BAR Rubber Technology

7/29/2019 BAR Rubber Technology

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TThe Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a robust perennial crop native of South

America. It grows about 60 to 130 feet high and thrives in warm and moist climate

ranging from 70 to 95oF (21-35oC). Average annual rainfall of 80 to 120 inches (2,000-3,000

mm). Rubber grows well on elevations higher than 250 meters above sea level and some

clones are grown profitably beyond 500 meters above sea level. Generally, rubber can be

grown on wide range of soil types with soil pH of 5.0-6.8. Undulating or rolling lands with deep

surface of soil are ideal for rubber growing. Steep slopes (less than 40%) can also be planted

adopting contour planting. Flat or level lands are likewise good for rubber.

In the Philippines, rubber plantations started as big holdings before world war II. These

include Menzi Rubber in Basilan; Rio Grande Rubber Estate in Kabacan, Cotabato; Goodyear

Rubber plantation in Kabasalan, Zamboanga del Sur and Firestone Rubber company in

Makilala, Cotabato.

From 3,400 hectares in 1960, the area planted to rubber expanded gradually through the years

reaching 81,862 hectares in 1991. It is projected that rubber hectarage may increase

tremendously within the next few years since in Mindanao alone, there are about 1.58 million

hectares of potential rubber areas. Approximately 90% of the existing rubber plantations have

trees that are already mature and tappable. Most immature rubber trees are found in Region XII.

PRODUCTION GUIDE

Land Preparation

In areas with big trees, or in second growth forest, clear the under growth first to facilitate cutting

of big trees, cut the large trees into logs and remove from the site. In cogonal areas, remove all

cogon grass, but in hilly areas where cultivation is difficult, just remove the cogon along the

rubber rows only. In flat but cultivated areas, plow the area twice before laying out and in hilly

lands, prepare the land following contour lining and land terracing.

Planting Distance

Planting distance depends on soil fertility, type of clones, type of planting materials and

topography of the land.


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LAND TYPE DISTANCE (m) NO. OFTREES/HA

Hilly (contour

Flat or Undulating

10x2

8x3 (rectangular)

5x4 (rectangular)

6x3 (rectangular)

12x2 (avenue)

10x2 (avenue)

8x2.5 (avenue)

24x2x3 (avenue,double row)

500

416

500

555

416

500

500

416

Holing

The size and shape of the hole depends largely on the soil condition and planting materials. In

fertile and soft soils, hole shall be 25-30 cm diameter and 40-45 cm deep. In poor and hard

soils, bigger holes are required from 40-45 cm diameter and 50-60 cm deep.

Planting

Planting will be done during rainy months. A planting material of a second leaf storey will be

used. Bigger plants should be planted followed by smaller ones. Remove the plastic bag

carefully and backfill with fertile soil.

Cover Cropping

Cover crops suppress weed growth and augment soil fertility, thus reducing cost of weeding and

fertilizers. They also conserve soil moisture and minimize soil erosion.

Weed Management

Control weeds by using herbicides, slashing, line weeding and ring weeding. Chemical weed

control is more practical and less expensive especially in rolling or hilly areas. Glyphosate(round-up) controls cogon and other grasses. Basta herbicide is used for mixed weeds in

plantation. Slashing is done by cutting weeds of the entire plantation.


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Replanting

Replanting of missing hills is done up to the second year of plantation establishment so that

replants can develop fully before closing in of canopy. Use polybag buddings of the same age

as that on the initial plants in the field.

Pruning

Prune to a height of 2.0-2.5 m. This allows smooth trunk to develop without branches or large

scars..In polybag buddings, allow the plants to grow without branches until 2.0-2.5 m from the

union, then prune. Maintain 4-5 well-spaced branches to avoid wind damage.

Intercropping

The most common intercrops for rubber during immature stage are peanut, upland rice, corn,

sorghum, mungbean, soybean, sweet potato, pineapple and squash.

Rubber can also be planted with perennial crops such as durian, rambutan, lanzones, coffee,

calamansi, banana. They can be grown up to or even beyond the productive years of rubber.

The purpose of growing these crops is to increase the efficiency of land use without sacrificing

the growth and yield performance of rubber on a hectare basis.

Fertil izer Application

Fertilization must begin in the nursery to raise healthy and fast growing planting materials that

can reach tappable size earlier and to develop healthy stand of trees with long productive life.

Apply balanced fertilizer to the nursery seedlings starting on the first month after planting at two-

month interval, until the right size for budding (pencil-size ) is attained. Fertilizer mixture

depends on soil analysis. In the absence of soil analysis, apply 10-15 g NPK fertilizer mixture

per seedling in two or three dosages. Place the fertilizer 10 cm away from the base of each

young plant to avoid injury and wilting

PERIOD AFTERPLANTING

AMOUNT(14-14-14)

g/tree/year/split

PLACEMENT FROMTHE BASE (cm)

PLACEMENT OFAPPLICATION

(every 6 months )

First yearSecond yearThird yearFourth year

125250500500

306090120

62.5 g/application125 g/application250 g/application250 g/application


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Rubber Diseases and Their Control

COMMON NAME CONTROL MEASURES

A. Foliar Diseases1. Birds eye spot or

Helminthosporium leaf spot

2. Anthracnose leaf spot

3. Powdery mildew or Oidiumleaf disease

Spray zineb or maneb at weeklyinterval following manufacturers dosage.

Spray copper-based fungicide at weekly interval followingmanufacturers dosage.

Apply sulfur dust at the rate of 9 kg/ha at least 4 times weekly.

B. Nursery Diseases1. Birds eye spot

2. Colletotrichum andanthracnose leaf spot

Spray dithane (M45) 10% solution of 60 ml/16 liwater on fully-expanded leaves weekly.

Spray expanded leaves with vitigran blue, daconil or cupravit at0.2%/2.0 kg/li water (100-110 ml/16 li )at least 4 rounds weekly

C. Stem or Branch Diseases1. Pink Disease

2. Die-back

3. Stem Bleeding

4. Stem ustulina

5. Knob Gall

Apply benomyl at recommended rate.Add sticker, paint, brushthe solution on infected portions.

Cut affected trees, dig out its roots and burn everything toavoid further spread or contamination.Practice sanitation and proper cultural practices.Construct canals around the periphery of affected trees toprevent infection of the nearby trees.

Practice sanitation in plantation.Cut affected trees.

Scrape fungal growths and treat with benomyl.

Panel fertilization is recommended every

D. Panel Diseases1. Black stripe

2. Moldy rot

Brush the tapping with either captafol, cycloheximide, oraluminum tris-o-ethyl after every tapping.

Follow control measures recommended for the black stripediseases of rubber.

E. Physiological Disorders

1. Brown blast

2. Bark bursts

Regulate tapping or lessens its frequency to prevent furtherdeterioration.

Scrape large burst on not-too-old trees and apply a wounddressing (fungicide).


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Other Pests of Rubber and their Control

Common Name Control Measures

1. Termites

2. Roof-feeding grubs

3. Bark borer

4. Sucking insects (scaleinsects, mealybugs, aphids)

5. Rodents

6. Slugs/Snails

Practice good sanitation in plantation

Destroy early colonies of termites

Regularly insepct termite tunnels and destroy them

Do not apply insecticide since the grubs have many naturalenemies

Use polybags in raising rubber seedlings to prevent grub attack

Chemical control is not needed since bark borers have manynatural enemies and occur only in low population

Prevent the occurrence of rubber diseases to avoid attractingthe beetles

Grow rubber seedling in poly \bags

Practice good sanitation

Chemical control is not needed since sucking insects have many

natural enemies

Sustain baiting by putting five bait stations per hectare

Visit stations every day to remove dead rats

Practice good sanitation in the nursery and plantation

Bait with metaldehyde if the population is high

Collect and destroy slugs/snails in nurseries

Reduce growth of cover crops during the wet season


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PRODUCTION COST OF ONE HECTARE RUBBER FARM*(Year 1-5 after planting)

1 2 3 4 5

A. LABOR

1. Clearing, layouting, holing, etc 3,000.00 - - - -

2. Hauling, grouping, planting & fertilizer application (basal) 2,500.00 - - - -

3. Fertilizing - 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00

4. Crop protection (w eeding, spraying, etc) 2,000.00 1,500.00 1,500.00 1,500.00 1,500.00

5. Pruning, branch induction, etc. 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00

6. Technical support services (optional) 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00

SUB-TOTAL 8,800.00 3,300.00 3,300.00 3,300.00 3,300.00

B. MATERIALS

1. Tools (shovels, bolo, sprayer, etc) 2,500.00 - - - -

2. Planting materials (Heven Green Buddings) at plantable 12,500.00 250.00 - - -

size (525)

3. Fertilizers (complete 14-14-14, etc) 700.00 1,400.00 1,400.00 2,100.00 2,100.00

4. Chemicals (herbicides, fungicides, etc) 3,000.00 1,500.00 1,500.00 1,500.00 1,500.00

5. Lay-outing materials (rope, sticks, etc) 500.00 - - - -

6. Tapping utensils (cups, springs, cup holder, etc) - - - - 5,000.00

7. Other chemical (formic, glacial, etc) - - - - 500.00

SUB-TOTAL 19,200.00 3,150.00 2,900.00 3,600.00 9,100.00

TOTAL 28,000.00 6,450.00 6,200.00 6,900.00 12,400.00

ACTIVITIESY E A R

COST AND RETURN ANALYSIS (1 HECTARE)

CUPLUMPS

AGE OF YIELD PRICE/ GROSS COST OF NET INCOME/ MONTHLYTREES (kg) KG INCOME PRODUCTION (30%) HA/YEAR INCOME/HA

6 1,536 45 69,120 20,736 48,384 4,032

7 2,048 45 92,160 27,648 64,512 5,376

9 2,816 45 126,720 38,016 88,704 7,392

10 3,584 45 161,280 48,384 112,896 9,408

11 4,864 45 218,880 65,664 153,216 12,768

12 5,632 45 253,440 76,032 177,408 14,784

13 5,888 45 264,960 79,488 185,472 15,456

14 6,272 45 282,240 84,672 197,568 16,464

15-22 6,400 45 288,000 86,400 201,600 16,800

* Lecture presentation ofDR. AGLORIA L. GABRONINO, IDM-USMDA-SMIARC Rubber Production Seminar


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DISCLAIMER

Trade names cited in this publication are used for the purpose of providing specificinformation and do not endorse products named nor imply criticism of similar ones notmentioned. The recommended practices or procedures are based on research and the

best information available.

For more information, please contact:

Mr. Prospero TanutanAgriculturist II

Ms. Jessel CardinesDA-SMIARC, Bago Oshiro, Mintal Tugbok District, Davao City

Telefax: (082) 293-0109 or(082) 293-0136

E-mail us : [email protected]

References:Rubber Manual for Smallholders

Prof. Eugenio A. Alcala,Ph.D.USM, Kabacan, North Cotabato

Production and Marketing Scheme of RubberRomulo L. Cena, Ph.D.

USM, Kabacan, North Cotabato

DR. GLORIA L. GABRONINO

Chairman, Agribusiness Dept.Institute of Development Economics and Management

USM, Kabacan, Cotabato

The Philippine Recommends for Rubber Series No. 33-BPCARRD-DOST, Los Banos, Laguna

PRODUCED BY:Knowledge Management-Farmer Information & Technology

Service (KMFITS) CenterDepartment of Agriculture RFU XI-SMIARC,Bago Oshiro, Mintal, Tugbok, Davao City

Copyright, January 2007

BAR Rubber Technology

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