BASE OIL + ADDITIVES

FINISHED LUBRICANT

BASE STOCKSBASE STOCKS

FINISHED LUBE OIL - A MIXTURE OF BASE STOCKS + FINISHED LUBE OIL - A MIXTURE OF BASE STOCKS + ADDITIVE PACKAGEADDITIVE PACKAGE

BASE STOCKS/BASE OILS- MAINLY DERIVED FROM BASE STOCKS/BASE OILS- MAINLY DERIVED FROM PETROLEUM THROUGH VARIOUS REFINING PROCESSESPETROLEUM THROUGH VARIOUS REFINING PROCESSES

CONVENTIONAL & MODERNCONVENTIONAL & MODERN

Base Oil PropertiesBase Oil Properties

ViscosityViscosity Saturate ContentSaturate Content

Viscosity IndexViscosity Index Aromatic ContentAromatic Content

VolatilityVolatility Sulfur ContentSulfur Content

Flash PointFlash Point

Pour PointPour Point

Specific GravitySpecific Gravity

Chemical PropertiesPhysical Properties

BO4 1

BASE OILS

100 N 100 IO VG 12

150 N 150 T 500 IO

500 N 500 T VG 100

1300 N

150 BS TURBINE OIL(L) 1600 IO

TURBINE OIL(M)

API CLASSIFICATIONAPI CLASSIFICATION

SATURATES SATURATES SULFUR SULFUR V.I. V.I.

GR.1 GR.1 < 90%< 90% > 0.03% 80-120 > 0.03% 80-120

GR.2 GR.2 90% & ABOVE 90% & ABOVE <0.03% 80-120 <0.03% 80-120

GR.3 GR.3 90% & ABOVE 90% & ABOVE <0.03% OVER 120 <0.03% OVER 120

GR.4 PAO GR.4 PAO - - - -

GR.5 OTHERS GR.5 OTHERS - - - -

OIL REFINING PROCESSESOIL REFINING PROCESSES

CONVENTIONALCONVENTIONAL DISTILLATIONDISTILLATION SOLVENT EXTRACTIONSOLVENT EXTRACTION FINISHING PROCESSESFINISHING PROCESSES DEWAXING.DEWAXING.

MODERNMODERN HYDROCRACKINGHYDROCRACKING HYDRO-ISOMERIZATIONHYDRO-ISOMERIZATION CATALYTIC DEWAXING.CATALYTIC DEWAXING.

PROPANEDEASPHALT

PROPANEDEWAXING

CLAY ORHYDROGEN

FINISH

PD RAFFINATE

AROMATICEXTRACTION

SOLVENTEXTRACTION

WAX

VAC RESIDUE ASPHALT

RCO

VAC TOWER

NEUTRALDISTILLATES

WAXYRAFFINATES

DEWAXEDOILS

FINISHEDSTOCKOILS

MANUFACTURING OF LUBE BASE OILS

ADDITIVES ANTI OXIDANTS

ANTI WEAR AGENTS

DETERGENTS

DISPERSANTS

DEFOAMERS

POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS

VI IMPROVERS

DEMULSIFIERS

EXTREME PRESSURE AGENTS

RUST INHIBITOR

LUBRICATIONLUBRICATION

SURFACE ASPARITIES SURFACE ASPARITIES

DRY FRICTIONDRY FRICTION SURFACES IN DIRECT SURFACES IN DIRECT

CONTACTCONTACT SURFACES IN RELATIVE SURFACES IN RELATIVE

MOTIONMOTION PRODUCES LOT OF HEATPRODUCES LOT OF HEAT RESULTS IN MATERIAL WEARRESULTS IN MATERIAL WEAR

FLUID FRICTIONFLUID FRICTION FLUID FILM SEPARATES THE FLUID FILM SEPARATES THE

SURFACESSURFACES ONLY FRICTION IS THAT OF ONLY FRICTION IS THAT OF

THE FLUIDTHE FLUID COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION IS COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION IS

MUCH LESS THAN SOLID MUCH LESS THAN SOLID FRICTIONFRICTION

TYPES OF LUBRICATIONTYPES OF LUBRICATION

HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION Cylindrical Journal BearingCylindrical Journal Bearing Main brg, Connecting rod brg of AutomotovesMain brg, Connecting rod brg of Automotoves

ELASTO HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION ELASTO HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION Ball BrgBall Brg

BOUNDARY LUBRICATION BOUNDARY LUBRICATION Gear TeethGear Teeth Valve TrainValve Train

HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATIONHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION

THERE IS FLUID FILM THERE IS FLUID FILM BETWEEN THE SURFACESBETWEEN THE SURFACES

RESISTANCE RESISTANCE FRITCTION BETWEEN THE FRITCTION BETWEEN THE

FLUID & SOLID SURFACEFLUID & SOLID SURFACE INTERNAL FLUID FRICTION INTERNAL FLUID FRICTION

OF THE LIQUIDOF THE LIQUID EXAMPLE : MOST BERAINGS EXAMPLE : MOST BERAINGS

UNDER MODERATE LOAD AND UNDER MODERATE LOAD AND SPEED CONDITIONSSPEED CONDITIONS

FILM THICKNESS DEPENDS ONFILM THICKNESS DEPENDS ON SPEEDSPEED LOADLOAD VISCOSITY VISCOSITY

(ELASTO) HYDRODYNAMIC (ELASTO) HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATIONLUBRICATION

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF

THE CONTACTING SURFACESTHE CONTACTING SURFACES HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES

TRYING TO KEEP THE TRYING TO KEEP THE SURFACES AWAYSURFACES AWAY

LOAD / PRESSURE TRYING LOAD / PRESSURE TRYING TO BREAK THE FILM AND TO BREAK THE FILM AND DEFORM THE SURFACESDEFORM THE SURFACES

SURFACES ARE COMPLETELY SURFACES ARE COMPLETELY SEPARATED BY THE FILMSEPARATED BY THE FILM

CHARACTERISTIC OF EHD CHARACTERISTIC OF EHD LUBRICATION IS LOAD & HYDRO LUBRICATION IS LOAD & HYDRO DYNAMIC PRESSURE ARE INDYNAMIC PRESSURE ARE IN EQUILIBRIUMEQUILIBRIUM

MIXED LUBRICATIONMIXED LUBRICATION

AS THE SPEED INCREASES, HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE AS THE SPEED INCREASES, HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE INCREASESINCREASES

FLUID IS THERE IN BETWEEN SURFACES BUT LOAD IS NOT FLUID IS THERE IN BETWEEN SURFACES BUT LOAD IS NOT CARRIED BY THE FILMCARRIED BY THE FILM

LOAD IS SHARED BY THE FLUID FILM AND THE ASPERITES LOAD IS SHARED BY THE FLUID FILM AND THE ASPERITES (POINTS OF CONTACT)(POINTS OF CONTACT)

CONDITION IN BETWEEN BOUNDARY AND EHD CONDITION IN BETWEEN BOUNDARY AND EHD LUBRICATIONLUBRICATION

EXAMPLE : JOURNAL BEARINGS UNDER LOW SPEED AND EXAMPLE : JOURNAL BEARINGS UNDER LOW SPEED AND HIGH LOAD HIGH LOAD

Protective Boundary Film Formation and Shear

Surface-to-Surface Contact under Boundary Conditions

Protective Boundary Film Formation and Shear

REAL"CONTACT"

ROUGH COMPLAINT SURFACEROUGH COMPLAINT SURFACE

LIQUID BOUNDRYFILM

SMOOTH STIFF SURFACE

ROUGH COMPLIANT SURFACE

CHEM5 959-22-99

CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTSCLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS

GENERAL CATEGORIES

SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS

PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

USERs SPECIFICATIONS

TYPE OF BASE OIL

Based on:

GENERAL CATEGORIESGENERAL CATEGORIES

AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTSAUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS

INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTSINDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS

GREASESGREASES

SPECIALITY PRODUCTSSPECIALITY PRODUCTS

•TURBINE OILS•HYDRAULIC OILS•COMPRESSOR OILS•REFRIGERATION OILS•SPINDLE OILS•CYLINDER OILS•GEAR OILS•TEXTILE OILS etc

•CUTTING FLUIDS•METAL ROLLING OILS•RUBBER PROCESS OILS•RUST PREVENTIVES•HEAT TRANFER FLUIDS•METAL DRAWING COMPOUNDS•QUENCHING OILS etc

•ENGINE OILS•TRANSMISSION OILS

•WHEEL BEARING•CHASSIS•INDUSTRIAL

SPECIFIC APPLICATION

PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONSPHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS

VISCOSITYVISCOSITY

SAE NUMBER(10W,20W,30,40 etc)SAE NUMBER(10W,20W,30,40 etc)

ISO VG NUMBER(100,150,220,320,460,680,1000 etc)ISO VG NUMBER(100,150,220,320,460,680,1000 etc) HARDNESSHARDNESS

NLGI NUMBER(2,3 etc)NLGI NUMBER(2,3 etc)

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

•API AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE•MIL-LU. S MILITARY SPECS•BIS INDIAN STANDARDS•ACEA ASSN DES CONSTRUCTEURS EUROPEENS DE•JASO JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE STANDARDS ORG•AGMA AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSN

VISCOSITYVISCOSITY

VISCOSITY IS THE RESITANCE OF A FLUID TO FLOWVISCOSITY IS THE RESITANCE OF A FLUID TO FLOW IT IS CAUSED BY INTERNAL FRICTION OF THE FLUIDIT IS CAUSED BY INTERNAL FRICTION OF THE FLUID ALL FLUIDS CAN BE CATEGORISED ASALL FLUIDS CAN BE CATEGORISED AS

NEWTONIAN FLUIDSNEWTONIAN FLUIDS VISCOSITY DOES NOT CHANGE WITH SHEAR OR RATE VISCOSITY DOES NOT CHANGE WITH SHEAR OR RATE

OF SHEAROF SHEAR EXAMPLES : MINERAL BASE OILS, SYNTHETIC BASE EXAMPLES : MINERAL BASE OILS, SYNTHETIC BASE

OILS, MONOGRADE OILS ETC.OILS, MONOGRADE OILS ETC. NON NEWTONIAN FLUIDSNON NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

VISCOSITY VARIES WITH RATE OF SHEAR OR SHEAR VISCOSITY VARIES WITH RATE OF SHEAR OR SHEAR STRESS UNDER WHICH IT IS MEASUREDSTRESS UNDER WHICH IT IS MEASURED

EXAMPLES : MULTIGRADE OILS EXAMPLES : MULTIGRADE OILS

VISCOSITYVISCOSITY

VISCOSITYVISCOSITY KINEMATIC VISCOSITYKINEMATIC VISCOSITY DYNAMIC VISCOSITYDYNAMIC VISCOSITY

KINEMATIC VISCOSITYKINEMATIC VISCOSITY RESISTANCE OF A FLUID RESISTANCE OF A FLUID

TO FLOW UNDER GRAVITYTO FLOW UNDER GRAVITY UNIT CENTISTOKE cSt, UNIT CENTISTOKE cSt,

SUS, MSUS, M22/S ETC/S ETC DYNAMIC VISCOSITYDYNAMIC VISCOSITY

ALSO CALLED ABSOLUTE ALSO CALLED ABSOLUTE VISCOSITYVISCOSITY

PRODUCT OF KIN VISC PRODUCT OF KIN VISC AND FLUID DENSITYAND FLUID DENSITY

UNIT CENTIPOSE cPUNIT CENTIPOSE cP

ENGINE OIL CLASSIFICATION

SAE (Viscometrics)

API (Engine & Bench Tests)

BIS (Physio chemical,Engine & Bench Tests)

CCMC/ACEA (Engine & Bench Tests)

MIL -L (Physio chemical,Engine & Bench

Tests)

TAILORMADE

Physicochemical Properties

Performance (America)

Performance (India)

Performance (Europe)

Performance (American Military)

Performance(OEMs)