Bank Economic Capital – An Australian Perspective · Economic Capital Required economic capital...
Transcript of Bank Economic Capital – An Australian Perspective · Economic Capital Required economic capital...
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Bank Economic Capital – An Australian Perspective
Bob Allen – APRABank of Japan - Economic Capital Management
Workshop11th July, 2007
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Outline
• Overview of Australian bank practice- Risk coverage- Relationship between actual capital held and economic and regulatory capital estimates
• Comparability of economic and Basel II regulatory capital measures
• Quantifying liquidity risk economic capital
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Outline
• Overview of Australian bank practice- Risk coverage- Relationship between actual capital held and economic and regulatory capital estimates
• Comparability of economic and Basel II regulatory capital measures
• Quantifying liquidity risk economic capital
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Principle 1: Banks should have a process for assessing their overall capital adequacy in relation to their risk profile and a strategy for maintaining their capital levels. Principle 2: Supervisors should review and evaluate banks’ internal capital adequacy assessments and strategies, as well as their ability to monitor and ensure their compliance with regulatory capital ratios. Supervisors should take appropriate supervisory action if they are not satisfied with the result of this process.
Basel II Pillar 2 Principles
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Basel II Regulatory Capital Economic Capital
Economic Capital minus Basel II
Regulatory Capital Pillar 1 RisksCredit Risk $5,000 $3,500 -$1,500Market Risk $500 $650 $150Operational Risk $1,250 $1,500 $250Total Pillar 1 $6,750 $5,650 -$1,100Pillar 2 Risks $0 $1,100 $1,100Total $6,750 $6,750 $0
Hypothetical Bank PLC
Regulatory and Economic Capital Comparison
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Regulatory Capital
• Depositor protection and system stability
Economic Capital
• Maximisation of stockholders wealth
Different Perspectives
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Economic Capital
Required economic capital can be thought of as the maximum amount of unexpected losses potentially arising from all sources that could be absorbed while remaining solvent, with a given level of confidence over a given time horizon.
Regulatory Capital
Required regulatory capital can be thought of as the maximum amount of unexpected losses that could be absorbed without any loss to depositors (or their insurer), for a given level of confidence over a given time horizon.
Capital Definitions
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Conceptual Differences• Relevant Business Entities
• Confidence Levels
• Time Horizons
• Treatment of Expected Loss
• Allowable Capital Instruments
• Capital Deductions
• Risk Type Coverage
• Risk Type Definitions
• Scaling Factors
• Cross-risk Diversification
Potential Differences Between (BASEL II) Regulatory Capital and Economic Capital Measures
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Relevant Business Entities
Regulatory Capital• The individual licensed entity
Economic Capital
• The entire business group perhaps including multiple licensed and unregulated entities.
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Confidence Levels
Regulatory Capital
• Probability that the bank will survive and thereby avoid potential systemic disruption
• Probability that depositors (or their insurer) will not lose any money even if the bank actually fails.
The confidence level implicitly reflects society’s tolerance for the risk of depositor loss and systemic disruption arising from bank failure. It may not be explicitly specified, however
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Economic Capital
• Probability that the bank will survive.
Conceptually the chosen confidence level should represent the point at which the marginal benefit, in terms of lower funding costs and access to business for which higher credit ratings (confidence levels) are a necessary condition, is estimated to exactly offset the marginal cost of raising and servicing additional equity. Unlike regulatory capital, the economic capital confidence level is not influenced by potential systemic costs of bank failure, for which the bank’s stockholders are not liable.
Confidence Levels
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Profit & Loss Probability Distribution
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Profit or Loss
Prob
abili
ty
Potential Losses
Required Capital
99.95% (AA) Confidence
Expected Profit
Zero Profit
99.90% (BBB) Confidence
Confidence Levels
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Time Horizons
For a given amount of capital, the longer the time horizon the lower the confidence level.
Regulatory Capital
• Time needed for supervisors to identify and intervene if necessary to address potentially life threatening problems
• Time needed to recapitalise after incurrence of serious losses
• Normal supervisory review cycles
Economic Capital
• Time needed to close out losing risk positions or businesses
• Time needed to recapitalise after incurrence of serious losses
• Normal business planning and performance review and reporting cycles
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Treatment of Expected Loss
Regulatory Capital (Basel II)
• Provision or capital required for expected as well as unexpected losses
• Asymmetry of treatment of expected loss and expected income
• At variance with IFRS (actual impairment only, not expected future impairment)
Economic Capital
• Unexpected losses only?
• No provision or capital required for expected loss?
• Symmetry of treatment of expected loss and expected income?
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Allowable Capital Instruments
Regulatory Capital
• Shareholders funds – “Fundamental” Tier 1 • Hybrid debt/equity – “Innovative” Tier 1• Subordinated debt – Tier 2
Economic Capital
• Shareholders funds only
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Profit & Loss Probability Distribution
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Profit or Loss
Prob
abili
ty
Potential Losses
Required Capital
Expected Profit
Zero Profit
Total Capital -99.90% Confidence –‘BBB’
Tier 1 Capital (50%) - 98.58% Confidence – ‘BB’
Allowable Capital – Tier 1 and Tier 2
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Regulatory Capital Deductions
Regulatory Capital
•Implicitly assumes deducted items have 100% probability of zero value in liquidation.
• Intangibles.
• Investments in insurance, certain other financial business and non-financial business subsidiaries.
Economic Capital
• 100% probability of zero value unlikely for all deducted assets in combination.
• No outright deductions.
• Model potential reductions in the value of these assets using the same time horizons and confidence levels as for all other potential sources of unexpected loss, taking correlations into account.
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Profit & Loss Probability Distribution
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Profit or Loss
Prob
abili
ty
Potential Losses
Required Capital
Expected Profit
Zero Profit
Tier 1 + Reg Deductions: Pillar 1 99.41% Confidence
Allowing for Regulatory Deductions
Net Tier 1: Pillar 1 98.58% Confidence
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Risk Type Coverage and Definitions
(Basel II) Regulatory Economic
Pillar 1 Risks Credit (excluding concentration) Credit (including concentration)(Trading) Market Risk (Trading) Market RiskOperational Risk Operational RiskScaling Factor
Pillar 1 Total $xxxxxxxPillar 2 Risks Non-Traded Interest Rate Risk
Liquidity RiskStrategic RiskOther Risksless Diversification Benefit
Pillar 1 + Pillar 2 Total $xxxxxxx $xxxxxxx
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Scaling Factors
Regulatory Capital (Basel II)
• 1.06 x modelled credit risk capital figure
• Calibrating factor intended to generate approximately the same number as Basel I
• Provides a buffer for “model risk” and other (Pillar 2) risks
Economic Capital
• No scaling factors as such
• “Model risk” or “All Other Risk” additions may achieve the same purpose
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Cross-Risk Diversification
Regulatory Capital (Basel II)
• No explicit recognition
• Implies perfect correlation
• Correlations unstable
• Cushion for other risks
Economic Capital
• Recognises less than perfect correlations across risks
• Need to reflect “stressed” rather than “normal” correlations
• Potentially significant reduction in overall risk
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• Probabilities of Default (PDs)
• Recoveries (LGDs)
• Outstanding Exposures (EADs)
• Maturities
• Correlations
Credit Risk Model Specific Differences
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PDs and LGDs
• Through the Cycle (TTC) Estimates – more stable – less pro-cyclical
• Point in Time (PIT) Estimates – more volatile – more pro-cyclical
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Credit Portfolio Correlation
Assumptions Basel II IRB Economic Comparison
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1.06x Scaling Factor
Operational Risk(99.9% confidence)
Traded Market Risk
Basel II Regulatory Capital
Economic Capital
Credit Risk Excluding Concentration Risk(99.9% confidence)
Summary Comparison of Economic and Basel II Regulatory Capital
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1.06x Scaling Factor
Operational Risk(99.9% confidence)
Traded Market Risk
Operational Risk(99.95% confidence)
Traded Market Risk
Basel II Regulatory Capital
Economic Capital
Credit Risk
(99.95% confidence)
Credit Risk Excluding Concentration Risk(99.9% confidence)
Including Concentration Risk
Summary Comparison of Economic and Basel II Regulatory Capital
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1.06x Scaling Factor
Operational Risk(99.9% confidence)
Traded Market Risk
Strategic, Liquidity &Other Risks
Operational Risk(99.95% confidence)
Non-Traded Market Risk
Traded Market Risk
Basel II Regulatory Capital
Economic Capital
Credit Risk
(99.95% confidence)
Credit Risk Excluding Concentration Risk(99.9% confidence)
Including Concentration Risk
Summary Comparison of Economic and Basel II Regulatory Capital
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1.06x Scaling Factor
Operational Risk(99.9% confidence)
Traded Market Risk
Strategic, Liquidity &Other Risks
Operational Risk(99.95% confidence)
Non-Traded Market Risk
Traded Market Risk
Basel II Regulatory Capital
Economic Capital
Credit Risk
(99.95% confidence)
Credit Risk Excluding Concentration Risk(99.9% confidence)
50% Net Tier 1 Capital
Including Concentration Risk
Summary Comparison of Economic and Basel II Regulatory Capital
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1.06x Scaling Factor
Operational Risk(99.9% confidence)
Traded Market Risk
Strategic, Liquidity &Other Risks
Operational Risk(99.95% confidence)
Non-Traded Market Risk
Traded Market Risk
Basel II Regulatory Capital
Economic Capital
Credit Risk
(99.95% confidence)
Credit Risk Excluding Concentration Risk(99.9% confidence)
50% Net Tier 1 Capital
Cross-Risk DiversificationBenefit
Including Concentration Risk
Summary Comparison of Economic and Basel II Regulatory Capital
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1.06x Scaling Factor
Operational Risk(99.9% confidence)
Traded Market Risk
Strategic, Liquidity &Other Risks
Operational Risk(99.95% confidence)
Non-Traded Market Risk
Traded Market Risk
Basel II Regulatory Capital
Economic Capital
Credit Risk
(99.95% confidence)
Credit Risk Excluding Concentration Risk(99.9% confidence)
50% Net Tier 1 Capital
Regulatory AssetDeductions
Cross-Risk DiversificationBenefit
Including Concentration Risk
Summary Comparison of Economic and Basel II Regulatory Capital
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1.06x Scaling Factor
Operational Risk(99.9% confidence)
Traded Market Risk
Strategic, Liquidity &Other Risks
Operational Risk(99.95% confidence)
Non-Traded Market Risk
Traded Market Risk
Basel II Regulatory Capital
Economic Capital
Credit Risk
(99.95% confidence)
Credit Risk Excluding Concentration Risk(99.9% confidence)
50% Net Tier 1 Capital
Regulatory AssetDeductions
Gross Tier 1 RegulatoryCapital
(Required Shareholders’Equity)
Cross-Risk DiversificationBenefit
EconomicCapital
(Required Shareholders’Equity)
Including Concentration Risk
Summary Comparison of Economic and Basel II Regulatory Capital
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Basel II Regulatory Capital
Economic Capital
Gross Tier 1 RegulatoryCapital
(Required Shareholders’Equity)
EconomicCapital
(Required Shareholders’Equity)
Summary Comparison of Economic and Basel II Regulatory Capital
Conceptual differences
• Risk coverage & definitions
• Time horizons
• Confidence levels
• Treatment of expected loss
Specific risk model differences
• PDs, LGDs, EADs
• Correlations
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Outline
• Overview of Australian bank practice- Risk coverage- Relationship between actual capital held and economic and regulatory capital estimates
• Comparability of economic and Basel II regulatory capital measures
• Quantifying liquidity risk economic capital
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IIF “Principles of Liquidity Risk Management”
“Given the practical, conceptual, and policy challenges, we believe that the industry’s resources would be better spent improving capital measures related to other, more material risks and on strengthening liquidity risk management. Pursuing a costly solution to an immaterial problem is inconsistent with risk-based regulation.”
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Profit & Loss Probability Distribution
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Profit or Loss
Prob
abili
ty
Potential Losses
Required Capital
99.95% (AA) Confidence
Expected Profit
Zero Profit
99.90% (BBB) Confidence
Economic Capital – Unexpected Loss From All Sources
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Contributors to Potential Unexpected Loss
• borrower default (credit) risk in lending activities?
• counterparty default (credit) risk in trading activities?
• interest rate risk in intermediation activities?
• market price risk in trading activities?
• operational risk?
• regulatory compliance risk?
• reputational risk?
• strategic and business risk?
• liquidity risk – why not??
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ExampleActual Bank - Economic Capital Model
Risk ContributionsPillar 1Credit 59.1%Traded Market 0.9%Operational 10.5%Pillar 1 Total 70.5%
Pillar 2IRRBB 0.5%Liquidity 3.7%Business/Strategic 17.0%Insurance Risk 2.4%Equity Risk 1.3%Model Risk 4.7%Pillar 2 Total 29.5%
Total before Cross-Risk Diversification Benefit 100.0%
Diversification Benefit -18.6%
Total after Cross-Risk Diversification Benefit 81.4%
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Liquidity Risk
From an economic capital perspective, liquidity risk can be viewed as the risk that a bank will incur unexpected costs or losses in meeting its financial obligations when they fall due because of the mismatch between the maturities of its current and contingent financial assets and liabilities.
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Institution-specific risk events
• Credit losses
• Trading losses
• Operational foul-ups
• Compliance failures
• Strategic failures
leads to
• Reputational damage
• Rating downgrade
results in
• Deposit run-off and reduced availability and higher cost of replacement funding
Liquidity Risk
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Systemic (non-institution-specific) risk events
• Increased risk aversion across-the-board means renewal/replacement/incremental funding becomes more expensive.
• Reduced availability and higher cost of credit across-the-board means borrowers draw-down against existing lower priced commitments, increasing the liquidity shortfall.
• Across-the-board reduction in market makers’ willingness to take on market risk positions means wider trading spreads and progressively lower realised prices on asset sales as the cash requirement is increased.
Liquidity Risk
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Linkage of Funding and Asset Liquidity Risk
Funding Liquidity Risk Asset Liquidity Risk
Unexpectedly need cash?
Borrow? Liquidate assets?
Which is cheaper?
Unexpected Loss
Potential cost? Potential cost?
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1 2 3 4 5A
010002000
3000
4000
Risk Premium -
Basis Points
Funding Required $
Units
Credit Quality
Funding Supply Surface
1 2 3 4 5A
D0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Bid-Offer Spread-
Basis Points
Transaction Size $ Units
Market Condition
Bid-Offer Spread Surface
Credit, Market, Operational, etc. Risk Exposure
Economic Environment
Size of Liquidity Mismatch
Unexpected Loss from Liquidity Risk
Profit & Loss Probability Distribution
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Profit or Loss
Pro
babi
lity
Current Capital
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Outline
• Overview of Australian bank practice- Risk coverage- Relationship between actual capital held and economic and regulatory capital estimates
• Comparability of economic and Basel II regulatory capital measures
• Quantifying liquidity risk economic capital