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Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 1 Quasicrystals from Higher Dimensional Lattices Mehmet Koca Department of Physics College of Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat-OMAN kocam@squ.edu.om Slide 2 Crystallography Modern crystallography started in 1912 with the seminal work of von Laue who performed the first x-ray diffraction experiment. The crystals von Laue studied were ordered and periodic, and all the hundreds of thousands crystals studied during the 70 years from 1912 till 1982 were found to be ordered and periodic. Crystals are the 1D, 2D and 3D lattices invariant under the translation and the rotational symmetries of orders 2,3,4,6. In 2D and 3D translational invariance is not compatible with rotations of orders such as 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 30, 36. Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 2 Slide 3 3 (Daniel Shechtman: Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2011), Israel Institute of Technology (Technion) But in 1982 Daniel Shechtman has observed a crystal structure in Al-Mn alloy displaying 10 fold symmetry not invariant under translational symmetry. Shechtman's is an interesting story, involving a fierce battle against established science, ridicule and mockery from colleagues and a boss who found the finding so controversial, he has been asked to leave the lab.asked to leave the lab Slide 4 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 4 A new definition for Crystal By crystal we mean any solid having an essentially discrete diffraction diagram, and by aperiodic crystal we mean any crystal in which three dimensional lattice periodicity can be considered to be absent. Slide 5 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 5 Slide 6 Are QCs rare? QCs are not rare there are hundreds of them Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 6 Slide 7 Mathematical Modelling Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 7 Penrose Tiling of the plane with 5-fold symmetry Slide 8 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 8 Slide 9 9 The projected point set of the root lattice displays a generalized Penrose tiling with a point dihedral symmetry D 5 of order 10 which can be used for the description of the decagonal quasicrystals. The projection of the Voronoi cell of the root lattice of A 4 describes a framework of nested decagrams growing with the power of the golden ratio recently discovered in the Islamic arts. Note that the root and weight lattices of A 3 correspond to the face centered cubic (fcc) and body centered cubic (bcc) lattices respectively Slide 10 A 3 Lattices Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 10 Slide 11 Orbits of W(A3) Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 11 Tetrahedron: (1,0,0) A3 Octahedron : (0,1,0) A3 Cube : (1,0,0) A3 + (0,0,1) A3 Cuboctahedron : (1,0,1) A3 Rhombic Dodecahedron Wigner-Seitz Cell Truncated Octahedron : (1,1,1) A3 Wigner-Seitz Cell for BCC Slide 12 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 12 Construction of the affine Coxeter group A4 in terms of quaternions Slide 13 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 13 Slide 14 Orthogonal projection of the lattices onto the Coxeter plane and the decagonal quasicrystallography Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 14 Slide 15 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 15 Slide 16 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 16 The root system of A4 projected onto the Coxeter plane (a) root system (b) the polytope The orthogonal projection of the Voronoi cell of the root lattice onto the Coxeter plane (a) points (b) dual of the polytope (1,0,0,1) Slide 17 Decagram point distributions Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 17 Slide 18 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 18 Orthogonal projection of the polytope (1,1,1,1) A4 Slide 19 Orthogonal projection of the polytope (0,1,1,0) A4 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 19 Slide 20 Electron diffraction pattern of an icosahedral Ho-Mg-Zn quasicrystal and A4 prediction Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 20 Slide 21 Icosahedral symmetry Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 21 Slide 22 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 22 A general technique for every Coxeter-Weyl Group Slide 23 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 23 Slide 24 Some Examples Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 24 Slide 25 Some Examples Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 25 Slide 26 Some Examples Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 26 Slide 27 Some Examples Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 27 Slide 28 Some Examples Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 28 Slide 29 Projection into 3D space of H 3 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 29 Slide 30 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 30 Slide 31 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 31 Slide 32 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 32 Slide 33 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 33 Slide 34 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 34 Slide 35 Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 35 Slide 36 Tiling three dimensional space with two rhombohedra Acute rhombohedron Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 36 Obtuse rhombohedron Slide 37 Conclusion The projection technique developed can be applied to any Coxeter group. Projected points have the dihedral symmetry Dh of order 2h. Quasicrystals possessing a dihedral symmetry of order 2h can be described by the appropriate Coxeter group. Bangalore conference, 16-22 December, 2012 37