BANDING PROJECT REPORT No.5 Prospect Nature Reserve, New ...

Corella, 2017, 41: S1-S11

BANDING PROJECT REPORT No.5

Aim: Avian research at Prospect Nature Reserve has been conducted as part of an ongoing longitudinal study to document and monitor the avian faunas occupying remnant areas of Cumberland Plain Woodland in the north-western sector of the Cumberland Plain. Other study sites include: Scheyville National Park (Egan et al. 1997), Agnes Banks Nature Reserve (Farrell et al. 2012), Nurragingy Reserve (Farrell et al. 2015), Windsor Downs Nature Reserve and Wianamatta Nature Reserve.

Location: 33° 48′ S; 150° 54′ E. Elevation 61 metres above sea level. The reserve is located at Prospect, approximately five kilometres south of Blacktown.

Description: Prospect Nature Reserve (Fig. 1) borders Prospect Reservoir and comprises an area of 325.3 hectares.

The reserve is located on the Cumberland Plain, with a surface geology of predominantly Wianamatta Group shales. The vegetation of the reserve consists of remnant Cumberland Plain Woodland, listed as a Critically Endangered Ecological Community under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) and the Commonwealth Environment

Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Within Prospect Nature Reserve, both Shale Plains Woodland and Shale Hills Woodland elements of the Cumberland Plain Woodland are present (Tozer 2003).

Approximately two-thirds of the reserve has been mapped as Shale Hills Woodland, with a canopy comprising Grey Box Eucalyptus moluccana, Forest Red Gum E. tereticornis and Narrow-leaved Ironbark E. crebra, and a shrubby understorey dominated by Blackthorn Bursaria spinosa. The remainder of the reserve is Shale Plains Woodland, with E. moluccana, E. tereticornis, Spotted Gum Corymbia maculata and Thin-leaved Stringybark E. eugenioides representing the dominant canopy species, and an understorey similar to that of Shale Hills Woodland. The study site (Fig. 1) contains both Shale Hills and Shale Plains Woodlands.

The margins of the reservoir form a shallow wetland environment. Although this habitat was created by planned inundation, it is now dominated by Juncus spp. and is one of the few intact examples of this vegetation type on the Cumberland Plain.

S1

Prospect Nature Reserve, New South Wales(Supplementary data)

Figure 1. Banding Site Prospect Reservoir. Image courtesy of Google Earth

1km

N

Banding Site

Prospect Reservoir

S2 Banding Project Report No. 5: Prospect Nature Reserve, New South Wales Corella, 41

A number of exotic plant species occur at the banding site: African Lovegrass Eragrostis curvula and Bridal Creeper Asparagus asparagoides are now widespread and established, and Crofton Weed Ageratina adenophora, Asparagus spp., African Olive Olea europea subsp. cuspidata and Scotch Thistle Onopordum acanthium are also present in substantial numbers.

There is a section in the east of the reserve which is open to the public. The reserve also contains a network of unsealed fire-trails, as well as cleared powerline and water infrastructure easements.

Land use adjacent to the site includes: rural properties, sporting and recreational facilities (including Eastern Creek International Raceway, Western Sydney International Dragway, Eastern Creek International Karting Raceway and Wet ‘n’ Wild water park) and industrial areas. Due to this surrounding development there is little connectivity between the reserve and other areas of remnant vegetation. South-east of the Reservoir, some very small remnants are contained in Mar-Rong Reserve, Grey Box Reserve and Gipps Road Park, and a very narrow corridor of vegetation remains along Prospect Creek. The nearest large protected areas are Nurragingy Reserve (~5km to the north-east) and Kemps Creek Nature Reserve (~10km south-west).

A corridor of vegetation along Eastern Creek may provide limited connectivity between Prospect and Nurragingy reserves.

Status History: Prospect Reservoir was established in 1869 as the central distribution site for Sydney’s water supply and most of the surrounding area has been restricted from public access since that time (DECC 2008). Prospect Nature Reserve was gazetted in February 2007 (OEH 2012) and is part of the now Prospect Special Area where public entry is prohibited to protect the water supply from possible contamination. The Nature Reserve is managed by the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) whilst the Sydney Catchment Authority (SCA) has responsibility for management of the Water Supply Reserve on the southern shore of the reservoir.

Previous Records: A list of bird species for Prospect Nature Reserve (Appendix 1) has previously been presented in DECC (2008).

Duration of Project: March 2005 – May 2007 (first study period = 19 months), July 2010 – June 2011 (second study period = 10 months) and August 2014 – June 2015 (third study period = 7 months). Entry into the site was forbidden if more than 10 millimetres of rain had fallen across the area 48 hours prior to our planned visit. Due to these restrictions visits were not made in: July 2005; January, April, June, July and September 2006; February and March 2007; January and April 2011; December 2014 and January, March and April 2015.

METHODS

The banding site was established in the north-east corner of the reserve which, at the time of commencement of this study, was more heavily wooded (Fig. 1).

Banding was carried out once per month, weather permitting. On most occasions, 14 nets of mesh size 31 millimetres were erected, giving a total average length of 197 metres (range 126

– 222 metres) and were open from sunrise for an average of 4.6 hours (range 3.5 – 5.5 hours). Nets were erected in the same positions during every banding session. Birds were individually marked using bands supplied by the Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS).

Capture rates are presented as the number of birds trapped per hour per 100 metres of net erected. Any bird caught subsequent to the day it was banded was designated a ‘re-trap’, no matter how many times it was captured or the length of time that had passed since it was banded. The percentage of recaptures for each species was then calculated as a proportion of banded birds that were re-trapped.

On each banding day during the first study period, a member of the team traversed the reserve and listed all birds seen and heard. During the second and third study periods only a list of all bird species incidentally heard or sighted in and near the study site was compiled. In this study we primarily examine the community of terrestrial birds; however, a list of waterbirds is also presented in Appendix 1. Scientific names follow Christidis and Boles (2008).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 1019 individual birds of 40 species (Table 1) were trapped during the three study periods. Overall, a total of 108 bird species was recorded, excluding waterbirds (Tables 1 and 2).

Species capture rates are presented in Table 1. Overall capture rates are displayed in Figure 2. The three main peaks seen in June 2005, October 2006 and June 2015 are a consequence of a high capture rate of Silvereyes Zosterops lateralis. Some minor peaks reflect periodically high capture rates of some common species including Superb Fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus (e.g. June 2011) and Red-browed Finches Neochmia temporalis (e.g. September 2014).

Total average monthly capture rates for all birds during the first and second study periods were identical (3.9) whereas the rate for the third period was 5.2. The higher capture rate during the third study period was mainly due to the large number of Silvereyes caught in May and June. Average combined monthly capture rates for all species for the three periods (Fig. 3) show a marked spike in June due to an increase in the number of Silvereyes and to a lesser extent Superb Fairy-wrens. Capture rates fell during the hotter summer months.

The most numerous species in order of numbers captured were the Silvereye, Superb Fairy-wren, Red-browed Finch, Yellow-faced Honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysops, Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis, White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis and Grey Fantail Rhipidura albiscapa (Table 1).

Table 3 shows the percentage contribution of these species to the overall number of captures for October-May in 2005–06, 2006–07, 2010–11 and 2014–2015 (comparison was restricted to these months because banding did not occur in some months due to inclement weather). Variability in capture rates of Yellow-faced Honeyeaters and Silvereyes over the three study periods can be attributed to the timing of banding visits and numbers of birds comprising the migratory flocks passing through the reserve.

2017 Banding Project Report No. 5: Prospect Nature Reserve, New South Wales S3

Spec

ies

Mar 2005

Apr 2005

May 2005

Jun 2005

Aug 2005

Sep 2005

Oct 2005

Nov 2005

Dec 2005

Feb 2006

Mar 2006

May 2006

Aug 2006

Oct 2006

Nov 2006

Dec 2006

Jan 2007

Apr 2007

May 2007

Jul 2010

Asug 2010

Sep 2010

Oct 2010

Nov 2010

Dec 2010

Feb 2011

Mar 2011

May 2011

Jun 2011

Aug 2014

Sep 2014

Oct 2014

Nov 2014

Feb 2015

May 2015

Jun 2015

No trapped

No. re-trapped

% re-trapped

Rain

bow

Lorik

eet

●●

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0.56

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30.1

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0.58

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35.8

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46.4

03.6

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01.4

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52.9

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94.5

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01.7

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02.7

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120

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Tabl

e 1

Spec

ies b

ande

d at

Pro

spec

t Nat

ure

Res

erve

dur

ing

2005

–200

7, 2

010–

2011

and

201

4–20

15. (

● =

sigh

ted/

hear

d; 0

.67

= ca

ptur

e ra

te)


SpeciesM

ar 20

05Ap

r 200

5M

ay 20

05Ju

n 200

5Au

g 200

5Se

p 200

5Oc

t 200

5No

v 200

5De

c 200

5Fe

b 200

6M

ar 20

06M

ay 20

06Au

g 200

6Oc

t 200

6No

v 200

6De

c 200

6Ja

n 200

7Ap

r 200

7M

ay 20

07Ju

l 201

0Au

g 201

0Se

p 201

0Oc

t 201

0No

v 201

0De

c 201

0Fe

b 201

1M

ar 20

11M

ay 20

11Ju

n 201

1Au

g 201

4Se

p 201

4Oc

t 201

4No

v 201

4Fe

b 201

5M

ay 20

15Ju

n 201

5

Brown Quail ● ● ●Painted Button-quail ●Peaceful Dove ● ●Bar-shouldered Dove ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Common Bronzewing ● ●Crested Pigeon ● ● ● ●Spotted Harrier ●Swamp Harrier ● ● ●Grey Goshawk ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Brown Goshawk ● ●Wedge-tailed Eagle ●Little Eagle ●White-bellied Sea-Eagle ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Whistling Kite ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Black-shouldered Kite ●Australian Hobby ● ●Peregrine Falcon ● ● ● ●Brown Falcon ●Southern Boobook ●Rainbow Loorikeet ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Musk Lorikeet ●Little Lorikeet ●Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo ●Sulphur-crested Cockatoo ● ● ●Little Corella ● ●Long-billed Corella ●Galah ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Australian King-Parrot ● ● ● ●Crimson Rosella ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Eastern Rosella ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Red-rumped Parrot ● ●Swift Parrot ●Tawny Frogmouth ●Dollarbird ● ●Pallid Cuckoo ●Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo ● ● ●Eastern Koel ● ● ● ●Channel-billed Cuckoo ● ● ● ● ● ●Welcome Swallow ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Fairy Martin ● ● ●Leaden Flycatcher ● ● ● ● ● ●Magpie Lark ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Crested Shrike-tit ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Eastern Whipbird ● ● ●Black-Faced Cuckoo-Shrike ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●White-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike ● ●White-winged Triller ● ● ●White-throated Gerygone ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Brown Thornbill ●Rufous Songlark ● ●Little Grassbird ●White-browed Woodswallow ●Dusky Woodswallow ●White-throated Treecreeper ● ●White-naped Honeyeater ● ●Brown-headed Honeyeater ● ●Fuscous Honeyeater ● ● ●New Holland Honeyeater ●Bell Miner ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Little Wattlebird ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Noisy Friarbird ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Chestnut-breasted Mannikin ● ● ●Satin Bowerbird ●Australian Raven ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Striated Pardalote ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Spotted Dove ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●European Goldfinch ●Common Mynah ●

Table 2

Species seen/heard (excluding waterbirds) at Prospect Nature Reserve during 2005–2007, 2010–2011 and 2014–2015.


Cap

ture

Rat

e: N

o. o

f ind

ivid

uals

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Figure 2. Capture rates for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd periods of the study.

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Figure 3. Average capture rate of all species per month – includes data from all three study periods.

Several honeyeater species (Scarlet Honeyeater Myzomela sanguinolenta, White-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus, Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris and Brown-headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris) were intermittent visitors to the banding site and generally were present when the tree species in the reserve were in flower.

Re-traps

Over the three study periods, 15 species were re-trapped (Table 1), of which 11 species were re-trapped in study periods subsequent to their original banding (Table 4). Survival of

banded individuals within each study period is shown in Table 5, and survival between study periods is shown in Table 4. The two longest-surviving individuals in this study had minimum ages of 8 years 7 months (Golden Whistler) and 9 years 5 months (Yellow Thornbill Acanthiza nana).

The number of re-traps between study periods was higher at Prospect Nature Reserve than at other published sites on the Cumberland Plain: Agnes Banks Nature Reserve (Farrell et al. 2012) and Nurragingy Reserve (Farrell et al. 2015). This may be a consequence of the greater length of time between study periods at Agnes Banks (7 years) and Nurragingy (6 years).

The majority of the species re-captured were resident species. The only exceptions were Golden Whistlers (a winter migrant at the site) and one Rufous Whistler Pachycephala rufiventris (summer migrant).

Migrant species

Seventeen well-known ‘summer’ migratory species were recorded visiting the site. They include six species of cuckoo (Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae, Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus, Fan-tailed Cuckoo C. flabelliformis, Pallid Cuckoo C. pallidus, Horsfield’s Bronze-cuckoo Chalcites basalis and Eastern Koel Eudynamys orientalis), White-throated Gerygone Gerygone albogularis, Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis, Rufous Whistler, White-winged Triller Lalage sueurii, Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus, Fairy Martin Hirundo ariel, Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis, Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus, Clamorous Reed-warbler Acrocephalus australis, Rufous Songlark Cincloramphus mathewsi, Leaden Flycatcher Myiagra rubecula and Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons. Of these, only the Brush Cuckoo, Fan-tailed Cuckoo, Black-faced Monarch, Sacred Kingfisher and Rufous Fantail were captured (the remainder being observed or heard only), and none were re-trapped.

Silvereye capture rates show a prominent peak in June, which was nearly double that of other months (Fig. 2) and reflect the northward movement of the migratory races/subspecies of this species. The slight increase in September/October may reflect the migrating birds returning southward. The flocks, during the winter months, consisted of a mixture of sub-species (Z. l. cornwalli, Z. l. westernensis and Z. l. lateralis).

‘Winter’ migrants included the Rose Robin Petroica rosea, which was recorded at the site from April to September and captured on several occasions, Brown Gerygone Gerygone mouki (captured in May, June and August) and the Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor sighted in August 2005.

Golden Whistlers arrived at Prospect Nature Reserve as early as March and departed in November. Rufous Whistlers arrived in September/October and left in March/April the following year, with the exception of one record in June 2005.

These two species are not mutually exclusive at Prospect Nature Reserve; an overlap of three months was recorded in 2005 and one to two months overlap recorded in other years (Table 1). An overlap in residency of these species of up to three months has also been reported for Nurragingy Reserve (Farrell et al. 2015), and an overlap of one to two months was apparent at Agnes Banks Nature Reserve (Farrell et al. 2012).

At Prospect Nature Reserve most Golden Whistlers were only re-trapped during the season in which they were originally banded although one individual returned to the site over many years (Table 4). Site fidelity by some individuals of this species has also been reported from several other localities on the Cumberland Plain: Nurragingy Reserve (Farrell et al. 2015), and Agnes Banks Nature Reserve (Farrell et al. 2012) where one bird returned for two seasons after banding (Farrell 2012a).

A similar pattern of return is also apparent in Rufous Whistlers; one individual returned to Prospect Nature Reserve in the season subsequent to its banding. This was also the case at Agnes Banks Nature Reserve where two individuals returned in two subsequent seasons after banding (Farrell 2012a).

Species 2005–06 2006–07 2010–11 2014–15Silvereye 18.8 28.3 13.5 26.0Superb Fairy-wren 13.6 15.5 33.7 21.3Red-browed Finch 10.2 6.4 16.6 10.0Golden Whistler 6.8 7.0 2.1 2.7White-browed Scrubwren 4.5 3.2 11.9 10.0Grey Fantail 4.5 3.2 1.0 0.7Yellow-faced Honeyeater 1.1 5.9 3.1 10.7Total contribution 59.5 69.5 81.9 81.4

Table 3

Percentage contribution of the seven most common species to total captures during October to May in 2005–06, 2006–07, 2010–11 and 2014–15.

1st period to 2nd period

2nd period to 3rd period

1st period to 3rd period

Eastern Yellow Robin 6 yrs 2 mths 4 yrs 4 mths6 yrs

Golden Whistler 4 yrs 11 mths 8 yrs 7 mths*Yellow Thornbill 9 yrs 5 mths*White-browed Scrubwren 4 yrs 4 mths

4 yrs 1 mth3 yrs 8 mths

Superb Fariry-wren 3 yrs 7 mths 4 yrs 1 mth3 yrs 5 mths 4 yrs 1 mth5 yrs 2 mths 4 yrs 7 mths

3 yrs 9 mths4 yrs 4 mths4 yrs 11 mths4 yrs 7 mths4 yrs 8 mths3 yrs 6 mths3 yrs 5 mths

4 yrsVariegated Fairy-wren 4 yrs 3 mthsSilvereye 4 yrs 6 mthsYellow-faced Honeyeater 3 yrs 11 mthsNoisy Miner 5 yrs 4 mths

3 yrs 9 mthsRed-browed Finch 4 yrs 1 mthRed-whiskered Bulbul 5 yrs 3 mths

*Also trapped in the 2nd period.

Table 4

Longest time interval between banding and re-trapping for those species re-trapped in period/s subsequent to the one in which they were banded.


The Black-faced Monarch, a summer breeding migrant to coastal south-east Australia from New Guinea, was captured on only two occasions, both in October. On the first occasion, five were trapped on the same morning in the same net, suggesting that they were moving in a flock during their southward migration. Whilst this species is generally seen singly or in pairs, it has on occasion been observed to move in small family groups or small parties during migration (Higgins 2006), and sometimes joins mixed-species flocks (Coates 1990a; Makin 1961; Marchant 1986). Flocks of 8–10 birds have been reported during southward migration in north-east Queensland (Campbell and Barnard 1917), and groups of at least three have been observed on southward migration near Sydney (McGill 1943).

Intraspecific interactions

Of three Striated Thornbills Acanthiza lineata banded together on the same day in May 2005, two were recaptured together two years later in May 2007, but their sexes were not ascertained so it is not known whether they were a pair or just feeding companions.

Two White-browed Scrubwrens were caught together on three separate occasions over a period of five months. The female was banded in November 2010 as a first-year bird, then subsequently re-trapped with the male (age 2+ when banded) in December 2010, February 2011 and May 2011 (Farrell 2012b). White-browed Scrubwrens generally breed in pairs or trios consisting of a dominant pair and subordinate male helper, though occasionally there may be more than one male helper (Magrath et al. 2000). Females are largely site-faithful once they have found a breeding vacancy, and male dominance is stable within the breeding season and between

years (Whittingham et al. 1997). It is likely, therefore, that the two birds captured together on multiple occasions were either the dominant breeding pair, or a subordinate male together with the breeding female.

Movements

No banded birds were reported to the ABBBS from outside the Reserve.

Threatened species

A number of threatened species were recorded in the reserve during our study. The Swift Parrot was recorded in August 2005. This species is listed as critically endangered under the EPBC Act and as endangered under the TSC Act. The following species recorded in the reserve are all listed as vulnerable under the TSC Act: the Little Lorikeet Glossopsitta pusilla (recorded once in January 2007); Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides (one individual sighted in June 2011); Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus (recorded once during the first period); and Varied Sittellas Daphoenositta chrysoptera (recorded during nearly every visit in the first study period and one individual was trapped in October 2006, three times during the second but only once during the third period). The apparent decline in sightings of the latter species may be an artefact of our sampling; active observational surveys were conducted during the first period, whilst only incidental observations were recorded during the subsequent periods.

Exotic species

Several exotic species were recorded in the reserve during our study: Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis, European

Table 5

Survival of banded individuals within each study period based on re-traps. Figures are numbers of individuals known to be alive. Longest periods are highlighted for those species not re-trapped in subsequent study periods. Longest periods for other species are shown in Table 4.

SpeciesMonths

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26Grey Fantail 3 1 1 1Eastern Yellow Robin 5 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2Golden Whistler 6 3 1 1 1 1Rufous Whistler 1Yellow Thornbill 1 1Striated Thornbill 3 1 1 1 1 2 1White-browed Scrubwren 8 11 7 1 2 6 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 1Superb Fairy-wren 20 7 22 7 3 10 5 6 11 6 2 3 2 2 2Variegated Fairy-wren 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 1Silvereye 3 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Yellow-faced Honeyeater 2 7 1 1 1 1Noisy Miner 1Red-browed Finch 16 4 4 3 3 1 7 2 1 1 1 1 1 1Red-whiskered Bulbul 1 1 1 1Common Blackbird 1 1


Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, Common Myna Sturnus tristis, Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus and Common Blackbird Turdus merula. The latter two species were the only species trapped – Red-whiskered Bulbuls were caught throughout the study while Common Blackbirds were only captured during the first study period. There are also several introduced species that have previously been recorded in the reserve but were not sighted or heard during our study: the Rock Dove Columba livia, House Sparrow Passer domesticus and Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris.

Changes in avian community

Several species were captured during the first banding period but not trapped during the second or third period:

Brush Cuckoo – one individual of this species was banded in January 2007, but none were recorded subsequently. This represented the first record of the species for the reserve.

Striated Thornbill – several individuals were trapped during autumn in 2005 and 2007, and the species was sighted periodically throughout this first study period. It was not sighted during the second period and only once during the third period.

Double-barred Finch Taeniopygia bichenovii – two individuals were captured in February-March 2006 and the species was recorded intermittently throughout the first study period, but not at all during the second or third period. The last record for the reserve seems to be a sighting reported in 2009 (Vella and Zografos 2009). A similar pattern of decline has previously been observed at other reserves on the Cumberland Plain. The species was no longer recorded at Nurragingy Nature Reserve after June 2002 (Farrell et al. 2015). It was not seen at Agnes Banks Nature Reserve from August 2008 to July 2009, a site at which they had previously been regularly captured (Farrell et al. 2012). Double-barred Finches were sighted after this period and documented on the Cumberland Bird Observers Club Bird Atlas Database but no indication of numbers present was given. This pattern of decline/disappearance from reserves raises concerns about the species’ viability in the region.

Rufous Fantails – visitors to the site during Spring/Summer/Autumn months in 2005–06, 2006–07 and 2010–11 but were neither trapped nor sighted during the third study period of 2014–15.

White-plumed Honeyeaters – dramatically declined over the three study periods. This species was sighted during most banding visits during the first period with eight individuals being banded, but then it was only recorded on two occasions during the second period and not at all during the third period.

There were a large number of different species that were heard or sighted during the first period and not recorded in subsequent periods. Many of these were single or infrequent sightings. This is a consequence of the more thorough sampling during the first period and the shorter duration of the second and third study periods so direct comparisons should be treated with caution.

During the course of this study there was a notable decline in both capture rates and sightings of the White-plumed Honeyeater Lichenostomus penicillatus, Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus, Striated Thornbill, Weebill Smicrornis brevirostris and an increase in the captures of Noisy Miners Manorina melanocephala and observations of Bell Miners Manorina melanophrys. At other sites on the Cumberland Plain (Nurragingy Reserve and Scheyville National Park) Bell Miners have displaced resident species that feed either partially or exclusively on sap sucking insects (authors’ pers. ob.; Farrell et al. in prep.).

Bell Miners were first recorded at the reserve on two occasions in 2004 prior to our study: two individuals were observed in the first instance and then a single bird on the second occasion (Vella 2004a,b); it was noted at the time that no colony had yet been established. Whilst no Bell Miners were heard or sighted during our first study period in 2005–07, their presence during nearly every visit in the second period suggests a colony was established sometime between 2007 and 2010. Vella (2009) reported that Bell Miners were present in the reserve in 2009, which he believed could be a newly-established colony.

Whilst it may be tempting to attribute the decline in capture rates of leaf-gleaning species (Weebill, Spotted Pardalote, Striated and Yellow Thornbills) and the White-plumed Honeyeater during the second and third study period to the establishment of the Bell Miner colony, Bell Miners were not present within the banding area or immediate surrounds. It is therefore unlikely that their presence would have affected our capture rates. The Noisy Miner, on the other hand, was sighted on every banding visit and caught with increasing frequency across the duration of the study. Increased abundance of Noisy Miners has been shown to be associated with a decline in the diversity and abundance of smaller honeyeaters and insectivores; these species are particularly vulnerable to aggressive interference by Noisy Miners as they are smaller in body size and overlap with the species in terms of food resource use (Dow 1976; Grey et al. 1997; Mac Nally et al. 2012; Piper and Catterall 2003). It is possible that the increase in Noisy Miners at our study site has contributed to the decline of the Weebill, Spotted Pardalote, Striated and Yellow thornbills and the White-plumbed Honeyeater; however, no definitive conclusions can be drawn from our data.

Historical changes in the avian community

A comprehensive list of species recorded previously for the reserve has been published in DECC (2008) and is reproduced here with the records from this study added (Appendix 1). In addition to the Brush Cuckoo the only other species recorded during this study that had not been previously documented in the reserve was the Australian King-Parrot Alisterus scapularis.

Many species historically recorded in the reserve (DECC 2008) were not recorded during this study. This was due to a number of factors:

Some species are very rare visitors to the site and the Cumberland Plain generally (e.g. Topknot Pigeon Lopholaimus antarcticus, Pheasant Coucal Centropus phasianinus, Spangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus) – chances of recording these are low.


Some are very cryptic (e.g. Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla, Spotless Crake P. tabuensis and Australian Spotted Crake P. fluminea) and take concerted and specific effort to locate them.

Waterbirds (e.g. Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius, White-necked Heron Ardea pacifica) travel between water resources and may have been elsewhere during our visits.

Raptor species tend to have large ranges and may only visit this site on rare occasions (e.g. Black Falcon Falco subniger, Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus).

As we had restricted access to the site we were unable to survey for any nocturnal species.

Nevertheless, some disappearances and declines do raise concern.

The Double-barred Finch was captured and sighted during the first study period but had disappeared from this site during the second and third periods. Although included in DECC (2008) list (Appendix 1) the following bush birds were neither sighted nor heard during our study: Buff-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza reguloides, Yellow-rumped Thornbill A. chrysorrhoa, Speckled Warbler Chthonicola sagittata, Jacky Winter Microeca fascinans, Flame Robin Petroica phoenicea, Scarlet Robin P. boodang, and Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata. Whilst Zebra Finches were recorded at the reserve in 2003 (Vella 2003) no records exist since this time. This species has been slowly declining across the Cumberland Plain over many years (Saunders 2016) but can still be seen at isolated sites (e.g. adjacent to the Nepean River near Penrith; K. Middleton, pers. comm.). Only one species historically found in the reserve, the Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius, is now thought to be extinct on the Cumberland Pain.

The loss or decline of the species listed above can, in all likelihood, be attributable to changes in, or disappearance of, habitat due to urban development (Egan et al. 1997; Farrell et al 2015; Recher 2010). This reinforces the importance of setting aside reserves (such as Prospect), and the need to establish vegetated corridors linking these remnant natural areas across the Cumberland Plain.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to give our sincere thanks to the many people who

assisted in this project, both as recorders and trainee banders and in particular Katy Wilkins. We are very appreciative of the time that Edwin Vella spent recording observations during the first period of the study and of the comments by Michael Franklin on our original manuscript. Reviewers, Peter Smith and James Brazill-Boast gave valuable suggestions for the improvement of this paper. We also thank NSW NPWS and SCA for permission to enter the site and to the ABBBS for approving this research and supplying bands.

REFERENCES

Campbell, A. J. and Barnard, H. G. (1917). Birds of the Rockingham Bay District, North Queensland. Emu 17: 2–38.

Christidis, L. and Boles, W. E. (2008). ‘Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood).

Coates, B. J. (1990). ‘The Birds of Papua New Guinea Including the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville. Volume 2 Passerines’. (Dove Publications: Alderley, Queensland.)

DECC (2008). Site 13: Prospect Reservoir. In ‘Rapid Fauna Habitat Assessment of the Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority Area’. (Department of Environment and Climate Change: Hurstville)

Dow, D. D. 1976. Indiscriminate interspecific aggression leading to almost sole occupancy of space by a single species of bird. Emu 77: 115–121.

Egan, K. H., Farrell, J. R. and Pepper-Edwards, D. L. (1997). Historical and seasonal changes in the community of forest birds at Longneck Lagoon Nature Reserve, Scheyville, New South Wales. Corella 21: 1–16.

Farrell, J. R. (2012a). Migratory and partial migratory returns. Corella 36: 52.

Farrell, J. R. (2012b). Banding Snippet. Corella 36: 80.

Farrell, J. R., Hardy, J. W., McKay, D. and Gover, K. (2012). Banding Project Report No. 1. Agnes Banks Nature Reserve, New South Wales. Corella 36: 55–56. (Full report www.absa.asn.au)

Farrell, J. R., Hardy, J. W., McKay, D., Gover, K. and D.L. Pepper-Edwards (2015). Banding Project Report No. 4. Nurragingy Reserve, New South Wales. Corella 39: 93–95. (Full report www.absa.asn.au)

Grey, M. J., Clarke, M. F. and Loyn, R. H. (1997). Initial changes in the avian communities of remnant eucalypt woodlands following a reduction in the abundance of Noisy Miners, Manorina Melanocephala. Wildlife Research 24: 631–648.

Higgins, P. J., Peter, J. M. and Cowling, S. J. (2006). ‘Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 7, Boatbill to Starlings; Part 7 A, Boatbill to Larks’. (RAOU:Oxford University Press, Melbourne.)

Mac Nally, R., Bowen, M. E., Howes, A. L., Mcalpine, C. A. and Maron, M. (2012). Despotic, high-impact species and the sub-continental scale control of avian assemblage structure. Ecology 93: 668–678.

Magrath, R. D., Leedman, A. W., Gardner, J. L., Giannasca, A., Nathan, A. C., Yezerinac, S. M., and Nicholls, J. A. (2000). Life in the slow lane: reproductive life history of the white-browed scrubwren, an Australian endemic. The Auk 117: 479–489.

Makin, D. (1961). Mass migration. Emu. 61: 139–141.

Marchant, S. (1986). Nesting notes on the Black-faced Monarch. Australian Birds 20: 51–52.

McGill, A. R. (1943). Black-faced Flycatcher. Emu 43: 143–144.

NPWS (National Parks and Wildlife Service) (1997). ‘Urban Bushland Biodiversity Survey, Western Sydney’. (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service: Hurstville, NSW)

OEH (Office of Environment and Heritage) (2012). ‘Prospect Nature Reserve Plan of Management’. (Office of Environment and Heritage NSW: Hurstville, NSW)

Piper, S. D. and Catterall, C. P. (2003). A particular case and a general pattern: hyperaggressive behaviour by one species may mediate avifaunal decreases in fragmented Australian forests. Oikos, 101: 602–614.

Recher, H. F. (2010). A not so natural history: the vertebrate fauna of Sydney. In ‘The Natural History of Sydney’. (Eds D. Lunney, P. Hutchings and D. Hochuli). Pp. 125–142. (Royal Zoological Society of NSW: Mosman, NSW.)

Saunders, T. (2016). Birds of the Cumberland Plain. What was there? What have we lost? Abstract from ‘Birds of the Cumberland Plain: Past distributions, present studies and the outlook for their future’ Australian Bird Study Association Conference - 23 January 2016. Corella 40: 46.


Tozer, M. (2003). The native vegetation of the Cumberland Plain, western Sydney: systematic classification and field identification of communities. Cunninghamia 8: 1–75.

Vella, E. (2003). Prospect Reservoir (40 km west of Sydney CBD) - 2nd August 2003. Available at: http://bioacoustics.cse.unsw.edu.au/birding-aus/2003-09/msg00040.html

Vella, E. (2004a). Prospect Reservoir near Blacktown NSW (Swift Parrot Survey) – 15 to 16th May 2004. Available at: http://bioacoustics.cse.unsw.edu.au/birding-aus/2004-05/msg00256.html

Vella, E. (2004b). Scheyville NP (65 km NW of Sydney CBD) - 26th Dec 04. Available at: http://bioacoustics.cse.unsw.edu.au/birding-aus/2004-12/msg00413.html

Vella, E. (2009). Prospect Reservoir. Available at: http://www.eremaea.com

Vella, E. and Zografos, A. (2009). Sighting 10079, Prospect Reservoir (near Blacktown) 15/08/2009. Available at: http://www.eremaea.com

Whittingham, L. A., Dunn, P. O. and Magrath, R. D. (1997). Relatedness, polyandry and extra-group paternity in the cooperatively-breeding white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 40: 261–270.

Compilers:

E. Mowat, 36 Alfred St, Newcastle East NSW 2300 E-mail: [email protected]

J. R. Farrell, 73 Ellison Road, Springwood NSW 2777 E-mail: [email protected]

J. W. Hardy, 23 Lindsay Avenue, Ermington NSW 2115 E-mail: [email protected]

D. McKay, 79 Fenwick Street, Bankstown NSW 2200 E-mail: [email protected]

K. Gover, 31 Kerry Road, Blacktown NSW 2148 E-mail: [email protected]

Appendix 1

Historical list of species reproduced from DECC (2008). X = sighting/heard during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd study periods.

Species 1st 2nd 3rd Species 1st 2nd 3rdStubble Quail Coturnix pectoralis X Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles XBrown Quail Coturnix ypsilophora Silver Gull Larus novaehollandiae X XMusk Duck Biziura lobata Caspian Tern Sterna caspiaBlack Swan Cygnus atratus X Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus XAustralian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata X X X Rock Dove Columba liviaPacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa X X Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis X XAustralasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis X Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera XGrey Teal Anas gracilis Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes XChestnut Teal Anas castanea Peaceful Dove Geopelia placida XHardhead Aythya australis X Bar-shouldered Dove Geopelia humeralis X XAustralasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae X X X Topknot Pigeon Lopholaimus antarcticusHoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus X X Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus XGreat Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus X X X Galah Eolophus roseicapillus XDarter Anhinga melanogaster Long-billed Corella Cacatua tenuirostris XLittle Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax melanoleucos X X Little Corella Cacatua pastinator XPied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita X XLittle Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris X Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus X X XGreat Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo X Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus chorolepidotusAustralian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus X X Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna XWhite-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae X X X Little Lorikeet Glossopsitta pusilla XLittle Egret Egretta garzetta Australian King-Parrot Alisterus scapularis X XWhite-necked Heron Ardea pacifica Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans X X XGreat Egret Ardea alba X Eastern Rosella Platycercus adscitus eximius X X XIntermediate Egret Ardea intermedia Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor XCattle Egret Ardea ibis Red-rumped Parrot Psephotus haematonotus XNankeen Night Heron Nycticorax caledonicus Pallid Cuckoo Cuculus pallidus XAustralian White Ibis Threskiornis molucca X X X Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis X X XStraw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus XRoyal Spoonbill Platalea regia X X X Horsfield’s Bronze-Cuckoo Chalcites basalis XYellow-billed Spoonbill Platalea flavipes Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Chalcites lucidusPacific Baza Aviceda subcristata Pacific Koel Eudynamys orientalis X X XBlack-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris X Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae X X XWhistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus X Pheasant Coucal Centropus phasianinus White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster X X Southern Boobook Ninox boobook XSpotted Harrier Circus assimilis X Barn Owl Tyto albaSwamp Harrier Circus approximans X Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides X


Appendix 1 (Cont.)

Species 1st 2nd 3rd Species 1st 2nd 3rdBrown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus X White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutusGrey Goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae X X Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificusCollared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus Azure Kingfisher Alcedo azureaWedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax X Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae X X XLittle Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides X Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus X X XBrown Falcon Falco berigora X Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis X XBlack Falcon Falco subniger White-throated Treecreeper Cormobates leucophaeus X XAustralian Hobby Falco longipennis X Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus X X XPeregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus X X X Variegated Fairy-wren Malurus lamberti X X XNankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus X X XBuff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis X Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus X X XLewin’s Rail Rallus pectoralis X White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis X X XBaillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla Speckled Warbler Chthonicola sagittataAustralian Spotted Crake Porzana fluminea Weebill Smicrornis brevirostris X X XSpotless Crake Porzana tabuensis Brown Gerygone Gerygone mouki X XPurple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio X X White-throated Gerygone Gerygone albogularis X XDusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa X X Brown Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla XEurasian Coot Fulica atra X X X Buff-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza reguloidesPainted Button-quail Turnix varia X Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza chrysorrhoaLatham’s Snipe Gallinago hardwickii X Yellow Thornbill Acanthiza nana X X XBush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius Striated Thornbill Acanthiza lineata X XBlack-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Red Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata X X XBlack-fronted Dotterel Elseyornis melanops X Little Wattlebird Anthochaera chrysoptera X XNoisy Friarbird Philemon corniculatus X X White-winged Triller Lalage tricolor XBell Miner Manorina melanophrys X X Olive-backed Oriole Oriolus sagittatus X X XNoisy Miner Manorina melanocephala X X X Masked Woodswallow Artamus personatusLewin’s Honeyeater Meliphaga lewinii White-browed Woodswallow Artamus superciliosus XYellow-faced Honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysops X X X Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus XFuscous Honeyeater Lichenostomus fuscus X Grey Butcherbird Cracticus torquatus X X XWhite-plumed Honeyeater Lichenostomus penicillatus X X Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen X X XBrown-headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris X Pied Currawong Strepera graculina X X XWhite-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus X Australian Raven Corvus coronoides X X XNew Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae X White-winged Chough Corcorax melanorhamphosEastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris X X X Satin Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus violaceus XScarlet Honeyeater Myzomela sanguinolenta X X X Australian Pipit Anthus australis Jacky Winter Microeca fascinans House Sparrow Passer domesticusScarlet Robin Petroica boodang Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttataFlame Robin Petroica phoenicea Double-barred Finch Taeniopygia bichenovii XRose Robin Petroica rosea X X X Red-browed Finch Neochmia temporalis X X XEastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australis X X X Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura punctulataEastern Whipbird Psophodes olivaceus X Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Lonchura castaneothorax XVaried Sittella Daphoenositta chrysoptera X X X European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis XCrested Shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatus X X X Mistletoebird Dicaeum hirundinaceum X X XGolden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis X X X Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena XRufous Whistler Pachycephala rufiventris X X X Tree Martin Hirundo nigricansGrey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica X X X Fairy Martin Petrochelidon ariel X XBlack-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis X X Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus X X XLeaden Flycatcher Myiagra rubecula X X Australian Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus australis X XRestless Flycatcher Myiagra inquieta Little Grassbird Megalurus gramineus XMagpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca X X X Rufous Songlark Cincloramphus mathewsi XRufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons X X X Golden-headed Cisticola Cisticola exilis XGrey Fantail Rhipidura albiscapa X X X Silvereye Zosterops lateralis X X XWillie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys X X X Common Blackbird Turdus merula X X XSpangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus Common Starling Sturnus vulgarisBlack-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae X X X Common Myna Acridotheres tristis XWhite-bellied Cuckoo-shrike Coracina papuensis X


BANDING PROJECT REPORT No.5 Prospect Nature Reserve, New ...

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