Balraj Singh, McMaster University

Debrecen, June 30, 2011

Databases: Structure & Reactions

Nuclear structure and decay data compilation and evaluation Theme and purpose: Nuclear data are essential to the development,

implementation and maintenance of all nuclear sciences and technologies.

The international network of Nuclear Structure and Decay Data (NSDD) evaluators is sponsored by the IAEA, and consists of evaluation groups and data service centers in many countries.

This network has the objective of providing to the nuclear community up-to-date nuclear structure and decay data for all known nuclides by compiling and evaluating all existing experimental data on a timely basis, including some theoretical data.

History of Nuclear Structure Data Compilation and EvaluationFrom 1930 to current: a long tradition to keep

track of data on nuclides, levels, radiations, half-lives, decay modes, etc.

One of the rare fields in science where almost each experimental article (also some theory papers) published and a large number of secondary (grey) literature has been documented, critically read (beyond the referees), and collated in databases.

81 years later, we still report to IAEA in Vienna !

Renowned scientists who contributed to the first nuclear data evaluation.Tradition in nuclear physics has continued

Evaluated data in 1930

And it seems, the frustrationof evaluators go back a long way.

Evaluated decay half-lives, lifetimes and decay constants.

Evaluated data in 1930 cont.

All in all, the (first) evaluation covers 45 naturally occurring isotopes of uranium, radium, actinium and thorium families with K and Rb included for good measure! About 70 gamma rays identified.

Alpha- and beta-decay correlated gamma-rays!

Artificial Nuclides: 1935: Compilation of known nuclides, including

artificial nuclides was published by Giorgio Fea in 1935:Tabelle Riassunitive E Bibliografia delle Transmutazioni Artificiali, Nuovo Cimento 6,

1 (1935)

Proposed data display in terms of wall chart, later followed up by E. Segre and G. Seaborg

M. STANLEY LIVINGSTON AND H. A. BETHE!!! !!!

1940: Origin of the Table of Isotopes

Seaborg and collaborators published table in RMP: 1940, 1944, 1948, 1953, 1958.Seaborg tradition continued in Berkeley: TOI: 1966, 1978, 1996 (with 1999 update)

Parallel EffortsT. Lauritsen (Caltech); and later Fay

Ajzenberg-Selove (Philadelphia): 1948 to about 1988;

currently with TUNL: A=1-20 region.

B.S. Dzhelepov (Dubna); later with L. Peker and others: all nuclides. 1950-

P. M. Endt and C. van der Leun (Utrecht): 1954-1998: A=21-44 region.

Wall charts of nuclidesEmilio Segre (as member of Enrico Fermi’s group) introduced the first chart, with Z along the x-axis and N along the Y axis: May 1945: Los Alamos

report with classified data omitted! Original ideas in G. Fea’s 1935 article in Nuovo Cimento.

G. Friedlander, M. Perlman: 1948: GE Research Lab, created the first wall chart with N along x-axis and Z along y-axis. Seventeen editions (last one in 2010) have since been published by Knolls Atomic Power Lab (KAPL).

Wall chartsKarlsruhe Nuclide chart: Walter Seelmann-

Eggebert and Gerda Pfenning: 1958- onwards:

7 editions, most recent in 2006.

JAERI (JAEA) chart: 1977- onwards: 7 editions, most recent in 2010.

Strasbourg nuclide chart: 1992

Most complete effort: ORNL + BNL1948: Katherine Way: Clinton Labs as part of

Manhattan project started collecting nuclear data.1953: named as Nuclear Data Project. Located at

National Bureau of Standards, Washington, later named National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Data in terms of loose-leaf pages called Nuclear Data Sheets.

1964: moved back to Oak Ridge. Book form published by Academic Press. A>44 region.

1965: Nuclear Data Sheets journal by Academic Press.

1970: ENSDF format of data files: computer production of tables and drawings.

A>44 at ORNL1975: International Nuclear Structure and Decay

data Network (NSDD) under the auspices of IAEA. While ORNL still led the effort, several other countries got involved with data evaluation: additional centers in the US at LBNL, BNL, INEL, UK, Germany, France, Belgium, USSR, Japan, China, Kuwait. Holland continued with A=21-44 region (Peter Endt and Cor van der Leun). Covered all mass regions.

Every two years NSDD network meting organized by IAEA. Last one in April 2011.

1980: coordination center and production of NDS moved to National Nuclear Data Center at Brookhaven National Lab. Since then it has continued at BNL.

ENSDF Data Centers

Other ENSDF participants

Bucharest: A. Negret: A=75 Krakow: K. Zuber; A=61, 57, XUNDL

compilationsUkraine: D. Symochko India: M. Gupta (Manipal): A=260-...; P.

Joshi (TIFR); G. Mukherjee and S. Basu (Saha Institute: Calcutta).

Jordan: K. Abusaleem: A=71, 249UK: A. Nichols: A=62IAEA: D. AbriolaGANIL: F. Manssour

ENSDF-related evaluations

Atomic Mass evaluations: G. Audi and D. Lunney (Orsay), M. Wang (Lanzhou), B. Pfeiffer (GSI), F. Kondev (ANL)

AME-2011 interim file available.

Static (magnetic, electric) nuclear moments:

N. Stone (Oxford, Oak Ridge, Tennessee).

2010 file available: will soon be in print in ADNDT

Q values, separation energies, etc. and moments in ENSDF are directly from the above two sources.

Other evaluationsProton decay of radioactive nuclei: A. Sonzogni, BNL,

(2002)Alpha decays of even-even nuclides: Y. Akovali, ORNL, Superdeformed bands and fission isomers: B. Singh,

2002Logft values: systematics: B. Singh, 1998B(E2) systematics for first 2+ states: Z=24-30; B.

Pritychenko (BNL), H. Mihai (Michigan), B. Singh (McMaster): 2011; in press ADNDT. Other mass regions are in progress.

Delayed neutron emission probabilities: in discussion last two days at GSI: I. Dillmann (GSI), other participants may be from BNL, McMaster, IAEA, LANL.

Major Nuclear databasescover 100 years of research

20

CSISRS

Experimentalreaction data

>17,700experiments

XUNDL

Experimental structureData

~2800Experiments(since 1998)

ENSDF

Evaluated structuredata

>2900Nuclides(since 1960)Essence of ~60k papers

ENDF

Evaluated reactiondata

multiple data types

NSR

Nuclearsciencereferences(bibliography)

~210k papers (since 1960)

Viewers of ENSDF

Nuclear Data Sheets: journal (Elsevier Science)

NUDAT-2: BNL

Livechart of nuclides: IAEA

NUBASE-2011 (G. Audi et al, Orsay)

McMaster contribution

ENSDF, Nuclear Data Sheets: ~20%

XUNDL: ~95%

NSR (at present): ~25%

NuDat front page

Chart, active area

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From A. Sonzogni, BNL

Who needs nuclear data?And what for?

Nuclear powerNuclear powernew reactor designfuel cycleoperation safetyradiation shieldingwaste disposal and transmutation

Nuclear medicineNuclear medicineradioisotope productiondose calculationradiotherapydiagnostics

Oil borehole loggingOil borehole logging

AstrophysicsAstrophysicsnucleosynthesis

Basic science (physics)Basic science (physics)testing nuclear theory modelsdesigning experimentsreducing experimental data

National securityNational securitystockpile stewardshipcriticality safety

Homeland securityHomeland securitydetecting illicit trafficking of nuclear materials

Nuclear data dissemination

Major users of Nuclear DataMajor users of Nuclear Data1. US 45%

2. EU 24%

3. Japan 5.5%

4. Russia 4.0%

5. Canada 2.5%

March Retrieval Statistics from NUDAT 2.5:

Japan EarthquakeFriday 3/11/2011

Nudat retrievals up by ~50% in the following weeks

A. Sonzogni

Conclusion

Contributions to ENSDF are welcome, as several data evaluators, like myself are at (or beyond) the retirement stage.

Thank you for your patience!