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University of San arlos Publications

THE TRIBAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE MANGYANSAuthor(s): Karl Josef BarbianSource: Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, Philippine CulturalMinorities - II (MARCH - JUNE 1977), pp. 5-11Published by: University of San Carlos PublicationsStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29791307.

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Philippine

Quarterly

of Culture

and

Society

5(1977)5-11

THE

TRIBAL

DISTRIBUTION

OF THE

MANGYANS

Karl

Josef

Barbian

It

is

a

generally accepted

principle

in

scien?

tific

work

that

a

scholar

who ventures

beyond

an

established

frontier in

a

certain field

of

knowl?

edge

shows that

he

is

acquainted

with

the

history

of

research

and the

latest efforts

of

his

colleagues.

Since

this

principle

seems

to

have been dis?

regarded

in

some

recent

publications

on

the

Mangy

ans,

their

denomination

and

distribution,

the

following

article

delineates

briefly

how

the

question

of the

tribal

distribution

of

the

Mangy

ans

during

the

last

thirty

years reached,

step

by step,

its

final

answer.

There

have

been

some

five

publications

on

the

subject

in

the

past.

There

is,

first

of

all,

H.

Conklin's

map

published

in

1942.

It

is

a

mere

outline

map,

which

shows

little

beyond

the

shoreline

of

Mindoro

and

the

approximate

course

of

the

major

rivers,

but

without

indicating

any

names.

The

areas

of

tribal

distribution

are

obviously

drafted from

an

eastern

perspective,

as

is

indicated

by

no.

10

with its

legend:

no

major

pagan

group .

The

only

boundary

line

shown

crossing

the

whole

width

of the

island

is

that

of

the

Iraya

area.

A

more

detailed

map,

as

the

one

done

by

Emeterio de

la

Paz

in

his

master's

thesis

published

in

1968

but

which,

unfortu?

nately, is not available to us, shows that the

boundary

in

Conklin's

map

has

been

moved

so

far south

as

to

include the

whole

Calapan

district

in

the

Iraya

country.

The

Alangan

territory,

no.

2

on

Conklin's

map, appears

centered around

Mt.

Halcon,

overlapping

with

the

Iraya

area.

Though

there

is

a

small

territorial

overlapping

of

the

two

tribes

in the

upper

Pagbahan

area,

the

Alangan

are

found

not

only

around

the

Halcon

massif

but

on

both

sides of

an

axis

that

may

be

drawn

from

Calapan

to

Sablayan.

Conklin

correctly

indicates that

the

Batangan

are

neighbors

of

the

Alangan

in

the

central

section

of

the

island,

but

he

mistakenly

separates

them

linguistically

from

the

Bangon-which

is

just

another

name

for

this

group

(see

below,

p.

10).

The

same

is true

with

the

Mangyan

groups

living

around

Naujan

lake and

in

the

district

between

Pinamalayan and Bansud (actually just along the

Banus and

Bansud

rivers),

which

the

American

author

entered

as

the

Nauhan

and Pula.

These

two

groups

are

linguistically

one,

and

are

known

today

as

Tadyawan.

The

drawing

of

the

three

southern

language

areas,

Conklin's

focal

point

of

interest,

is

closer

to

the

actual

situation. The

Buhid

are

taken

as

a

cultural

and

linguistic

unit

whose

territory

reaches

from

Bongabong

in

the

East

to

Bato

Eli

in

the

West.

Their

southern

neighbors

are

the Hanunoo in

the

municipalities

of

Mansalay,

Bulalacao, and San Jose. But the

area

reserved

for the

Ratagnon

is

much

too

wide;

however,

area

no.

9

correctly

locates

their

central

territory

near

Santa

Teresa.

In

short,

one

may

say

that the

map

of H.

Conklin

is

a

rough

sketch

based

mostly

on

second-hand

information.

A more

detailed and

also

more

accurate

picture

is

offered

in

the

draft

of

Colin

E.

Tweddell in

his

doctoral thesis

on

Iraya

accidence

published

in

1958. The

author

entered

in

his

map

the names of almost allmunicipalities in both

Oriental

and

Occidental

Mindoro

and

located

other

important

points

of

orientation

like

Mount

Halcon,

Mount

Baco

and

some

Mangyan

settle?

ments.

The

most

important

improvement

consists

in the

delineation of

the

southern

Iraya

bound?

ary.

It

is

shown

to start

in

the

area

of

Sta.

Cruz,

Occ.

Mindoro,

from

where

it

runs

in

a

north?

easterly

direction

towards

Mt.

Halcon,

half

circling

the

massif,

and

ending

in

the munici?

pality

of

Baco.

Furthermore, the Alangan

country

is

indicated

correctly

as

stretching

across

the

island from

Sablayan

to

Calapan.

In the

http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

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6

PHILIPPINE

QUARTERLY

OF CULTURE

AND SOCIETY

7

Bmi

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&m

Sidafmin

(Ol

Haimar

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9

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ana

toMlidon}

HAROLDCONKLIN, 1942


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HE

TRIBAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE

MANGYANS

7

COHN

E.

TNEDDELL,

1958


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8 PHILIPPINE

QUARTERLY

OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY

central

section

Tweddell

entered the

Suri,

an

Alangan

subgroup

(according

to

Quezon

Budo,

informant) mistaking them for a separate lin?

guistic

community.

In

the

area

around

Naujan

lake

he

places

the

Tadyawan

on

the

western

side,

reserving

the

eastern

section

for

Confclin's

Pola

people.

The

picture

of the

tribal

distribution

in

the

southern

part

of

the

island

remains

unchanged.

It

took

another

decade

before

the

decisive

publication

by

the

same

author

came

out.

His

article

of

1970,

'The

Identity

and

Distribution

of the Mangyan Tribes of Mindoro , though

questionable

on some

points,

presents

(p.

191)

a

map

reflecting

the actual distribution

of the

seven

Mangyan

tribes:

Iraya,

Alangan,

Tadyawan,

Buhid,

Batangan,

Hanunoo,

and

Ratagnon.

The

draft

is

based

on

a

1.250,000

U.S.

Army

map

of

1944

and

gives

the

names

of the rivers

such

as

Salagan, Mongpong, Bugsanga

and

Cagur

in

the

West,

and

Bongabon,

Banus,

Pola,

Magasawang

tubig,

Dulungan

etc. in

the

East,

which

are

natural

boundaries of

the

tribal

territories

and

aic a

great

help

for

orientation

on

the

map.

Minor

shortcomings,

resulting

from the

attempt

to

accommodate

everything

on

one

page,

are

the

small

size

of

the

map,

a

certain

amount

of dis?

tortion,

and the

hatching

which

somewhat

obscures

the

picture.

The

map

omits

the

Tadya?

wan

groups

settled

on

the

eastern side

of

Lake

Naujan.

The

expansion

of the

Ratagnon

territory

to

Din

island

is at

least

questionable.

However,

it

remains

the

merit

of Colin

Tweddell

to

have

terminated a controversial chapter of Mangyan

research.

His

picture

of

tribal

distribution

in

Mindoro

was

thus with

good

reason

accepted

by

the

editors

of

the

Ethnographic

Map

of the

Philippines, published

by

the

National

Museum,

Manila,

in

1974.

The

information

for

my

own

distribution

map

was

gathered

during

an

extensive

field

trip

around

Mindoro from October

1975

to

May

1976.

My

aim

was a

deeper

acquaintance

with

theMangyan culture in general, the gathering of

extensive

vocabularies,

and

the

defining

of the

different

language

areas.

The

field

trip

had

its

starting

oint

in

Occidental

Mindoro,

following

a

line

fromNorth

to South. My first station was Calamintao, a

small

Iraya

settlement

seven

kilometers

up

the

Pagbahan

river

from

the

provincial

highway

on

the

north-eastern

boundary

of

the

municipality

of Sta. Cruz. The

reservation

has

a

four-grade

elementary

school

with

two

teachers,

a

per?

manently

assigned

Catholic

missionary,

and,

since

1975,

two

Catholic

nuns

in

charge

of

an

emergency

hospital

and

a

dispensary.

Tomas

Pacifico

(72),

the headman of the

clan,

served

as

informant.He had graduated in 1929 from the

Elementary

School

of

Mamburao,

the

capital

of

Occidental

Mindoro,

where

he

had

acquired

a

good

command of

T?galog

and

a

working

knowl?

edge

of

English.

Other

informants

in

the

area

were

Capitan

Carlos

Maayos

(40),

Malbaton

Fuentes

(35),

Martin

Lamayor (65),

Antonino

Romero

(80),

and

Ingkargado

(90),

whose

second

wife

is

an

Alangan

from

Oriental

Mindoro.

Very willing

contributors

to

the

vocabulary

of

the

human

body

were

the

ca.

20

school

children

boarding

in the

dormitory

of the reservation.

The

brothers

?ring

35)

and

Roberto

(40)

Gatdola,

presently

residing

with their

families

in

Casague,

Sta.

Cruz,

Occ.

Mindoro,

served

as

Afangan-informmts.

Their

parents,

who

now

live

in

a

place

called

Kapauwan

on

the

Pula

river

(Aituna)

originate

from

the

Alangan

river

area

in

Oriental

Mindoro.

Both brothers showed

great

skill

in

making

utensils and

hunting

devices,

like

spear

traps

(balatik),

monkey

traps (pagawang),

and bird snares

(bantayari).

However,

since

they

are

living

on

the

fringes

of

their

tribal

area,

their

data

were

counterchecked with

Quezon

Budo

(60)

and

Sinay

asidsid

35),

both

from

ulasisi,

a

tributary

of

Mompong

river,

near

Barrio

Arellano,

Sablayan,

Occ.

Mindoro.

Quezon

is

a

well-known

personality

and

was

put by

PAN?MIN

in

charge

f the

Batangan hough

e

himself

is

linguistically

an

Alangan.

The latter

name

is

derived

from

the

Alangan

river

in

the

East and not in use among the natives in the

West.

They

call

themselves

simply

Mangyan.

Quezon

has travelled

throughout

the

Alangan


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TRIBAL

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MANGYANS

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f4^7pP\ if

MINDOROt

? ^2S


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PHILIPPINE

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SOCIETY

language

area

and found his

dialect

spoken

along

the

Amnay

river and

beyond,

all

the

way

to

Calapan.

The

information

concerning

the

Batangan

was

collected

in

Malfalon,

Calintaan,

Occ.

Mindoro.

My

main informant

was

the

headman

of

the

clan,

Santo

Lumawig

(60),

whose

oval,

bearded

face and

sharp-cut, prominent

nose were

hardly

mongoloid

but

reminded

me

of

some

slender

types

which

I

had

observed

in

the

Iraya

country

(e.g.,

Tomas

and

Antonino).

His

data

were

checked

in Oriental Mindoro

with

Capitan

Pedro Roldan (50), a resident of Barrio Rambida,

Sokorro,

Or.

Mindoro,

where the

Batangan

are

known

as

Bangon.

The

same

name

is

given

to

them

by

their

neighbors:

the

Alangan

in the

north,

the

Tadyawan

in

the

east,

and

the

Buhid

(Bukid, Buid)

in

the south.

Santo

Lumawig

thought

the

name

Batangan

to

be

of

Tagalog

origin

and said

their

true

name

was

Too Buid.

The

next

station

was

Bato

Eli,

San Jose

Pandurucan,

on

the southern

bank

of the

Bugsanga (Bisanga) river near the new 330 in

long

bridge

on

the

provincial

highway.

Here

the

national

government

offers

elementary

education

to

ca.

500 Buhid

living

within

the

boundaries

of

a

12

ha.

reservation.

My

informants

were

Capitan

Jan'og

de Jesus

(50), Bandayan

Ramos

(40),

Ukmayan

de

Jesus

(30),

who

knows

how

to

write

the

Mangyan script,

Ben

Asilo

(32),

and

Jaodan

Reyes

(60),

all residents of

Balangaw,

sitio

Bato

Eli,

barrio Monte

Claro,

San

Jose.

According

to

them,

the

territory

of

the tribe

reaches as far as Bongabon in the East. The

author

met

Diosdado

Antaw

(25),

who

hails

from

that

area

(Barrio Batangan),

in

Panaytayan,

Mansalay.

He

helped

to

countercheck

some

items

of

the word

list

collected

in

the

West.

The

dif?

ferences

noticed

were

only slight.

The southern

neighbors

of

the

Buhid

are

the

Hanunoo, who,

like the

Alangan,

call

themselves

Mangyan.

In

Barrio

Tugtugin,

San

Jose,

some

of

these

natives settle

with the

Tagalog

and

send

their children to the local school, an example of

a

successful

integration

of

a

minority

group.

Other

Hanunoo

settlements

in the

West

visited

by

thewriter

were

Naluak,

on

the

upper

Caguroy

river,

and

Bamban,

where

Hanunoo,

Ratagnon

and Bisayans are living side by side and inter?

marry.

Both

places

belong

to

the

municipality

of

Magsaysay.

It

seemed

preferable

to

collect

the

basic

vocabulary

in

the

central

area

of

the

tribe

within

the

municipal

boundaries of Bulalacao

and

Mansalay,

Oriental

Mindoro,

where

Conklin

had

gathered

his data

three decades

ago

and

where Rev. Antoon

Postma,

SVD,

a

Catholic

missionary,

has

set

up

his

Mangyan

Research

Center. Barrio

Panaytayan

is

situated

ca.

5

km

from the highway in themountains southwest of

Mansalay.

My

main

informant

was

CapitanBalik

Luna

(46),

a

man

of native

intelligence

and

con?

versant

in

Tagalog.

The central

area

of

the

Ratagnon

(Latagnon,

Datagnon)

is the lower

Caguray

river

near

Santa

Teresa,

south of

San Jose.

The

vocabulary

and

other

cultural data

were

gathered

from

Igmediyo

Luwalhati

(70),

Caguray,

Sta.

Teresa,

now

residing

in

San

Nicolas,

Magsaysay,

and

Aborido

Inano (40) of barrio Banban

in

the

same

munici?

pality.

Aborido learned

from

his

parents

that

their

forefathers

had

come

from

Panay,

and

Igmediyo

claimed

that his

grandparents

came

from

the

Cuyo

islands.

The last

period

of

research

was

devoted

to

the

Tadyawan,

whose

settlements

lie

to

the

west

and

east

of Lake

Naujan.

The

information

was

gathered

in

Happy

Valley,

Socorro,

Oriental

Mindoro,

from

Elpidio

Gaba

and

Apolonio

Salamat

(45),

both residents of

Barrio

Talapaan

of

the same

municipality.

The

two informants

complemented

each other

since

Elpidio

grew

up

in

the

Pola

area on

the

eastern

side

of

the

lake,

and

Apolonio

was

a

native

of the mountains

on

the

western

side.

There

were

noticeable

dif?

ferences

in

the

vocabulary

and

in

phonology,

with

the

latter

resembling

the

specific

phonemes

of

the

neighboring Batangan.

In

order

to ascertain

the

precise

extent

of the

dissimilarities,

the

writer

proceeded

to

Pola

and

counterchecked

thewordlistwithCapitanAlberto aurista 40)

of

Pahilaan,

Calatagan,

Pola,

Oriental

Mindoro.

The

differences between

the western

and

eastern


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Baibian

/

HE TRIBAL

DISTRIBUTION

OF THE MANGYANS

11

Tadyawan

dialects

were

confirmed,

but

proved

to

keep

within the

range

already

noticed

at

Talapaan.

The

first-hand data

collected

during

the

author's

trip

around

Mindoro

proved

in

all

essential

points

to

be

identical with

the

informa?

tion

provided

by

Tweddell's

map,

which

came

to

my

notice

only

after

my

trip.

They

provide

a

strong

linguistic

confirmation

for

the

findings

of

Tweddell.

My

own

distribution

map,

which

is

based

on

the

best

cartographical

material at

present

available,

emphasizes

the

river-system

as

the chiefmeans of orientation. The boundary of

the

Iraya

area

follows,

from

west to

east,

the

ridge

between

the

Salagan

and

Pola

rivers

up

to

their

headwaters;

then

it

bends

north

to

the

headwaters

of

the

Sanyan

river,

then east to

peak

2379 north

of

Mt.

Halcon;

from

there it

follows

the

ridge

dividing

heheadwaters f

the

Alag

and the

Dulongan

and

their

tributaries

inOriental

Mindoro

and

ends

in the

lower

Alag

area near

Baco.

The

population figures

for the

Mangyans

vary

from 7264

in

the Census

of

1903,

to

13044

in 1918, to 38000 in a field-reportof the

Barbian (1)

Documents

Transcript of Barbian (1)