. D31. D32. B33. D34. B35. D

36. D37. D38. D39. fusion or nuclear

fusion40. C41. B42. B43. A44. C45. B46. C47. D48. A49. A50. B51. B52. B53. D54. A55. C56. D57. D58. C59. D60. A61. C62. B63. D64. B65. A66. A67. D68. D69. B

70. A71. B72. B73. D74. A