BANZ conference Rotorua, New Zealand 16. May 2013 Biogas...BANZ conference Rotorua, New Zealand 16....
Transcript of BANZ conference Rotorua, New Zealand 16. May 2013 Biogas...BANZ conference Rotorua, New Zealand 16....
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Biogas from farm waste, by-products and crops – local solutions for
local issues Stephan Heubeck
Dipl.-Ing. agrar (FH)
M.Eng. Environmental
BANZ conference
Rotorua, New Zealand
16. May 2013
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd.
Dr. Rupert Craggs Group leader
Aquatic Pollution
Dr. Rocky Renquist Crop physiologist &
Director
Bioenergy Cropping Solutions Ltd.
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The baseline In NZ we are vey dependent on non-renewable
energy resources
Source: NZMED
Energy Data File
2011
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The baseline Agriculture is using a divers mix of energy resources,
but hardly any renewables:
• 2011 net energy use for agriculture, forestry and
fishing sector in PJ/y
• Can the rural sector
expect other sectors
to take up bio-energy
if there is no own use?
Coal Oil N.
Gas Electricity Hydro
Geothermal Solar Wind
Liquid Biofuel Biogas Wood
Ag use
2.60 17.32 1.49 6.97 0 0.68 0 0 0 0 0
Source: NZMED Energy Data File 2012
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Biogas
The most versatile renewable energy resource
• From a feed-stock perspective o Manures and Effluents
o Solid waste and processing by-products
o Agricultural residuals and energy crops
• From a digester technology perspective o Thermophilic, mesphilic and cryophillic digestion
o Tank and pond type digesters
o Mixed, static and enhanced surface digesters
• From a scale perspective o From individual farm set-ups to industrial scale
Source: http://www.envitec-biogas.de
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Biogas The most versatile renewable energy resource
• Regarding utilisation pathways o Heating
o Electricity generation
o Transport fuel
o Chemical feedstock, synthetic materials
• In addition biogas can be o Stored – short and medium term
o Relatively easy integrated with existing fossil fuel
infrastructure
Biogas could be the corner stone of a
renewable energy future….
However, biogas is a very case specific
technology
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Biogas Biogas is a mixture of gases
• Composition may slightly vary: o Feed stock
o Contaminants
o Technology
o Similar to natural
gas
o Corrosive gas
components
o Lighter than air
o Calorific value: ~20MJ/m3
• Properties
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Biogas use options Will be determined by goals we want to achieve
o Generally biogas use can be classified for heating, electricity
generation and for transport applications
o Financial attractiveness, GHG reductions, Complexity of the set-up
• 1m3 biogas methane can substitute:
Substitute GHG mitigation Gross value Complexity
~ 1m3 Natural
gas boiler fuel
~ 2 kg kg CO2eq $ 0.20 – 0.50
Scale / location
Simple, cheap and
easy
1.5 – 3 kg
Coal (Lig – SB)
Boiler fuel
3.3 – 3.6 kg CO2eq $ 0.07 – 0.25
Location!
Quite simple and
cheap technology
3 – 3.5 kWh
electricity
NZ: 0.6 – 0.7 kg CO2eq
AU: 2.7 – 3.2 kg CO2eq
$ 0.12 – 0.20 exp +no
REC
$ 0.30 - 0.60 own use
Modestly complex
Modestly expensive
0.9 – 1.05 L
Transport fuel
(Diesel/petrol)
2.4 – 2.7 kg CO2eq
$ 1.00 – 1.20
NZ & AU (no tax)
Complex to organize
Relatively expensive
technology
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Biogas use options Biogas heating o Despite its advantages quite uncommon around the globe
other than for domestic applications in developing countries
o Good examples:
o Fonterra Tirau – Natural gas substitution since 1984
o Nelson hospital
o Highly efficient biogas use: 90 – 102% efficiency
o International focus is on biogas generator waste heat utilisation
o Scale: 5kW – 10 MW
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Biogas use options
Biogas electricity generation o Base load generation considered to be mastered.
o Reciprocating engines becoming more reliable, performance
of gas-turbines and other heat engines so far disappointing.
o New focus on on-demand and heat governed generation modes.
o Scale: 30 kW – 30 MW
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Biogas use options Biogas transport fuel o Purified and compressed biogas (bio-methane) can be
used in any CNG vehicle, however heavy vehicles have
economic and logistic advantages
o Highest financial and ecological value for biogas use
o Chicken and egg problem building up production facility
and user fleet in parallel
o Minimum size: ~500L/day?
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Case studies – individual farm
Substrates: Cow shed effluent, feed pad wash,
piggery effluent, other liquid wastes
Drivers: Odour reduction, Solids separation with
effluent storage, On-site energy, GHG
reduction
Technology: Covered Anaerobic Pond
Biogas use: Motor-generator, boiler, flare
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Case studies – individual farm
Lepper piggery – Taranaki :
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Case studies – individual farm
Benefits: o 40 - 50% instant electricity
savings
o Replacement of heat lamps with reticulated hot water system will see energy self-sufficiency increases to 70 – 85%
o Replacement of heat lamps a long term process
o Gas storage + heat storage = total flexibility
o Ability to keep piggery operational for several days without grid supply
o Payback period < 3 years
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Case studies – individual farm Electricity generation record
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Case studies – individual farm Dairy farm: Better effluent handling and
energy independence
o Requirement for diary farm effluent storage and / or low rate application technology demands effluent solids reduction
o Covered Anaerobic Pond as an alternative to mechanical solids separators and weeping walls
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Case studies – individual farm Dairy farm: Better effluent handling and
energy independence
o Security of supply concerns – Biogas as “regular” back-up
o Options for “the energy independent dairy farm” and biogas as enabler for other renewable generation technologies
o Modelling results positive
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Case studies – individual farm Dairy farm: Better effluent handling and
energy independence
o Field scale project under construction in Canterbury at the moment.
Photo taken:
10. May 2013
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Case studies – farmer group Example Margarethen am Moos – Austria
o From the farms – for the farms
o 12 Farmer co-operative
o Biogas plant for manure and energy crops from 220 ha
o 625 kW electricity generation – base load
o Waste heat for half the village
o Vehicle fuel station for cars, vans and 2x 200 HP tractor
o Truly on the way to energy independence
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Case studies – farmer group Differences to individual farm
set-up:
o Economies of scale to realize high
value uses for biogas, i.e. vehicle
fuel and heat network
o Cooperation to bundle wastes
not enough
o Energy crops to gain scale
Good alternatives for land use
More engineered digester
technology required
o Logistics become the most
important success factor
o Co-operation can solve many
chicken/egg problems
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Case studies – farmer group Where is scope for such concepts in NZ:
o As a further alternative in locations where traditional
land use is challenged, i.e. invasive weeds, nutrient
sensitive areas (Taupo), draught areas
o Where complex waste management is part of the mix,
i.e. seasonal fruit and vegetable wastes
o Where energy autonomy based on renewables has additional value, i.e. tourism areas, Maori communities
o In a crisis situation, or wherever the fast start, moderate
scale of the concept provides particular advantages
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Rocky Renquist, Bioenergy Cropping Solutions Ltd
Huub Kerckhoffs, Massey University
Stephan Heubeck, NIWA
Bioenergy Cropping, Nutrient Cycling
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Why biogas transport fuel?
Km travel per hectare – Land efficiency
Source: www.biodieselnow.com/forums/t/19315.aspx
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Biomass Cropping Aims
• Produce biofuels that can be made with local scale
technology and have a high fuel yield per ha: biogas.
• Demonstrate a cropping system in which bioenergy
crops are fertilised with recycled crop nutrients:
the Closed-Loop N system (CLN).
Selected best biomass species
• Identify the best species, those with sustainable high
biomass yield, adapted to sites that are often ‘summer
dry’ and that fit into the resilient CLN cropping system
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Rural benefits
• Substitution of fossil fuels used on the farm
and by rural trucking with local, reliable
biofuels.
• Little need for purchased fertilisers: Use N-
efficient crops plus legumes and recycle
nutrients.
• New land use opportunity: to supply crops to
biofuel producers. Use ‘marginal’ sites where
crops are susceptible to moderate drought stress.
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Forage sorghum (‘Jumbo’)
‘Jumbo’
Sorghum
Kerikeri
2010
2.5m tall
at leaf top
30 tDM/ha
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Forage sorghum (‘Jumbo’)
‘Jumbo’
Sorghum
Hastings
2011
2.5m tall
leaftop
27 tDM/ha
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Jerusalem artichoke, tubers
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Jerusalem artichoke (JA)
JA as an annual crop
(first year plantings) in
Hastings
Shoot biomass
200 days after planting:
2012
31 tDM/ha
2013 (no rain)
16 tDM/ha
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Jerusalem artichoke (JA)
JA as a perennial crop;
(second year)
Shoot biomass
190 days after emergence
in Hastings:
2012
26 tDM/ha
2013 (no rain)
17 tDM/ha
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Giant Miscanthus
Parallel project: other biofuel options
Mxg is a perennial,
highest DM of all
biomass crops
tested in NZ
2013 (dry year!)
Hastings:
36 tDM/ha at late
March peak
(DM% = 47)
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Cropping Conclusions
• The most promising combinations of new biomass species and
legumes to maximise biomass production for biogas on
‘summer-dry’ marginal land:
(1) forage sorghum in combination with
tickbean or crimson clover (H. Bay north)
(2) Jerusalem artichoke and/or lucerne (H. Bay south)
• Our biomass crop yields in good sites:
forage sorghum 20-25tDM/ha + 10tDM/ha for legume
Jerusalem artichoke 16-25tDM/ha
Lucerne 16-22 tDM/ha (3-4 cuttings)
(all are well adapted to the CLN system)
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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Rural NZ Biofuel potential
• Biofuel yield from only 5% of ‘summer dry’ land:
3.9 million tDM
900 million m3 methane (630 million m3 net)
(= energy equivalent to 595 million litres of diesel)