Baltimore police strike 1

Baltimore police strikeThe Baltimore police strike was a labor action taken by the police department of Baltimore, Maryland in July 1974.It lasted five days, from July 11 to July 15.[1]

It was one of few police strikes in the United States since the Boston Police Strike of 1919,[2] and the first in a wavethat would follow a similar pattern.[3]

Background

Police unionization in BaltimorePolice unionization was not viewed favorably by city officials, and officers met in secret for years before voting in1966 to form a local chapter of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME).[4]

Thus AFSCME Police Local 1195 was formed.The Fraternal Order of Police immediately presented itself as a competing union.[4]

One of Local 1195 main organizers was Thomas Rapanotti—a labor organizer who worked in a coal mine, then atMartin Aircraft, then for AFSCME.[5] Rapanotti expanded the union in Baltimore and made inroads into surroundingcounties.[6]

Conflict with PomerleauBaltimore's Police Commissioner, Donald D. Pomerleau, was hostile to the idea of a police union. He repeatedlydeclined requests to recognize Local 1195 from inside the force and from Baltimore's AFSCME Local 44.[7]

Local 1195 accused Pomerleau of harassing and intimidating union leaders, picking BPD headquarters anddemanding his resignation in 1968.[8][9]

Grievances with Pomerleau continued to mount. In a 1973 grand jury investigation on corruption within the BPD,Rapanotti accused him of spying and of applying polygraphs tests selectively only to lower-ranking officers.[10]

Banned from striking by its constitution, in March of this year the union began to consider job actions.[11]

Collective bargainingBy 1973 Baltimore had 3,500 police officers with as many as 2,000 with membership in Local 1195. AFSCMEleaders and those from other public employee unions and organizations pressed Baltimore for collective bargainingrights and higher wages.[12] Some of the officers had worked previously at Bethlehem Steel and been on strikebefore.[13]

In November 1973, Pomerleau agreed to recognize collective representation for police, and held an election tochoose between unions—stipulating that whatever the result, no secondary boycotts, slow-downs, stoppages, orstrikes would be allowed.[14] Local 1195 won the election by a large margin, with 1,488 votes to 769 for FOP 3.Turnout was 85%. After Local 1195's victory, Rapanotti laid out a 26-point proposal for the city.[15]

The police asked for an increase of their salary range from $8,761–$11,082 to $12,500–$14,500. The city offered5.5% raise, with a 0.5% increase in benefits. This package had recently been accepted by other city workers,including teachers, who went on strike in February of the same year. (The salary raise was 5.5% or 20 cents an hour,whichever was greater. For many, 20 cents an hour was greater.) On June 30, Local 1195 voted unanimously toreject the city's offer.[16]

Baltimore police strike 2

Actions beginThe lead-up to the police strike was a period of radical labor activity and unrest, sparked by a walkout of the city'sgarbage collectors.

Municipal workers strikeOn July 1, 1974, over 700 sanitation workers walked off their jobs in a wildcat strike (against the wishes of theirunion leadership in AFSCME Local 44). Workers cited low wages (they wanted a 50 cent raise instead of a 20 centraise) and undignified conditions (heat, exhaust fumes, and poorly-maintained trucks) as reasons for striking. MayorSchaefer threatened to fire them all.[17]

By July 7 approximately 2,500 municipal sanitation workers, corrections officers, and other non-Baltimore policepersonnel had gone on strike.

Police job actionsBaltimore's police officers had sympathy with other city workers, which increased their readiness to strike.[12] Themunicipal strike also created an atmosphere of crisis, as garbage began to pile along the streets and inmates began toriot.[18]

On July 7, police began 'job actions' that signaled their discontent. Officers would write lengthy reports on pennies("objects of value") found along the side of the road and would turn obvious samples of tobacco over to the policelab for drug analysis.[13][19] There was a massive increase in traffic stops and a 1000% increase in tickets issued. Oneticket led to an altercation resulting in three arrests. Mayor Schaefer's car was ticketed twice.[20] Kenneth Webster, astate Delegate, was arrested (on littering charges), for tearing up one of these tickets in front of the ticketingofficer.[21]

John A. Lann, a police officer, was arrested (and suspended from the BPD) for blocking traffic on thenewly-constructed I-83. Union officials threatened a total strike if he was not released.[21]

On July 10, when police cars blocked two out of three lanes on Franklin St. downtown.[22]

Local 1195Pressure for a strike had been building since the new contract was announced on June 30. Rapanotti opposed a fullstrike, predicting (correctly): "This thing is only a week old. If you pull and strike at this moment, they're going overthere and offer the garbagemen some money, and we're going to be standing there holding our Yo-Yo's."[5]

After meeting for an hour and a half on Thursday, July 11, 80 members of Local 1195 decided to go on strike.[23]

Police officers strikeAt 8PM on July 11, some police officers walked off their jobs. Only 96 (of 238 scheduled) showed up for themidnight shift. Striking officers established picket lines at seven stations.[24] The Baltimore Sun reported that lootingbegan immediately in West and East Baltimore.[25]

Strikers carried signs reading "I will not die for 5.5" and "Professional Pay for Professional Service".[25]

Baltimore police strike 3

Striking and nonstriking officersIt is estimated that nearly 1,300 police officers of the 2,300 went on strike.[26] Nonstriking officers worked overtime:12 hours a day, 7 days a week.[27] (According to Pomerleau, there were only 565 strikers.;[28] according to mostsources, this estimate was too low.[29])Newspapers reported some tension between striking and non-striking officers.[13][30] "Don't trust that guy," onestriking officer said of a working officer to a national guard soldier.[31] Some nonstriking officers likewise feltbetrayed by their fellow workers and by Local 1195, which was officially a non-striking union.[32]

Fourteen white youths picketed the strikers, displaying signs that said "Safety First; Money Second".[33]

Union involvementOfficers of the Fraternal Order of Police released statements opposing the strike.[34]

Effect on crimeAfter the walkout on Thursday, July 11, the BPD and the fire department received increased reports looting andarson. Trash fires (facilitated by the sanitation workers' strike!) were the most common violation reported. Thesefires intensified immediately in southwest Baltimore, where all 22 officers on the night shift had walked off.[23] Firealarms increased to hundreds per day, and some fire fighters were harassed when they arrived on the scene.[35] Areasalready high in crime saw more of it.[30]

Police reported that the city was particularly quiet on the night of Friday, July 12.[33][36]

One man, identified as a looter, was shot and killed by a nonstriking officer on July 12.[36]

Commissioner Pomerleau declared, "We're in a semi-riot mode, similar to the 1968 riots."[37]

Government responseBefore midnight on July 11 Circuit Judge James C. Murphy issued an injunction ordering the strike to endimmediately.[24]

On July 12, Maryland governor Marvin Mandel ordered outside police help from 115 state troopers and ten canineunits.[38] They arrived with 100 cruisers and a tractor-trailer carrying two jeeps.[35] These troops were outfitted withriot weapons but wore soft hats instead of helmets.[33]

The Maryland National Guard was put on alert[36] but Mandel said he did not expect them to become involved.[26]

Also on July 12, Commissioner Pomerleau announced that 457 officers had been suspended.[26]

On Saturday, July 13, Judge Murphy declared a fine for each day of striking—$25,000 for the union and $10,000 forRapanotti. He also threatened Rapanotti with jail if the strike continued beyond 10AM on Monday July 15.[39]

On July 14, Pomerleau fired 82 offices and demoted 9 detectives and 18 police agents (officers with collegedegrees).[28][29] All the officers fired were 'probationary', meaning that they had served on the force for under twoyears; Commissioner Pomerleau stated that these officers were not entitled to hearings for their jobs.[40] He furtherannounced that there would be "no general amnesty", and that all striking workers would be fired unless theyresumed their jobs immediately.[41]

Baltimore police strike 4

NegotiationsThe walkout quickly triggered negotiations for both police and the striking municipal workers. Leaders met for fivehours on July 12, the day after the night shift walkout.[33] With leaders of both Locals under direct threats fromJudge Murphy, marathon negotiations continued day and night, with few breaks.[39] These negotiations were tightlycontrolled by outside representatives of AFSCME, who temporarily suspended Rapanotti for negotiating withoutaccompaniment.[42]

On Sunday, July 14, AFSCME negotiators responded to Commissioner Pomerleau (who had just fired 82 officers,threatened to fire more, and declared no amnesty) that amnesty would be a condition of settlement.[43]

On Monday, July 15, the city announced its settlement with Local 44: a 25 cent-raise immediately, and an additional45 cents in 1975. The arrangement with the police was less clear. According to Mandel and Pomerleau, union leadershad promised that the officers would return to work. Leaders of the police union then announced in a pressconference that they had been "assured of fair play" and that "many would be reinstated"—but there was still nopromise of amnesty. Rapanonotti announced that the decision would be taken for ratification to a committee ofstrikers.[44][45]

Police officers would receive no immediate increase in salary. An increase of the salary range to $10,000–$13,500was planned for July 1975.[44]

Striking officers ratified the agreement on the morning July 16; most had already returned to work. Many of thosepresent had been fired and before they would vote had to be reassured that leaders would seek amnesty.[46]

AftermathPomerleau announced that returning strikers would be treated harshly, writing in a letter on July 18: "I have askedthe sergeants of this department to 'take charge.' If they wish to deprive a striker of an air-conditioned car or refuse toassign a striker to overtime duties that is their prerogative and, I will back them up."[47] These returning workerswere also banned from park and stadium patrols, and from assuming "officer in charge" status.[40]

Pomerleau suspended and then fired George P. Hoyt, president of AFSCME Local 1195 and leader of the strike.Hoyt had been a member of the force for 17 years and was four days away from retirement when he was fired.[2]

Pomerleau subsequently fired dozens more officers, including all of Local 1195's remaining officials.[48]

Thomas Bradley, president of the Metropolitan Baltimore Labor Council (a regional arm of the AFL–CIO),promised to establish a committee "who will see to it that there are no reprisals".[46] AFSCME president Jerry Wurfalso promised to help the officers get their jobs back.[49]

Judge Murphy fined AFSCME $15,000 and union organizer Thomas Rapanotti $10,000.[50] None of the strikingofficers or leaders were imprisoned.[51]

Impact on the unionOn July 17, Commissioner Pomerleau revoked the union's right to bargain,[52][53] citing the terms of his 1973order.[34] He also announced and announced that union dues would no longer be 'checked off' automatically fromworkers' paychecks and that union leaders would not be allowed to visit police headquarters unescorted.[47]

Local 1599, the union of police supervisors, withdrew their membership in AFSCME.[47]

Local 1195, along with AFSCME, filed a lawsuit against Pomerleau and Mandel for union busting and illegalspying. The suit also accused Captain Donald E. Einolf and Edward Crowder as agents of an anti-unionconspiracy.[54]

The city refused to allow police collective bargaining (let alone right to strike) until 1982.[55]

Baltimore police strike 5

ResentmentWith no reprieve from the city, the formerly striking officers turned to Governor Mandel, asking him to re-authorizetheir union and impose amnesty.[56] Mandel, feuding with AFSCME president Wurf, refused to assist them,declaring that he would prefer to lose the union's support in his re-election campaign.[57]

Some officers felt sold out, or used as "cannon fodder," by the union leaders.[56] Tension persisted between strikersand non-strikers, some of whom opposed amnesty.[32]

Twenty of the officers who were fired sued national and local AFSCME offices in 1977 for false representation andnegligence, charging that they should not have authorized an illegal strike that could lead them to lose their jobs.[58]

References[1] Philip Jenkins, "The Baltimore Police Strike of 1974," in Ronald M. Filippelli, ed., Labor Conflict in the United States: An Encyclopedia

(New York: Garland, 1990), page 33.[2] "Pomerleau fires police union's Hoyt for role in strike" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 535494440). Baltimore Sun. 16 August 1974.

. Retrieved 5 August 2012.[3] Ray, Gerda (Spring–Summer 1977). "Police Militancy" (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 29766004). Crime and Social Justice (7): 40–48. .

Retrieved 8 August 2012. "The causes of the sudden upsurge of police militancy in the last two decades lie in the changing conditions ofpolicing. In large measure, today's police are moved to collective action by the realization that the declining legitimacy of the state subjectsthem to the explicit hostility of large segments of the population. Police work has become harder. As the degree of race and class conflictintensifies, the police assume a more demanding role both in repressing strikes and demonstrations and in attempting to contain the escalatinglevel of crime. They are attacked, on the one hand, by progressive groups demanding the curtailment of their coercive power and, on the otherhand, by reactionary elements calling for law and order and increased police efficiency. I"

[4] Goeller, David C. (14 April 1966). "Non-striking police local is organized" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 251207782). BaltimoreSun: pp. C5, C20. . Retrieved 5 August 2012. "A group of Baltimore city policemen yesterday held their first open union meeting in two yearsand voted without dissent to form a non-striking local of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL–CIO).The formation of the local, coming after two years of clandestine union activity, was approved unanimously by 150 patrolmen and sergeantsattending a morning meeting at the Steelworkers Hall, at 550 Dundalk avenue."

[5] Scott, Rachel (13 July 1974). "Police call their union chief 'the Godfather' and he fondly refers to them as his family" (http:/ / search.proquest. com/ docview/ 538989847). Baltimore Sun: p. A9. . Retrieved 8 August 2012.

[6] McClintock, John (13 May 1969). "Mighty Police Union Is Dream Of AFL-CIO's 'Mini-Cop': Diminutive Organizer Has Made ImpressiveStrides in State" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 539169252). Baltimore Sun: p. C6. . Retrieved 8 August 2012. "1. A majority ofBaltimore county's 900 policemen have signed up for Mr. Rapanotti's union. 2. He's had strong feelers from the men on the Ann Arundelcounty force and the 900-man State Police. 3. He is in the process of signing up the Prince Georges county police. Already he sits across atable from [[Mayor D'Alesandro]], bargaining as business agent for the 1,970 Baltimore city policemen (the vast majority) his unionrepresents."

[7] Schmick 3d, William F. (16 January 1967). "Agnew Is Asked To Direct Recognition Of Police Union" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/docview/ 539495187). Baltimore Sun: p. C8. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "The AFL–CIO, bitterly stung by Mr. Pomerleau's flat refusal to evendiscuss a police union, has been overtly and covertly organizing the department. But the organization has been conducted by the policementthemselves, ore than 2,00 of whom allegedly belong to the union already."

[8] "Officials Of Police Union, Pomerleau To Meet Today" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 539421910/ 1). Baltimore Sun: p. C6. 10July 1968. . Retrieved 8 August 2012. "The four items are establishment of a new grievance procedure, an end to what the union calls'harassment' and 'intimidation' of members through transfers of leaders from one district to another, a request that two officers be placed inpatrol cars, and a call for the reestablishment of foot patrols."

[9] "Pomerleau is Criticized: Police Union Reportedly Asks Resignation" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 533719567). Baltimore Sun:p. C7. 3 July 1968. . Retrieved 8 August 2012. "Representatives of the AFL–CIO and the Baltimore Police Union Local 1195 yesterdayaccused Donald D. Pomerleau, police commissioner, of 'union-busting' efforts and reportedly sought his resignation during an hour-longmeeting with Mayor D'Alesandro."

[10] Twigg, Roger (21 February 1973). "Pomerleau said to learn jury secrets" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 541360479). BaltimoreSun: pp. A1, A7. . Retrieved 8 August 2012. "The police union official yesterdfay attacked Mr. Pomerleau who, he said, in using lie detectortests had made 'a panicky and irrational and irresponsible decision leading to catastrophic conditions for these (suspended) men and theirfamilies.' Mr. Rapanotti also charged that the comissioner had applied 'a double standard' in limitng lie detector tests to only include lowerranking offices."

[11] Twigg, Roger (5 March 1973). "Police union debates protest of inquiries" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 533511508/ ). BaltimoreSun: p. C18. . Retrieved 8 August 2012. "Amid charges of coverup and possible scandal, hundreds of city policemen yesterday consideredmeasures ranging from a sick-in to massive rush-hour traffic checks to protest the handling of recent department investigations."

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[12] CJO - Abstract - ?There is tragedy on both sides of the layoffs:? Privatization and the Urban Crisis in Baltimore (http:/ / journals. cambridge.org/ production/ action/ cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=1354444)

[13] Bill Richards; Fred Barbash (14 July 1974). "Striking Baltimore Police Adopt Tactics of Militants" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/146167144). Washington Post: pp. B1, B3. . Retrieved 5 August 2012. "'These guys have been in a union before,' Campbell said, 'and theyknow what the score is. They came from a union much tougher than this one and they're not afraid to strike,' he said."

[14] Hoyt v. Police Comm'r, 367 A.2d 924 (http:/ / www. leagle. com/ xmlResult. aspx?xmldoc=1977353279Md74_1345. xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985) (Md. 6 January 1977).

[15] Twigg, Roger (15 November 1973). "Police choose union: AFL-CIO affiliate wins by big margin". Baltimore Sun: pp. C24, C8. "Baltimorecity policement, voting in nearly an 85 per cent turnout, yesterday overwhelmingly selected Local 1195 of the American Federation of State,County and Municipal Employees to represent them in collective bargaining with the city. The voting ran nearly two to one for Local 1195,with 1,488 for the AFL–CIO union to 769 for Lodge No. 3 of the Fraternal Order of Police. Eight persons voted for no representation at all."

[16] "Police reject contract: City offers 6% boost in pay, benefits" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 533429705?accountid=10750).Baltimore Sun: pp. C1,. 1 July 1974. . Retrieved 5 August 2012. "About 500 members of Local 1195 of Police Council 27 (AFL–CIO) votedunanimously yesterday to reject a 6 per cent increase in wages and fringe benefits offered by the city."

[17] "Mayor warns strikers: Trash, sewer workers face loss of jobs" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 538951534?accountid=10750).Baltimore Sun: pp. A1, A8. 2 July 1974. . Retrieved 4 August 2012. "Mayor Schaefer raised the specter of mass firings in the SanitationDivision yesterday as about 700 garbage workers and a sprinkling of sewer workers walked off their jobs in a wildcat strike."

[18] Ralph de Toledano, The Municipal Doomsday Machine (1975) pg. 152[19] Chaos in Charm City - TIME (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,942930,00. html)[20] Krause, Charles A. (11 July 1974). "Fund Seizure In Baltimore Strike Cleared: Tie-up Set Of Union's Finances" (http:/ / search. proquest.

com/ docview/ 146145457). Washington Post: pp. B1, B8. . Retrieved 6 August 2012.[21] Cramer, Richard Ben (10 July 1974). "Strike talks lapse as city obtains new injunction" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/

538904469). Baltimore Sun. . Retrieved 5 August 2012. "Police intensified their job action yesterday issuing tickets throughout the city. Therewere five arrests in connection with the police slowdown—one of a member of the House of Delegates, Kenneth L. Webster (D., 4thBaltimore), and another of a policeman who was blocking traffic on the Jones Falls expressway."

[22] Cramer, Richard Ben (11 July 1974). "Trash-strike supporters, police clash" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 538983432/ ).Baltimore Sun: pp. A1, A10. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "Meanwhile police intensified their ticket-writing and penny-finding boondoggling in'phase two' of their protest against the city's 6 per cent wage offer. Police also tied up two of Franklin street's three lanes during the afternoonrush hour."

[23] Watson, Douglas (12 July 1974). "Baltimore Police Walk Off Job" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 146143255). Washington Post:pp. A1, A3. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "Some police officers from all nine of the city's districts walked off their jobs last night in response totheir union's call for a citywide strike. By early this morning there had been 300 to 400 fires in trash bins and abandoned buildings throughoutthe city and scattered looting of shops and stores including liquor, jewelery and furniture stores, carry-outs and laundries. Most of the lootingwas confined to high-crime, poor areas on the fringes of downtown and on the city's west side."

[24] "Strike of City Workers" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=DdFOAAAAIBAJ& sjid=FQIEAAAAIBAJ& dq=judge james murphypolice strike& pg=4756,2498509). Toledo Blade. UPI. 12 July 1974. . Retrieved 5 August 2012.

[25] Cramer, Richard Ben (12 July 1974). "Police strike; west side hit hard; looting erupts; guard at the ready: Fire alarms increase; Mayor holdsconference with Mandel" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 538947418?accountid=10750). Baltimore Sun: pp. A1, A12. . Retrieved 4August 2012. "Baltimore police called a strike at 8 P.M. last night, and within an hour, hundreds of patrolmen had walked off their jobs amidthe first reports of looting, street disturbances and arson. By midnight, the situation had become severe, as police and fire communicationslines were jammed with hundreds of emergency calls."

[26] "Baltimore strike brings state cops" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 171164532). Chicago Tribune. UPI: p. C11. 13 July 1974. .Retrieved 6 August 2012.

[27] Franklin, Ben A. (14 July 1974). "Negotiations Resumed" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 120096321). New York Times. .Retrieved 5 August 2012. "Nonstriking policemen were on 12-hour, 7-day-a-week shifts, and officials acknowledged that the long hours couldreduce the effectiveness of the men."

[28] Charles A. Krause; Donald P. Baker (15 July 1974). "82 Striking Policemen Fired" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 146166145).Washington Post: pp. C1, C4. . Retrieved 5 August 2012.

[29] Krause, Charles (18 July 1974). "Last Phase of Strikes in Baltimore Ends" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 146164665).Washington Post: pp. C1, C3. . Retrieved 5 August 2012.

[30] Ralph de Toledano, The Municipal Doomsday Machine (1975) pg. 38[31] Staff Writers (14 July 1947). "Baltimore Police Ruled in Contempt" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 146166864). Washington Post:

pp. A1, B1. . Retrieved 5 August 2012. "Tension between the striking and working policemen was noticeable last night and early today. Asstate troopers helped patrol the city, some were jeered by the striking officers. 'Don't trust that guy,' one striking policeman yelled as hepointed at a working city policeman."

[32] Pietila, Antero (16 July 1974). "Eastern district men remain on job mainly due to anti-strike clause" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/

538975153). Baltimore Sun: p. A10. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "If there was a single reason for Eastern union members' betrayal of Local 1195 at an hour of struggle, it seemd to be the policemen's conviction that they semselves had been betrayed when their union—contrary to an anti-strike clause in its constitution—declared a strike. 'It really boiled down to this question, "What does your oath mean to you?"' explained a

Baltimore police strike 7

15-year veteran of the Police Department who, despite being a shop steward, resigned from the union rather than strike. 'It means a lot to me.'"[33] Cramer, Richard Ben (13 July 1974). "Situation seems calm" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 538944836). Baltmore Sun: pp. A1,

A8. . Retrieved 6 August 2012.[34] Cramer, Richard Ben (17 July 1974). "Pomerleau cancels police union right to bargain after officers end walkout: Force held to be back...".

Baltimore Sun: pp. A1, A8.[35] Staff Writers (13 July 1974). "State Police Ordered to Baltimore" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 146141671). Washington Post:

pp. A1, A12. . Retrieved 5 August 2012. "With television cameras and newsmen in tow, the caravan of 100 state police cruisers, led by a 5-tontractor-trailer carrying two screen-covered jeeps, moved toward the Baltimore city line, blue lights flashing on the cruisers. 'It looks likethey're going to war,' said a young woman onlooker."

[36] Franklin, Ben A. (13 July 1974). "TROOPERS PATROL BALTIMORE TO BAR RENEWED UNREST: Mandel Also AlertsGuard—Union Says Half of Police Have Joined Walkout" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 120103597). New York Times: pp. 1, 28. .Retrieved 6 August 2012.

[37] "Cops storm jail rebels; Baltimore in semi-riot state" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 171096090). Chicago Tribune. UPI. 14 July1974. . Retrieved 5 August 2012.

[38] Baylor, Peter N. (13 July 1974). "Troopers patrol Baltimore" (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=2WILAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W1IDAAAAIBAJ& dq=baltimore police strike 1974& pg=2816,841023). Bryan Times. UPI. . Retrieved 4 August 2012. "A 115-manstate police force, including 10 canine units, was ordered into the city Friday by Gov. Marvin Mandel to help prevent violence and looting."

[39] Cramer, Richard Ben (14 July 1974). "Police union, Rapanotti fined $35,000 a day" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 538976784).Baltimore Sun: pp. A1, A3. . Retrieved 6 August 2012.

[40] Cramer, Richard Ben (18 July 1974). "Police local vows to fight reprisals" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 538955550). BaltimoreSun: pp. C1, C2. . Retrieved 5 August 2012.

[41] Franklin, Ben A. (15 July 1974). "Striking Baltimore Police Told to Work or Lose Jobs" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/120103725). New York Times: pp. 1, 12. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "Police Commissioner Donald D. Pomerleau announced tonight thatstriking policemen would be dismissed unless they returned to work immediatley. The statement of 'no general amnesty' by the Commissionercame at a news conference..."

[42] Richard Ben Cramer; Tom Horton (15 July 1974). "Analysis: Union sources expect pay increase in city" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/docview/ 538958921). Baltimore Sun: pp. A1, A8. . Retrieved 8 August 2012. "So pervasive is the international's control of the talks, in fact,that Thomas A. Rapanotti, the leader of Maryland's Police Council 27, was suspended from his union post during the early stages of the talksbecause he negotiated with city officials one afternoon without an international representative at his elbow. [...] The national union is currentlythe fastest-growing labor organization in the country, adding about 1,000 to its 700,000 national membership each week. Police, largelyunorganized throughout the country, could be a major area for future expansion, but only if the Baltimore strike is a success."

[43] Charles A. Krause; Donald P. Baker (15 July 1974). "82 Striking Policemen Fired:" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 146166145).Washington Post. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "Al Bilik, assistant to the president of the American Federation of State, County and MunicipalEmployees (AFSCME), of which the city's police local is a part, said, 'Amnesty is a condition of the negotitions.'"

[44] Franklin, Ben A. (16 July 1974). "BALTIMORE ENDS ITS 15-DAY STRIKE: Municipal Pact Exceeds 6%—Police Still Seek Amnesty"(http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 119962186). New York Times: pp. 1, 22. . Retrieved 6 August 2012.

[45] Barbash, Fred (16 July 1974). "Baltimore Work Strike Ends" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 146160431). Washington Post. .Retrieved 5 August 2012. "At a news conference tonight at the Lord Baltimore Hotel, Thomas J. Rapanotti, executive director of the policeunion, said acceptance of the police contract will be recommended at a union meeting at 9 a.m. Tuesday. He called the propose contractagreement 'a good one . . . that substantially improves the pay scale for Baltimore police. The members are going back to work once theagreement is understood and ratified."

[46] Donald P. Baker; Charles A. Krause (17 July 1974). "Baltimore Police Accept New Contract" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/146162601). Washington Post: pp. A1, A13. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "The press was barred from the 90-minute meeting, but it was learnedthat strong sentiment for acceptance of the contract developed only after eight union leaders repeatedly reassured the members that restorationof the 82 fired officers to their jobs would be given highest priority. The tension in the meeting room was heightened by the presence of 45 ofthe 82 dismissed officers, most of whom sat as a group in the front rows. 'No one on the floor was willing to stand up and say "let's accept thiscontract and go back to work"' said one union official who was in the room. He said the actual motion to accept the contract came from theleadership 'after everyone was permitted a chance to vent his emotions."

[47] "Pomerleau sets reprisal guidelines" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 539005109). Baltimore Sun: pp. C1, C2. 5 August 1974. .Retrieved 5 August 2012.

[48] "Pomerleau suspends 16 union officials" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 538925681). Baltimore Sun: p. C1. 24 July 1974. .Retrieved 8 August 2012. "Sixteen patrolmen—all officials of the union which represented striking city policemen—were suspended fromduty yesterday by the police commissioner, Donald D. Pomerleau. The suspensions removed from duty virtually all remaining offiers of Local1195 of the AMerican Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees as well as some members of its executive board."

[49] Krause, Charles A. (20 July 1974). "New City Worker Strikes Seen" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 146162729). Washington Post:pp. A4. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "Asked about the situation in Baltimore, where the city's police commissioner has fired 91 probationpatrolmen and demoted more than 100 others who participated in the police strike, Wurf said that his union 'has a tradition of protecting itsmembership' and would do all that it could to get the men their jobs back."

Baltimore police strike 8

[50] Rasmussen, Frederick N. (30 January 2003). "Thomas Rapanotti Sr., 74, union organizer" (http:/ / articles. baltimoresun. com/ 2003-01-30/news/ 0301300010_1_union-organizer-afscme-police-union). Baltimore Sun. . Retrieved 4 August 2012. "In the wake of the strike, Mr.Rapanotti was fined $10,000 by the Circuit Court for failing to heed a court order ending the walkout. The union was similarly fined $25,000."

[51] Bopp, William J. Crises in Police Administration. Springfield , IL: Charles Thomas, 1984. Pg 72[52] "Baltimore policre rebuffed on union" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 119958393/ ). New York Times. 18 July 1974. . Retrieved 5

August 2012. "The Baltimore police commissioner has revoked the exclusive bargaining representation of the police union that led to afive-day strike here."

[53] Wagner, Philip (5 August 1974). "Baltimore's Head of Police Cuts Path In Strike Forest" (http:/ / news. google. com/newspapers?id=nfhOAAAAIBAJ& sjid=IQIEAAAAIBAJ& dq=baltimore police union& pg=7252,4790289). Toledo Blade: p. 12. . Retrieved5 August 2012. "There was no amnesty. First, the department's entire complement of probationary officers was fired. Then, pointing to theconditions of certification, the commissioner canceled the union's exclusive right to be bargaining agent. He also canceled the automaticcheck-off of union dues—a deadly blow since this is the gut stuff of unionism."

[54] Cramer, Richard Ben (23 August 1974). "Police union sues Mandel, Pomerleau" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 538902157).Baltimore Sun: p. C24. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "The suit, which seeks an injunction against anti-union activities by the two men, chargesthat Mr. Pomerleau and Mr. Mandel are 'threatening, intimidating, harassing, discriminating against [and] offering inducements to members ofLocal 1195 to force them to disassociate themselves from their union.' The complaint also alleged that Mr. Pomerleau, acting as theGovernor's appointment, 'has illegally taped, photographed and spied upon' union officers and members."

[55] Struck, Doug (27 March 1982). "City agrees to bargaining with a police union" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 538053552).Baltimore Sun. . Retrieved 5 August 2012. "The Baltimore city administration has agreed to collective bargaining with a city police union, thefirst formal bargaining with such a union since the 1974 police strike."

[56] "BALTIMORE POLICE FIGHT FOR UNION: Political Role Is Weight to Counteract Reprisals" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/119942499). New York Times: p. 32. 28 July 1974. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "Leaders of Baltimore's police union are struggling to keeptheir local alive despite reprisals by the city's police commissioner after the recent five-day strike. The last hope of Local 1195, Police Council27, American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employes, is a reluctant Gov. Marvin Mandel."

[57] Walsh, Edward (2 Aug 1974). "Mandel Scores Union Chief's Strike Role" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 146153280). WashingtonPost: pp. A22. . Retrieved 6 August 2012. "Facing a small revolt among some labor leaders in Maryland, Gov. Marvin Mandel accused anational union leader of 'irresponsible' interference in a police strike in Baltimore and said he would forego the union's support in this year'selection rather than give into its demands."

[58] "Fired policemen sue union aides for $15 million" (http:/ / search. proquest. com/ docview/ 541131876). Baltimore Sun. 14 July 1977. .Retrieved 5 August 2012. "Twenty former Baltimore city policemen, dismissed for striking the department in 1974, have filed a $15 millionlawsuit charging their former union representatives with negligence and making false representation."

External links• AFSCME website (http:/ / www. afscme. org/ )• Baltimore Police Department website (http:/ / www. baltimorepolice. org/ )

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsBaltimore police strike  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=507498965  Contributors: 7&6=thirteen, Alynna Kasmira, DB5, DJ Silverfish, Deanlaw, Dimadick, Dodgerblue777,Elwrucko, GreenJoe, Groupuscule, Jseaygmu, Mogism, Orangemike, Plasticup, Spencerk, Tec15, 8 anonymous edits

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