Basal Joint Arthritis Of The Thumb
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Basal Joint Arthritis of the Thumb
Christian Veillette, MD, MSc, BSc(Hon)Orthopaedic Resident PGY-4Upper Extremity Rounds 2004St. Michael’s Hospital
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Objectives
Epidemiology Etiology Anatomy and Biomechanics Pathoanatomy Diagnosis Imaging Classification Treatment Options Literature Review Complications
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Epidemiology
Trapeziometacarpal joint OA - common 1 in 4 women 1 in 12 men
The prevalence of degenerative arthritis of the base of the thumb in post-menopausal women. Armstrong et al. J Hand Surg [Br]. 1994 Jun;19(3):340-1 143 post-menopausal women radiological prevalence
isolated carpometacarpal OA – 25% Isolated scapho-trapezial OA – 2% combined carpometacarpal and scapho-trapezial OA - 8%
Symptomatic – basal thumb pain 28% with isolated carpometacarpal OA 55% with combined carpometacarpal/scapho-trapezial OA
“The most frequent site in the upper extremity in need of surgery for disabling osteoarthritic disease” Pellegrini Clin. Orthop 23(1) 1992
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Etiology Osteoarthritis Inflammatory arthritis Hypermobile laxity
young females Connective tissue disorders Failed reconstructive procedures Trauma
Bennett’s/Rolando Fractures Dislocations Ligamentous injuries
No longitudinal natural history study has established clear etiology for basal joint disease
Strong association between excessive basal joint laxity development of premature degenerative changes
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Anatomy and Biomechanics
Shallow saddle-joint architecture little intrinsic osseous stability must rely on static ligamentous constraints
Four trapezial articulations Trapeziometacarpal (TM) Scaphotrapezial (ST) Trapeziotrapezoid Trapezium-Index metacarpal
Only the TM and ST joints lie along the longitudinal compression axis of the thumb
Radiographic disease most commonly affects TM and ST joints
Term pantrapezial arthritis is somewhat misleading
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Anatomy and Biomechanics Grasping and pinching
functions of the thumb involve three arcs of motion: Flexion-extension Abduction-adduction Opposition
TM joint compression =12 x thumb-index pinch Cooney 1977 JBJS
Differential radius of curvature Maximal congruence at
extremes Ab/Adduction
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Anatomy and Biomechanics
Opposition Axial rotation at TM joint Shear forces Flexion-adduction Volar articular surface
concentration Minimal dorsal contact Palmar pattern joint surface wear
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Role of palmar beak ligament
Pellegrini et. al Contact patterns in the trapeziometacarpal joint: The role of the palmar beak ligament. J Hand Surg [Am] 1993;18:238-244 23 cadaver forearm specimens Loaded to simulate lateral pinch, and pressure-sensitive film
used to record joint contact patterns in functional positions palmar compartment of TM joint was primary contact area during
flexion adduction Simulation of dynamic pinch and release produced dorsal
enlargement of contact pattern physiologic translation of the metacarpal on the trapezium
Detachment of palmar beak ligament resulted in dorsal translation of the contact area producing a pattern similar to that of cartilage degeneration seen in the osteoarthritic joint
End-stage osteoarthritic specimens had a nonfunctional beak ligament and demonstrated a pathologic total contact pattern of joint congruity
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Anatomy and Biomechanics
Primary ligamentous stabilizers of TM joint Anterior oblique or “volar beak” ligament
Tethers base of thumb metacarpal to trapezium 1o restraint to dorsoradial subluxation
Supported by clinical success of volar ligament reconstruction
Dorsoradial ligament 1o restraint to dorsal translation Supported by cadaver studies simulating acute dorsal
TM joint dislocations
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Anatomy Adductor pollicis longus spans
the .V. between the thumb and index metacarpals
Abductor pollicis longus inserts at the base of the thumb metacarpal and causes dorsal subluxation in absence of sufficient ligamentous stability
Intermetacarpal ligament is an extracapsular tether between the two metacarpals
Palmar (anterior) oblique ligament is eccentrically positioned and tightens with thumb metacarpal pronation
Flexor carpi radialis tendon
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Pathoanatomy
Unique architecture of basal joint allows its varied functions but predisposes it to unusual wear patterns when joint is unstable
Rate of degeneration influenced by the forces subjected to over the course of time
Repetitive thumb pinch are at greater risk for developing symptomatic basal joint disease than the average person
No consistent relationship between symptoms and degree of radiographic evidence basal joint degeneration
Series of steps in joint degeneration
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Pathoanatomy Progression theory
Excessive laxity + repetitive loads Synovitis Osteophytes + joint space narrowing Attenuation/insufficient volar beak ligament Dorsal radial subluxation of 1st MC base Adducted posture of 1st MC
Distal aspect tethered to 2nd MC by adductor policis Metacarpophalangeal joint hyperextension
Progressive functional deficit Decreased grip Narrowed palm, functional hand width
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Diagnosis Typical patient
50-70 year-old woman, radial-side hand or thumb pain Insidious onset, duration from several months to several years Exacerbated by common activities (handwriting, holding heavier books,
turning doorknobs or keys in locks, doing needlepoint, using scissors) Pain relieved by rest, NSAIDS, splint Functional limitations vary depending on patient’s vocation and hand
dominance Older individuals complain of progressive inability to perform ADLs
(opening jar tops by hand, opening cans with can opener) Less commonly
women in 20s or 30s pain in the thenar eminence due to TM joint synovitis associated excessive joint laxity pain may radiate up radial aspect of the forearm with certain
activities, especially extensive writing may complain of muscle cramping in the first web space and thenar
eminence
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Clinical Exam
“Shoulder sign” = dorsoradial prominence Subluxation Inflammation Osteophytes
Adduction contracture MP hyperextension
collapse
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Clinical Exam
Focal tenderness dorsal + volar to APL/EPB MP: volar plate + UCL ST joint – 1 cm proximal to TM joint
ROM Radial + palmar abduction Active + passive pinch (MP hyperextension collapse)
Laxity Dorsovolar: Beak ligament attenuated Radioulnar Generalized laxity testing
Neurovascular
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Clinical Exam
Special tests “Grind Test”: axial load + MC rotation “Crank Test” : axial load + flexion/extension Pinch Test – MP hyperextension collapse Distraction Test – relief of pain
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Imaging
“Poor correlation between X-rays + symptomatic disease” Swanson JBJS-A (54) 1972
X-rays- 3 views Pronated AP Lateral Oblique
Special X-rays Stress view – basal joint subluxation Pinch lateral - assess basal joint height, follow up
measurements
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Classification - Eaton
Stage ITM – Precedes cartilage
degenerationTM - Contours normalTM - Joint space widening if
effusion/synovitisTM stress subluxationST joint normal
Eaton, Lane, Littler. J. Hand Surg. 9A 1984
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Classification
Stage IITM narrowingTM contours still normalTM joint osteophytes
<2mmST joint Normal
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Classification
Stage IIITM joint destructionTM joint sclerosis, cystic
changesTM joint osteophytes
>2mmST joint normal
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Classification
Stage IVAdvanced disease TM and
ST joints
Exact risk and rate of progression cannot be precisely delineated.No longitudinal studies
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Differential Diagnosis
OA/RA Hypermobile Laxity Trauma Inflammation
Dequervain’s Stenosing flexor synovitis
Carpal Tunnel Trigger Thumb
Wrist ganglia Carpal instability Metabolic Tumour Infection Referred pain
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Non-operative Treatment
Education Activity modification
less forceful pinching, alternating hand use, switching to larger diameter writing instruments and golf grips, using reading stand to hold books
NSAIDS Intra-articular steroid injections Physiotherapy
thenar/adductor stretching & strengthening Splinting
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Splinting Long Opponens/Thumb spica
Full time 3-4 weeks Part time 3-4 weeks + night use Prefabricated versions appear to be
less effective and less comfortable than a well-fitted custom splint
Swigart et al. J. Hand Surg. 24A(1)1999 Stage I-II – 76 % StageIII-IV – 54 % sufficient symptomatic relief to allow
continued activities with intermittent time-limited splint use
19% progress to surgery
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Operative Indications
Persistent pain Functional disability Failure conservative treatment Compliant patient
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Principles of Surgery Pain relief Maintain function/strength
Grip Pinch
Ligamentous stability Carpal height Hyperextension collapse at MCP joint
Cause of failed surgical treatment Intraoperative Staging
Assess cartilage erosion: T-M, S-T joints
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Procedures
Trapezium Excision Excision + Rolled Tendon
Graft (ANCHOVY) Silicone Arthroplasty Arthrodesis Osteotomy 1st MC Volar Ligament Reconstruction
(EATON Procedure) Ligament Reconstruction +
Tendon Interposition Arthroplasty (LRTI)(BURTON)
Double Interposition Arthroplasty
Interposition Costochondral Allograft
Cemented Arthroplasty Cementless Arthroplasty Ceramic Arthroplasty
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AlgorithmJAAOS. 2000;8:314-323
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Trapezium Excision Gervis WH JBJS Br 1949;31:537-539.
Excision of the trapezium for osteoarthritis of the trapeziometacarpal joint
Burton RI. Orthop. Clin North Am. 1986;17;493-503 Loss of pinch strength Instability CMC joint Proximal MC migration MCP hyperextension instability
Trapezium excision should be limited to the painfully arthritic TM joint in the low-demand elderly patient without evidence of significant subluxation
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Arthrodesis – TM Joint Younger patients (<50 yrs) + High demand Advantages
Reliable pain reduction Maintain ADL’s Improved grip
Disadvantages Adjacent joint arthrosis ROM (key pinch) Hand flattening MCP hyperextension Nonunion 13%-29%
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Arthrodesis – TM Joint Cavallazzi RM J. Hand Surg. 1986;11B
Trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis today: why? 10 year f/u, 42 patients Relief of pain, maintenance of stability Good function Patients pleased
Primary indications Salvage of failed reconstruction Treatment of manual laborer
Optimal position of fusion for thumb CMC joint 20o of radial abduction 40o of palmar abduction
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Anchovy
Trapezium Excision Rolled Tendon Graft FCR tendon interposition Froimson. Clin. Orthop. (70): 191-199 1970
30% Decrease pinch strength 50% Loss joint space @ 6 yrs
APL tendon interposition Robinson J. Hand Surg. 16A:504-9, 1991
39 patients 50% excellent (no pain, full ROM, normal grip) 35% good (75% ROM)
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Silicone Arthroplasty
Lower demand + Rheumatoid Concerns:
Weakness Dislocation Fracture Deformation Osteolysis Synovitis Immunologic alterations
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Silicone Arthroplasty
Sollerman J. Hand Surg. 13B 1988 12 year f/u 51-84 % carpal erosion
Pellegrini, Burton J. Hand Surg. 1996 20A 4 year f/u 25% clinical failure 35% subluxation 50% loss of height
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Osteotomy
Base of thumb metacarpal, unload volar portion TM joint Wilson JBJS 65B:179, 1983
Eaton Stage II 23 osteotomies 30o dorsal closing wedge 12 yrs f/u no revisions all patients satisfied “fully functional”
Indications: High demand hand Young laborer
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Volar Ligament Reconstruction
Radial ½ FCR distal, ulnar ½ proximal
Hole in thumb MC base – dorsal to volar
Deep to APL Deep to intact FCR Final anchor point APL
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Volar Ligament Reconstruction
Eaton et. al. J. Hand Surg. 9A(5) 1984Eaton Stage I-II50 reconstructionsAvg age 45 yrs f/u – 7 years95% good-excellent result
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Volar Ligament Reconstruction
Long-term results: 15 years Freedman,Eaton,Glickel. J. Hand Surg.
25A(2) March 200023 patientsAvg age 33 yrs femaleEaton Stage I + Instability15/23 90% satisfaction8 % progressed on x-rays
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Ligament Reconstruction with Tendon Interposition Arthroplasty (LRTI)
Burton RI, Pellegrini VD. J. Hand Surg. 11A(3) 324-32, 1986Excision trapeziumVolar ligament reconstruction (FCR sling) Interposition Arthroplasty (Anchovy) – FCR
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LRTI - ResultsAuthor Proced. Trapezium n F/U (yr) Results Migration/
Loss Height
Eaton,Glickel,Littler
J.Hand Surg. 10A(5)1985
LRTI Partial 25 3 92% excellent n/a
Burton,Pellegrini
J. Hand Surg 1986
LRTI Excised 24 2 92% excellent 11%
Tomaino,Pellegrini,Burton
J. Hand Surg. 77A,1995
LRTI Excised 24 9 95% excellent 13%
Baron,Eaton
J. Hand Surg 1998
Double LRTI
Horn resection
21 3 95% excellent 8%
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Double Interposition Arthroplasty
Eaton Stage IV Maintains height ratio
PPx/MC-T Barron,Eaton. J.Hand Surg.
23A(2) 1998 95% good excellent
functional outcome 3 yr f/u
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PubMed
Search for “thumb arthritis randomized trial” 2 results: Randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled double-
blind study of dextrose prolotherapy for osteoarthritic thumb and finger (DIP, PIP, and trapeziometacarpal) joints: evidence of clinical efficacy.J Altern Complement Med. 2000 Aug;6(4):311-20.
Randomized controlled trial of nettle sting for treatment of base-of-thumb pain.J R Soc Med. 2000 Jun;93(6):305-9.
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Ligament reconstruction with or without tendon interposition to treat primary thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis. A prospective randomized study. Kriegs-Au G, Petje G, Fojtl E, Ganger R, Zachs I. J Bone Joint Surg
Am. 2004 Feb;86-A(2):209-18. 43 patients (52 thumbs) randomized
trapezial excision with ligament reconstruction (n=15) trapezial excision with ligament reconstruction combined with tendon
interposition (n=16) mean follow-up period of 48.2 months Group I had significantly better mean scores for palmar and radial
abduction, cosmetic appearance, willingness to undergo surgery again under similar circumstances (p < 0.05)
mean scores for tip-pinch strength and mean subjective scores for pain, strength, daily function, dexterity, and overall satisfaction did not differ significantly between the groups
Both groups had satisfactory results with regard to performance of ADLs and ability to return to work
amount of proximal metacarpal migration, at rest and under stress, did not differ significantly between groups
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Thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis: arthrodesis compared with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition. Hartigan BJ, Stern PJ, Kiefhaber TR. J Bone Joint Surg Am.
2001 Oct;83-A(10):1470-8. 109 patients (141 thumbs), < 60 yo retrospective review subjective evaluation of pain, function, and satisfaction
demonstrated no significant difference between the two groups >90% of patients satisfied following either procedure Grip strength did not differ between the groups, the arthrodesis
group had significantly stronger lateral pinch (p < 0.001) and chuck pinch (p < 0.01)
Group treated with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition had better ROM with regard to opposition (p < 0.05) and the ability to flatten the hand (p < 0.0001)
Higher complication rate in the arthrodesis group, with nonunion of the fusion site accounting for the majority of the complications
All of the patients with nonunion had improvement in their pain status compared with preoperatively, and all were very satisfied with the outcome
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Recommendations
Stage I (Laxity + Instability) Eaton Procedure (Volar Ligament Reconstruction)
Stage II-III Low demand
LRTI Trapezium excision/interposition anchovy
High demand Arthrodesis MC osteotomy
Stage IV Double Interposition LR LRTI + excision trapezium Trapezium excision (low demand)
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Complications Neurologic
Radial Nerve : Dorsal sensory branch Median Nerve : Palmar cutaneous branch Neuroma RSD
Vascular Superficial branch radial artery – volar to S-T Joint
Infection <1% (LRTI)
Carpal Tunnel Postoperative decompression
Silicone Fracture, synovitis, erosion, subluxation
Fusion Nonunion
Arthroplasty Loosening, fracture, dislocation, osteolysis, difficult revision