A Cross-Sectional Study on the Effect of Smoking on the Semen Analysis of 21 year old males and older in Barangay

Cembo, Makati City from May – June 2009

Baraan, AmadeusCapco, Diorella Anne

Manotok, Ma. VeronicaMata, Cecille

Moderes, VincentNova, Isabelle

Ortiz Luis, GuinevereOsias, Jerny

Pabalan, JorjaPalis, Alexandra Jean

Pallera, JuliusPeñaflorida, Andrea

Community dimensions

SECONDARILY RELATED TO HEALTH

Barangay Profile• Previously a housing area for enlisted

members at Fort William McKinley• Population = 28,815• Physical structures

– Homes– Government offices– Schools– Trading establishments

Barangay Profile

• Transport and communication– Tricycles, taxi, jeepneys, Fx taxi– Landline, mobile phones

• Leadership– One barangay captain– Seven barangay councilors– Sangguniang Kabataan

Community dimensions

DIRECTLY RELATED TO HEALTH

Age Distribution (2007 Data)• Total population (2007) = 21,623

– Males = 10,419– Females = 11,214– 5-9 years old = 3092– 1-4 years old = 2855– 10-14 years old = 2660

Table 2. MAKATI HEALTH DEPARTMENT VITAL HEALTH STATISTICS Total live birthsMale 246Female 270 516 Distribution of maternal deliveriesHome 71lying-in 155govt hosp 143Private hosp 147

Ten leadin causes of morbidity on all ages in barangay Cembo, Makati, 2008

4950

518 395 201 197 189 120 113 70 530

100020003000400050006000

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Disease

Ten Leading causes of morbidity on all ages in Barangay Cembo, Makati (2008)

Ten leading causes of infant morbidity in barngay Cembo, Makati, 2008

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128 94 85 61 52 48 39 35 270

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Disease

Ten leading communicable diseases in barangay Cembo, Makati, 2008

518

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Disease

Ten leading causes of mortality in barangay Cembo, Makati

28

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6 5 3 3 3 2 205

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Background• Males produce semen in the process of

intercourse– from the male gonad, Contains spermatozoa– alkaline mucus helps neutralize acidity

• Smoking is known to produce adverse effects to the body– Degenerative disease– Nicotine deterrent to spermatozoa

• prevalence of smoking adult males at 46% between 20 and 39 years (Langgassner, 1999)

• Studies performed in the last 5 years reveal a decrease in sperm quality in relation to smoking– Males of the reproductive age– Sperm analysis done

ObjectivesGeneral: This study aims to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on the semen analysis of males, particularly on the parameters of semen volume, sperm motility, sperm morphology, and sperm count.

Specific: Provide baseline information on the effect of cigarette smoking and sperm characteristics of males residing at Cembo, Makati Describe the participants of the study as to the socio-demographic characteristics; and

Determine the association between cigarette smoking of males to the following parameters:

– semen volume– sperm motility– sperm morphology– sperm count

Scope and Limitations• legal age for to avoid sensitive issues regarding

the sexual aspect of our study• Barangay Cembo, Makati City• To exclude residents with existing comorbidities• sperm analysis

– individual influence on each parameter may be described

• may contribute to baseline knowledge

Methodology• Inclusion criteria

– Males aged 21 and older

– Residents of Cembo• Sample Collection

– Participants advised for a three day abstinence

• Data Analysis– Odds ratio, sample size

determination

• Sample Size

• n is the required sample size• t is the confidence level at 95%

(standard value of 1.96)• p is the estimated prevalence

of smoking• m is the margin of error at 5%

(standard value of 0.05)

n= t² x p(1-p)

  m²

RESULTS

Sociodemographic Characteristics Smoker Group Non-smoker

Group (N = 24) (N = 6)

Charateristic Age – yr 22-57 28-48Married - no./total no. 19/24 (79.2%) 4/6 (66.7%)Comorbidities - no/total no. 11/24 (45.8%/) 1/6 (16.7%)Personal & Social History Alcoholic beverage drinker 19/24 (79.2%) 2/6 (33.3%) Illicit drug use 3/24 (12.5%) 1/6 (16.7%)

Semen Volume

normal abnormal0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Sperm Motility

normal abnormal0

5

10

15

20

25

Sperm Morphology

normal abnormal0

5

10

15

20

25

Sperm Count

normal abnormal0

5

10

15

20

25

• Majority of results were normal– Sample size was less than expected

• Abnormal results were detected among the population– Smokers– No existing disease

• Odds ratio– semen volume (0.4)– sperm motility (0.71)– sperm morphology (0.45)– sperm count (0.2272)

Discussion

• smoking decreases the quality of semen parameters – Chia et al (1998), Hellstrom et al (2006), Eskenazi

et al (2003), Sofikitis et al (1995), Zinaman et al (2000), Sloter et al (2006), Mehrannia, T. (2007)

• This study’s result = – More participants with normal semen parameters– Abnormal parameters identified

Summary

• Cigarette smoking is a public health concern• Male reproductive health also a focus for

concern• Male constituents of a population was studied

– Reproductive age– Varied socio-demographic characteristics

• No clear trend seen from the data• Abnormal semen parameters seen

Recommendations

• Another study to verify data is suggested– Improve sample size– To see association with pack-years and effects on

semen analysis– Standardize manner of semen collection

• Address the subjects regarding sensitivity of issue– Administer public health lectures– Encouragement by the local government units

Thank you