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BALABISH

BY

G. A. WAINWRIGHTWITH A PREFACE BY

T. WHITTEMOEE

WITH TWEN1 y-FIVE PLATES

THIRTY-SEVENTH MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETY

?T

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1920

W75040

BALABISH

BY

G. A. WAINWRIGHTWITH A PREFACE BY

T. WHITTEMORE

WITH TWENTY-FIVE PLATES

THIRTY-SEVENTH MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETY

PUBLISHED UNDEB THE DIBECTION OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDON

:

GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN, Ltd.

RusKiN House, 40, Museum Street, W.C.

1920

I/, 37

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EGYPT EXPLOEATION SOCIETY

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lDice*iP>vesi5ent5

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Lady Tirard.

Prof. T. Whittemore (for U.S.A.)

W 7 5 4

PKEFACE.By Professor THOMAS WHITTEMORE.

At the close of the season of 1914, at Abydos, Mr. G. A. Wainwright and I turned to a

special concession granted to the Egypt Exploration Society by the Department of Antiquities,

in response to a request of the American branch of the Society for olijects for a group of

small American museums.

The site included Sawama and Balabish. Both had been previously excavated by the

Department of Antiquities, as well as frequently plundered by natives, but it was thought

that they might still yield types of pottery much sought by the museums, and, perhaps, other

objects of interest.

Work was liegun at Sawama with about twenty men and twice as many boys. An

interesting Eighteenth Dynasty cemetery was found here, consisting chiefly of burials of

women. Although few of these burials were undisturbed, many objects remained, beautifully

to characterize the jewellers' art of the time. Among the objects were bracelets of ebony and

ivory, and a necklace of exquisite silver ornaments in the form of flies ;ivory wands, carved

with the head of Hathor, delicate portrait rehefs in plaster, toilet articles in lapis lazuli,

blue glass, ivory, wood and tortoise-shell. The pottery, largely Syrian or Syriauizing, presented

many charming and some rare forms. The cemetery was rich in scarabs of Amenophis I,

Tuthmosis III, and Amenophis III.

The excavation at Balabish, fifty miles south of Sawama, on the same side of the river,

carried out by Mr. Wainwright and myself in the winter of 1915, was the only excavation

undertaken by the Society during the war.

At Balabish we found the site to be mainly of the New Kingdom and later. The

burials, though plundered, yielded objects of considerable interest and of distinct museum

value. But the discovery of signal importance here was a small group of pan-graves.

The graves of this group lay adjoining one another, on desert promontories at the ends

nearest the cultivation. The graves were not shallow and pan-shaped, but of the deeper

well-shaped variety, from 1^ to 2 metres deep. Typical pan-grave objects were also found in

oblong graves so small as often to suggest crouched burials, and in full length rectangular

graves of the usual Egyptian type.

Among the contents of these graves were ceremonially broken koJd-Tpots, bronze axe-heads,

jars of scented ointment, finely worked leather—presumably in the form of garments—dyed

and with pierced and tooled ornamentation, shell bracelets, bow-strings, leather wrist-guards,

and an exceptionally interesting bag woven of giraffe's hair. There was an abundance of well-

vi PREFACE.

polished pottery, both plain and with metallic Mack rim. as well as fine, dull red ware in the

form of bowls with incised ornamentation.

Thus it will be seen that these burials present the two-fold, little-known life of this

belated people, who, leaving the backwaters of the South, came licaring lingering pre-dynastic

tradition into the new civilization of the Middle Kingdom.

In the present volume it has been found possible to publish only an account of the work

at Balabish. It is written entirely by Mr. Wainwright from our notes and from the card

catalogue in his possession, and has been seen through the Press by the officers of the Society.

The drawings have all been made by Mr. Wainwright and the photographs l»y a native

Arab workman.

Since 1915 Mr. Wainwright has been in Egypt and I in Russia; the account of the

excavations at Sawama therefore still remains to be written, but we hope that it may be

published during the coming year. In the meantime, those interested may consult our

preliminary report in the Journal of Eijj/ptiaii Ai'duieologj/, vol. i, pp. 246-7.

All the objects from Balal)ish, except those reserved for the Cairo Museum, arc in

America. Their present location is indicated in each case in the Appendix to this volume.

CONTENTS.

Preface ....••.•List of Abbreviatioxs . . . . .

Chapter I. The Site, Burials, Dating Evidence, &c

Chapter II. Tomb Groups (Pan-graves)

Chapter III. Shells, Amulets, Beads, &c. .

Chapter IV. Objects made of Leather

Chapter V. Various Types of Objects

Chapter VI. The Pottery....Chapter VII. Comparative Survey of the Pan-grave Civilization

Chapter Vlll. Objects from the New Kingdom Cemetery

Chapter IX. Foreign Pottery of the New Kingdom .

Appendix. Present Location of Objects found

Index . . . • • • . .

PAGE

V

viii

1

8

17

24

30

35

42

53

Gl

71

73

LIST OF ABBEEVIx\TIONS

USED IN QUOTING WOEKS OF REFERENCE IN THE FOOTNOTES.

A.S.N.

A.Z.

B., A.B. .

L.A.A.A. .

Lacau, Sarcophagrs

L., D.

N., B.H.

P., C.A.

P., D.P.

P., G.R.

P., H.I.C.

P., I.K.G.

P., E.G.H.

P., L.GJf.

P., N.B. .

P., E.r. .

S., Pyr. .

S., Frfc. .

The Archaeological Survey of Nuhia. Beporls for 1907 to 1910 and Bullet!a covcriug the same

period, by Reisner, Firth and others.

Zeitschrift fiir dgyptische Sprache.

Breasted, Ancient Beeords.

Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, issued by the Institute of Archaeology, University of

Liverpool.

Lacau, Sarrophages nnterieurs au Nouvcl Empire (^Catalogue General du Musee du Caire).

Lepsius, Denhnaler aiis Agypten und Athiopen.

Newberry, Beni Hasan.

Peet, Cemeteries of Abydos.

Petrie, Biospolis Parva.

Petrie, Gizeh and Bifeh.

Petrie, HyJcsos and Israelite Cities.^

Petrie, Blalmn, Kahim and Guroh.

Petrie, Kahim, Guroh and Hawara.

Petrie and others, The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh.

Petrie, Naqada and Ballas.

Petrie, Boyal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties.

Sethe, Bie Allaegypiischen Pyramidentexte.

Sethe, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie.

BALABISH

CHAPTER I.

THE SITE, BURIALS, DATING EVIDENCE, &c.

Plates I, XV.

The Site.

The site selected for tliis season's work on behalf

of the American Branch of the Egypt Exploration

Society was at Balabish on the eastern bank of

the Nile, just at the upper end of the triangular

piece of land enclosed between the river and the

eastern desert. At our village, however, the

Nile still hucrs the cliff and runs within three

quarters of an hour's walk of the desert edge.

Though a long way by river, Balabish is actually

only a little E.S.E. of Baliana, for between the

two the Nile takes a sharp double curve, and for

a short distance flows W.S.W. The site is

situated about equally distant from the railway

stations of Baliana or Abu Tisht, perhaps slightly

farther from the former than from the latter.

As may easily be imagined, it is a district very

much cut off fi-om the rest of the world.

Balabish is a small village not shown on

Baedeker's map, but corresponding in position

to that called Gababish in the Descrii^tion de

I'Egi/pte} Tlie name does not sound Arabic

and may come down from ancient days, as with-

out doubt does that of Samhoud just opposite.

Moreover, it is situated in a neighbourhood

which was important from the earliest times

1 See Alias, File. 10.

onwards, being not far from Abydos or Diospolis

Parva. There must have been a place of some

importance here, as the large cemeteries bear

witness. These are of the Middle Kingdom,

Pan-grave, New Kingdom, and Coptic dates.

There has also probably been a pre-dynastic

cemetery in the neighbourhood. We got

another indication of the ancient importance

of this site in the fact that, although the village

near the cemetery is small and unimportant

to-day, the whole district and all its villages go

by the name of Balabish. It requires a con-

siderable amount of explanation to make clear

which of all the possible villages one wants.

The inhabitants are rather exclusive, keep to

themselves, and do not intermarry much with

the other natives. They are the most stupid

natives we have ever met ; in fact, many of

them seemed to be absolutely weak-minded.

This stupidity has become proverbial in the

neighbourhood, for an old saw runs, nas

Balah'sh 'aqle ma fish, " The people of Balabish

are without sense." The story goes that some

men from the village sailed down stream, stole

some sugar from Baliana and hoped to bring it

home unobserved ; they therefore towed the

sacks in the water behind their boat, and on

arrival were surprised to find no sugar. Mean-

B

BALABISH.

while, someone at Baliana being thirsty had

drunk from the Kile and found it sweet, which

raised the alarm, and so the thieves were tracked

by the very means which they had hoped would

cover up their crime. 'Anyone who has had

dealings with them could quite believe the story

true. Indeed, the whole of this triangular area

and the narrow strip adjoining it, forming a sort

of cul-de-sac squeezed in between the Nile and

the desert, is an out-of-the-way place, and is

noted for the stupidity of its population. Atale is told against the inhabitants of Awlad

Yahia, at the bottom end of this district, which

makes them out to be nearly as foolish as their

neighbours of Balabish. The story goes that

they, admiring one of the minarets of the

famous mosque of Girga, came into town one

night, put ropes round it, and proposed to draw

it away to their own village, but naturally they

were unsuccessful. The name given to another

apparently ancient site in this neighbourhood,

Kom-el-magdnin, " Mound of the lunatics," just

opposite Balabish, rounds off the unenviable

reputation of the district.

The cemeteries of Balabish are situated just

behind the southernmost of the Balabish villages,

and lie on a triautrular ridge in a vast torrent-

l)ed. This is quite clear in the central view on

PI. I. The photographs are taken from the

centre of the triangular ridge, and beyond its

edge, especially in the central photograph, can

be seen the great southern part of the low-

lying torrent-bed stretching away to the next

ridge, about level with the point of the arrow,

which makes its southern l)ank. The points of

the spurs forming the base of the great triangular

ridge towards the cultivation are occupied by the

pan-grave cemetery. One is shown in the

photograph, and there are two smaller ones

similarly situated on the other two points next

to the north. They are not included here, as

there was a long stretch of virgin desert between

them ; it was not easy to fit them in in an

intelligible manner, and nothing was to be learnt

from them as they were exactly similar in

character to that here shown. They were very

small, and there were no other cemeteries with

them. From the southernmost of the pan-grave

cemeteries the New Kingdom cemetery stretches

back, filling up the whole area with closely-

packed graves. As will be seen from the top

photograph, the New Kingdom graves are con-

fined to the southern part of the triangular ridge

and hardly touch the two secondary mounds on

the northern side. It was on the western ends

of the two secondary mounds, the eastern

beginnings of which are seen at the bottom of

the top photograph, that the two small groups of

pan-graves were situated in an isolated state.

There is no sharp division between the southern-

most group of pan-graves and the New Kingdom

cemetery, though the graves of each class thin

out as they approach each other. Consideral)ly to

the south again there is a curious knoll rising

like an island out of the torrent channel (see

central photograph, PI. I.). This had been filled

with New Kingdom graves also. Practically all

the New Kingdom graves had been worked out by

the Government and native plunderers, leaving

only the parts nearest to the cultivation, that

is to say, the pan-graves and the New Kingdom

graves nearest to them.

The Coptic cemetery lay a little to the north

of the main cemetery, and in the cliH* face

of the great bluff in the top photograph

were a number of rock-hewn tomb-chambers.

They were uninscribcd and had all been plundered.

As the natives said that figures and boats liad

come from them, wc suppose some of them to

have been of Middle Kingdom date. Some were

very small, and from the relics of their former

occupants which had been pitched down the hill

the burials in many would seem to have been of

the late period. The potsherds of Coptic date

lying about probably owe their presence there to

a colony of hermits, though we found no Coptic

inscriptions in the various chambers we visited.

As we found a pre-dynastic pot in one of the

THE SITE AND BURIALS.

pau-graves, we presume there must be a cemetery

of that date in the neighbourhood whence the

pot was borrowed. So far we have been unable

to find it, and think it likely to be buried beneath

the Nile mud which has encroached considerably

on the desert.

Types of Tomb.

There was no sisrn whatever of anv brickwork,

superstructure, or mound over the pan-graves,

the desert surface being quite hard and smooth.

The great majority of the pan-graves were either

round or oval pits, about five feet in depth. In

this they difier entirely from the shallow graves

found by Prof. Petrie at Hu,^ whence he named

them " pan-graves," but are similar to those

which he excavated at Rifeh very much farther

to the north, not far from Assiut. However,

these cemeteries clearly all belong to the same

class, so many and important are the similarities

between the civilizations of the three sites, though

each naturally presents some details in which it

varies from the others. Thus we are able to

take them as a whole.

There were three types of graves :

—

1. Cylindrical pits of a very accurately circular

section with contracted burials. Type 1 , PI. XV,

and Catalogue PI. XVI.

2. Oval pits also with contracted burials.

Type 2, PI. XV, and Catalogue PL XVI.

3. Long graves with extended burials.

Types 3, 4, PI. XV, and Catalogue PL XVII.

To which may be added :

—

4. Deposits of objects in small irregular holes

without burials. Catalogue PL XVII.

The graves of whatever type were practically

all cut in the hard gravel of the desert, but

B214, 223, were cut down into the underlying

marl. One of the circular graves, Bl81, ex-

panded below, making a section like that of a

wide-necked bottle. Of the oval pits- three,

' These are similar to the latest C-group graves in

Nubia, cf. A.S.^., 1909-10, pp. 16, 138 ff.

B 209, 232, 234, had sides which were practically

parallel, but they were too few to form a class.

B 232 had a wide shallow step at the southern

end. It was 70 cm. wide, which would bring

the total length up to 1-90 m., a length com-

parable to that of many of the long graves.

It is possible, therefore, that this may be an

unfinished long grave. Unfortunately it was

absolutely empty, except for a chipped i'o/tZ-pot

of blue marble and a few scraps of coarse

leather.

The long graves were scattered among the

round and oval ones, and on the southern ridge,

wliere the pan-graves and those of the New

Kingdom join, these long graves extended so as

to meet those of the New Kingdom. In shape

they were quite indistinguishable from those of

the later date which had no chamber, and it was

only possible to recognize them by the objects

which came from them, or from the extraordinary'

state of preservation of the skin, which was a

characteristic of the pan-grave burials. Two of

these graves, however, had shallow lateral niches.

In B 188 the niche was on the S.E. side, and in

B241 on the N.E. side.

The Burials.

In Ijoth the circular and oval graves which

were sufficiently undisturbed to afford evidence

the body was or had been contracted, lying on

the right side with the head to the north and

so facing west. The contracted burials the

attitudes of which we were able to observe were

arranged in the following manner :

—

1. With the femora at about right angles to

the body, and the tibiae tightly contracted, as in

type 1, PL XV. This was the case in B181,

220.

2. With the tibiae tightly contracted, but the

femora at an obtuse angle to the body. PL XV,

no. 189. This type was not found again.

3. With the femora and tibiae so arranged

that the angles at the hips and knees were more

B 2

BALABISH.

equal, as in type 2, Plate XV. This was the

case in nos. B 223, 224.

In the long graves the body was or had been

extended, and strangely enough was twice lying

on its face, in B201, 238. Although it is

possible that this was the work of plunderers in

the case of B 201, the burial of B 238 was intact,

with an unbroken coating of henna (?) paste

about 1 cm. thick over the whole. Therefore

this must have been the original position.

No. B231 was lying on the back with hands

on the pelvis. In every case in which anything

like order remained, i.e. in B 184, 201, 231, 238,

the head was regularly at the north end of the

grave and the feet at the south.

The graves were oriented north or north-west

very regularly, only B 220, 224 turning to the

east of north. Thus the graves were no doubt

following the course of the Nile, and were

intended to be turned to the heal north,

which seems to have been judged by the

direction of the river. Orientation to the north

was adopted by the latest C-group people of

Nubia, and began to appear in the earlier

period.^

Whether the body had originally been made

into a bundle and tied up in a skin we could not

decide. There were generally remains of leather

in the graves and often a great quantity. Scraps

of leather cord also remained, hence the leather

was no doubt tied up in a bundle. But whether

this was just a bundle of leather, as in B235(PI. XI, 2), where some cord still remains in

place round it, or whether the body was tied up

in a leather bundle, as is suggested by the bit of

cord which remained on the leather covering at

the neck of B 224, was not apparent. It is quite

likely that it was customary to tie the bodies u^^

in a bundle, for we understand this was done by

the C-group people at Faras in Nubia, to whomour pan-grave people are related. It was also

done in the proto-dynastic age, to which the

' A.S.N., 1909-10, p. 13.

pan-graves bear so much resemljlance." In

B201, 224, 239 the burial itself ha<l certainly

been covered with leather. The bodies had

certainly been icrapped in woven material in

B201, 238, and possibly in B235, where the

ground was carpeted with woven material under

which was a piece of mat. But this last had

been so plundered that it is quite possible the

covering material had been turned upside down

into the position in which we found it. In B 181

the body had been covered with a tliick layer of

woven material. In B 181, 238, a mat had been

laid over the whole, and probably also in B235.

From B 239 we obtained pieces of woven material

covered with a mat, outside of which again were

pieces of hide with the hair still on. In B238the layer of henna paste had been laid over the

mat. The skin in this case was wonderfully

well preserved and stained a dark red. This

extraordinary preservation and dark coloration

of the skin was characteristic of the whole

cemetery. A good specimen of the state of

preservation in which skin often was will be

found on PI. IX, 2. Such examples were also

remarkable for their weight. Hence it is probable

that some such preparation of henna, or of some

other substance, had been used to preserve the

body, though no remains of it were found

elsewhere. On seeing this grave the men

declared the substance to be henna, and this is

supported by its effect on the skin. We submitted

samples of the paste to the specialists at KewBotanic Gardens, but they report that " it has

been impossible either to identify henna leaves

or to prove their absence . . . The paste certainly

yields a yellow extract to water and to alcohol,

but there do not appear to be any characteristic

reactions whereby this colour may be identified

as coming from henna. Tiie cliief difficulty lies

in the fact that any henna which may be present

has probably decomposed beyond either micro-

scopical or chemical recognition."

^ Petrie, Tarkhan, i, PI. xxvi.

DATING EVIDENCE.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Mats had been used iu BI8I, 235, 238, 239.

They were of two types :

—

1. That found in BI8I, 235 was made by

arranging the reeds alongside of each

other and piercing them through with

others at some distance from each other.

(Fig. 1.)

2. The type found in B238, 239, in

which the cross-pieces were again some

distance apart but were arranged in pairs.

The reeds forming the warp pass over and

under, crossing each other between the

members of each pair. (Fig. 2.) Probably

each pair was fastened at the ends to

keep it from splaying apart, but we found none

showing the edges.

^

Evidence for Date.

The pan-grave people are known from only

a very few sites, and these are strictly confined

to southern Egypt. The most northerly of their

settlements hitherto discovered is at Rifeh, just

south of Assiut. The other sites are Balabish

about opposite Abydos, Diospolis Parva a little

farther to the south, Deir el Ballas" opposite

Quft (Koptos), and el Khizam^ again a little

farther south, and just north of Thebes.

In his original survey of the newly discovered

pan-grave civilization Prof. Petrie assigned it

to the Intermediate Period between the Middle

and New Kingdoms.^ At Balabish we found

plenty of evidence corroborating his conclusion.

A quantity of objects were found of Middle

Kingdom or Intermediate style, such as blue

marble kohl--pots., axes, red rimmed and red

painted situla vases. We did not find any of

the pre-XIIth Dynasty button-seals, such as are

' A fine example of this type of mat is photographed

and published iu P., G.B., PI. x, F.

2 Reisner, A.S.N. Bulletin, no. 4, p. 12. Reprinted

A.S.N., 1908-09, p. 18.

3 P., D.P., p. 48.

sometimes found in the C-group graves in Nubia.*

The absence of these early things is yet another

proof that the pan-graves of Egypt only corre-

spond to the later part of the C-group of Nubia.

We looked anxiously for some evidence as to

whether the pan-graves lasted on into the NewKingdom, but unavailingly. We had hoped to

be able to distinguish between the long and

round graves, expecting to find in the former

signs of greater riches or more Egyptianization

which might give some clue, but we were unable

to do so. Nothing could be poorer than the

two intact long burials B231, 238, producing

only a few shells and a string of beads as did

the first, or three leather cords for anklets as

did the second. On the other hand, circular

grave B226 (PI. VI, 1), though utterly broken

up and scattered, was among the richest we

found, and the owner of circular grave B 181 was

quite bedizened with a variety of beads, some

of them gold. There may be some significance

iu the fact that both the axes of type 1 (PI. XIII)

came from long graves, while type 2 came from

a circular grave. Of the six kohl-Tpots three

came from long graves B201, 207, 208, while

two were found in circular graves B219, 226.

The sixth was from the doubtful grave with a

step in it, B 232. Similarly other features charac-

teristic of the whole were equally well repre-

sented in both classes of graves. For instance,

leather with white beads stitched into it came

from the circular grave B 219 and the lonor m-ave

B231. Pierced leather was found in the oval

and circular graves B213, 225, and in the long

grave Bl84. Of the curved strigils (?) type

no. 8, one came from the circular grave B 239,

another from the long grave B201, while the

provenance of the third was uncertain.

Thus the civilization is equally represented in

both classes of graves.

The best evidence we obtained as to date came

* A.S.N., 1907-08, PI. 71, a, b, nos. 14-16, 36. Cf.

p. 335. A.S.N., 1908-09, PI. 52, b, nos. 30-34.

BALABISH.

from the black spheroid licads, aud this, though

negative, suggests that the pan-graves ceased

about the beginning of the XVIIIth Dynasty.

Black spheroids were common both in the pan-

graves aud in the New Kinodom cemeterv. But

when we examined them closely we found that,

though the majority of these New Kingdom

beads were of black semi-transparent glass, no

single glass head teas discoveraide in a pan-grave.

The pan-grave black splieroids were invariably

of glaze. The absence of glass was similarly

striking in the case of the penannular earrings.

Thou oh "lass was used for some of the small ones

from the New Kingdom graves, this material

was not used for tlie pan-grave specimens, which

were of shell. The small one from B 220

(PI. VII, 2) much resembled opaque white glass

until examined closely, when its true nature was

apparent. This absence of glass is fairly strong

evidence that the pan-grave civilization had

ceased before the use of glass for beads and

ornaments had become common. As stated

above, this had taken place by the latter half

of the New Kingdom, and the use of trans-

parent glass for beads is contemporary with the

beginning of the XVIIIth Dynasty, for there is

a large ball liead of this substance in the Ash-

molean Museum bearing the name of Zeser-ka-ra

(Amenhotep I), the second king of this dynasty.

Corroborative evidence that the pan-graves did

not last on into the XVIIIth Dynasty is forth-

coming from a study of the life history of the

disc beads. As shown on p. 22, the white disc

beads of ostrich-egg shell are very common in

almost all ages of Egyptian civilization until the

XVIIIth Dynasty, when they suddenly cease,

and in their place we find great quantities of

small disc beads of red, yellow or blue glaze.

As the egg-shell discs are very characteristic of

the pan-graves, it is evident that the civiliza-

tion belongs to the pre-XVIIIth Dynasty group,

and it is improbable that it runs on into the

age that discarded these beads. Further, the

XVIIIth Dynasty red, blue and yellow glaze

discs are not found in the pau-graves, though

perhaps the little bright blue beads of type 3

are their forerunners.

Now we know that the pan-grave civilization

lasted as late as the XVIth Dynasty, because a

scarab of the Hyksos king Sheshy of this

dynasty has been found in one of its graves.'

Also we know that the pan-grave civilization

included Late Intermediate types of pottery, such

as Buff 8, 9, Borrowed :] (Bl. XIV), which after-

wards became common in the XVIIIth Dynasty.

Hence there can be little doubt that the civiliza-

tion lasted on till late into the Intermediate

age,- and certainly as late as the XVIth Dynasty,

which immediately precedes the rise of the

New Kingdom under the X\"IItli Dynasty.

AVe therefore conclude that the dying out of

the pan-grave civilization probably coincided

with the rise of the New Kingdom under the

XVIIth and early XVIIIth Dynasties.

The probable coincidence of the disappearance

in southern Egypt of this rude and evidently

warlike ^ people with the rise, also in southern

Egypt, of the warlike kings of the XVIIth and

XVIIIth Dynasties, such as Seqenenre and

Ahmose, inevitaljly leads one to ask the question

whether these kings are not merely transformed

and Egyptianized pan-grave people. Such a

transformation would be entirely parallel with

the history of many families of Beduin and

Ababdah of to-day, who settle along the edge

of Egypt. The father is said never to throw off

his love of the desert, and returns to it from

time to time, but the son prefers the fiesh-pots

of Egypt to the rigours of the desert, becomes

settled and Egyptianized, acquires property, aud

> P., G.B., pp. 20, 21.

- See Petiie's conclusions, Q.B., pp. 20, 21.

2 We found tliree axes, bow-strings, three bracers or

archers' wrist-guards, and arrows were found at Rifeh; and

the Mazoi of Lower Nubia, from which country the pan-

grave people also came, were drawn on for soldiery to assist

in e\-pelling the Hyksos (Gkiffith in Carnarvon, Five

Years Exploration at Thebes, p. 37).

DATING EVIDENCE.

to all intents and purposes becomes absorbed

by the felldlun. We know nothing about these

kings except that they arose in the South, pre-

sumably at Thebes, in the neighbourhood of

the site of the large pan-grave cemetery of El

Khizam.^ However, Prof. Petrie sees a facial

resemblance between them and the Barabra,

and hence suggests that they came from

Ethiopia.- They became the saviours of Egypt

by casting out the Semitic Hyksos, and they

incidentally built up a kingdom for themselves.

This, then, would not be so dissimilar from the

course of events under Piaukhy and Tirhakah,

where we know that warlike Nubians possessed of

initiative set up as orthodox Egyptian Pharaohs,

uniting the Two Lands in the case of Piankhy,

or opposing the newest Semitic invaderS; the

Assyrians, in the case of Tirhakah.

There is, however, another Nubian tril)e who

might claim to be the progenitors of the royal

line. This is the people of the black- topped

cups with the flared rims and grey bands whom

we discover in Egypt in the XVIIth Dynasty.^

These people no doubt come from Kerma in the

Dongola Province, and seem to be connected

with the XVIIth or early XVIIIth Dynasties

in their use of the large fly ornaments so well

known under Ahmose.* Unfortunately we are

still in the dark as to the sequences and details

of the Kerma archaeology, which must form the

foundation of any true view of this race ; but,

apart from the uncertainty induced by our

present ignorance of the Kerma evidence, such

indications as there are seem to point to the

belief that those men were not the founders

of the XVIIth Dynasty, but rather the Ethio-

pians whose advances gave so much trouble in

the early part of the New Kingdom.

1 A.S.N. Bull, no. 4, p. 12, reprinted A.S.N., 1908-9,

p. 18.

2 Peteie, History of Egypt, ii, p. 4.

3 See further p. 52.

• MacIver and Woolley, Buhen, PI. 51 ; Reisneh,

A.Z., 1914, Taf. iv; Bissing, Thebanischer Grabfund, vi, 2,

3, a.b.

In the first place, they make their appearance

in Egypt too late to have founded the XVIIth

Dynasty. They are not found mixed with the

pan-grave people as if intruding upon them, but

their connections are with the Egyptians or

XVIIth Dynasty. See nos. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, of

the list on p. 43.

Secondly, just at the time that they are

entering Egypt we find that the Pharaoh

Kamose knew of a kingdom in Ethopia with -which

he seems to have had trouble.- The dynasty

was not then newly established, as Kamose had

at least three predecessors in the Seqenenres."

Thirdly, we can hardly separate this fact from

the statement made under Ahmose, Kamose's

successor, that '' there came an enemy (?) of the

South,"' which shows that attacks were still

continuing.

Fourthly, each of the kings of the early

XVIIIth Dynasty had to conduct expeditions

against Nubia, each apparently penetrating

farther south, until at last Tuthmosis I reaches

Tombos, just above the Third Cataract in the

neighbourhood of Kerma.^

Thus, from both archaeological and written

sources, the aggression of Ethiopia seems to

belong to a later phase than the disappearance

of the pan-graves and tlie formation of the

XVIIth Dynasty.

Further than this, the graves in Egypt seem

too few and isolated to have been those of a

race of conquerors who established one of them-

selves on the throne.

5 Griffith in Carnarvon, Five Years Exploration at

Thebes, p. 36.

e B., A.B., ii, § 7 ; Petrie, History, ii, pp. 5-7.

' B., A.B., ii, 15 ; Sethe, Uric, iv, 5.

8 Kamose and Ahmose are figured at Toshkeh (Weigall,

Antiquities of Lower Nubia, PI. Ixv, 4), north of the Second

Cataract. Amenhotep I, their successor, reached a little

farther to the south, but is not known beyond TJronarti,

just south of the Second Cataract (B., A.B., ii, § 38), while

his successor Tuthmosis I set up an inscription and built a

fortress on the Island of Tombos just above the Third

Cataract (B., A.B., ii, 67, 72).

BALABISH.

CHAPTEE II.

TOMB GROUPS (PAN-GRAVES),

Plates II, III, IV, VI and VII.

Plate II, no. 1. Tomb group B 1 10.

The saucer is of the ordinary New Kingdom

type of rough brown pottery. It has been

rubbed down to its present size from a larger

vessel, as an inspection of the edge shows. Asmall hole has also been knocked in the bottom.

The beads of the first sti-ing are of types 2, 17,

18, 19, in the second of types 1, 1 B, and in the

third mostly of type 3. There were a great

number of shells. Those shown in the Plate are

mostly Nerita sc. polita (type 2). For a full

list of the types represented see the Catalogue of

Graves on PI. XVI. In the lowest row on the

left are two small palettes of stone with a pink

pebble rubber ; in the centre is a curious stone

notched at one end, which has a few longitudinal

scratches on it, but no clear sisn of having been

used as a palette ; next is a black-topped pot-

sherd which had been rubbed down into an oval

shape to serve as a digger or scraper (?) ; and

lastly, a very thin plate of copper or bronze of

undetermined use. This last seems too thin to

serve any practical u.se, and hence would appear

to be a personal ornament, though it is not

pierced for suspension.

Plate II, no. 2. Tomb group B 208.

A very fine group, coming from a full-sized

long and deep rectangular grave, which had been

utterly plundered. For plan see PI. XV, no. ?>.

All these objects were found in a pile against

the eastern wall of the grave. On disturbing

the sand a very strong scent of ointment, similar

to that of the pre- and j^roto-dynastic age, was

observed, though none of the pots contained any

of the material.

The pottery types accompanying the objects

will be found on PL XIV, Ho, Buff 2, 3, 7,

Borrowed 2, 4, 5, 10. It is a curiously mixed

lot, in that it includes a true pre-dynastic pot

of type D 5 b and the little saucers or covers

Borrowed 4, 5, 10, which might belong to any

age. No. 5 especially gives evidence of its

secondhand origin in bein" nothing; but the base

of an old pot, which has been rubbed down

round the edges to accommodate it to its new

use as a cover to a jar of type Buff 7. It has

also Ijeen notched on the edge. For comparison

with the cover no. 10 the reader should refer to

The Lahyrinth, Gerzeli and Mazgliuneh, PI. xviii,

55. No. 4 is made of the ordinary brown

pottery of the New Kingdom and is blackened

inside. There is nothing to notice individually

in the representatives of the Buff ware from this

group, therefore they will be treated with the

rest of their type. A good example of type

Buff 7 will be found photographed on PI. V, 1.

The pre-dynastic pot is of the clay usual to the

pots of this D class, but has turned an excep-

tionally yellow-green colour owing to its having

been over-fired. This colour, though unusual, is

found from time to time in the D pottery of the

pre-dynastic civilization. The presence of this

pot in a pan-grave should be compared with that

of the pre-dynastic potsherds, evidently also of

type D (no. 67c probably Naqadd and Ballas,

PI. xxxv), which were found in grave 72 : 218

TOMB GROUPS.

of the Nubian C-group.^ In neither case was

there a pre-dynastic cemetery near from which

these pots could have been accidentally transferred

by plunderers. Twice again pots of pre-dynastic

type are recorded in C-group graves,^ and yet

another has been found by the Oxford Expedi-

tion to Nubia in the C-group cemetery at Faras,

which will be published shortly. The bowl H 5,

which is photographed in our group, was a very

fine specimen of its class, and the only perfect

example which we found. The other side of it

will be found in PI. V, 2. The kohf--pot is of blue

marble, a substance characteristic of the Middle

Kingdom, but not unknown in the early NewKingdom, in which horizon we found it at

Sawamah.* This specimen belongs to the most

common of the pan-grave types of kohl-jiot,

no. 13 (PI. XIII), though the workmanship of

the neck differs from that of the drawn specimen

and approximates to that of type 14. For the

shells see further, p. 18. Here it need only be

mentioned that they are Cypraea (?) pantherina,

type 17 ; Malea jjomum (probably), type 18;

Strombus, sp. uncertain, type 19 ; and Charonia

tr'donis, type 20 ; besides which there is a

smallish shell of the Conus species with a hole in

the end of it, shown in the plate near the piece

of webbing. This latter is perhaps a belt.

Beside the small shell are two small black

pebbles, and on the lower row are three bone

awls or borers.

Plate III, no. 1. Tomb group B 185.

The only example we found of a prepared ox-

skull. With it was the ram's horn. There were

no other objects in the grave except relics of a

male skeleton, as the whole had been plundered

1 A.S.N., 1908-9, p. 83.

2 A.S.N., 1908-9, p. 160, no. 14: A.S.N., 1909-10,

p. 132, no. 360.

3 See also Garstang, El ArahaJi, p. 29 ; Curkklly,

Ahydos, iii, PI. lix, 5, 6.

and scattered. As usual, the skull of the ox had

been cut away, leaving little but the frontal bone,

much as stags' heads are cut to-day for hanging

on a wall to display the antlers. The skull was

spotted black and red as usual. The marks are

just discernible on the left-hand side of the

skull. This custom of hanging up ox-skulls

goes back to pre- and proto-dynastic times,*

while that of colouring the bones is more in

keeping with Mediterranean custom, though

differing essentially from it. In the Mediter-

ranean area it is human bones which are so

treated, not animal bones, whereas even in pan-

grave times the human bones are never so

treated. Moreover, black does not seem to have

been used for the decoration of the Mediter-

ranean bones, though this colour is one of those

regularly used on the pan-grave ox-.skulls. It

is strange that this custom, which might be

connected with those of the ]\Iediterraneau area

and which is quite unrelated to anything else in

Egyptian civilization, should Ije found only in

the southern part of Egypt and only at this one

definite period of history. Besides this, it forms

part of a civilization which other\\'ise seems to

have little or no connection with the north, as

up to the present it has not been found north of

Assiut,^ and which did not draw its marine shells

from the Mediterranean but exclusively from the

Red Sea, and which is again connected in many

ways with the civilization of Nubia in the south.

On the other hand, northern influence is evident

in the small vases of black punctured ware of

Mediterranean origin which have been found in

the pan-graves of Hu and Rifeh. The pan-

graves are also contemporary with the domina-

tion of the Hyksos, a race no doubt hailing from

Syria. But if it was they who introduced the

custom of colouring animals' heads, we may

well ask why the habit is not found all over

Egypt.

* P., B.P., p. 48.

^ P., G.R., for a cemetery in this neighbourliood.

C

10 BALABISH.

Plate III, xo. 2. Tomb group B 201.

From a lonor ffraAê. No. 1 is a curious horn

object of concavo-convex section, as is shown on

PL XII, 6 (see further, p. .31). Next to it are

several scraps of fine leather, dyed red, with

little blue beads of type 3 stitched on. No. 2

is a delicate tortoise-shell bracelet of flat section,

for which see PI. XX, 10. This delicate flat

.section seems to occur in tlie ('-group tortoi.ê-

.shell bracelets (?) from Nubia.' But here the

resemblance ceases, as these latter are penannular

in form, whereas ours is a ring cut out of the

solid piece. No. 5 is a penannular object of horn

of flat section, shown as no. 5, P]. XII. No. 6 is

a curved horn object of concavo-convex section (a

strigil?), shown as no. 8, PI. XII. It is no doubt

the remains of another specimen of this type.

No. 7 is a copper casting of the forepart of a

kneeling ram (see better PI. XIII, 3), the hinder

part being merely a liar of square section. It is

a secondhand object, as the bar projecting from

behind is broken ofl" short.

The axe, no. 8, was still fixed into a slot in the

remains of its wooden handle, but there were no

signs of binding having been used, such as

remained on the other axe-head from B 226,

PI. VI, no. 1, and on the similar Ahmose axe.

Perhaps it had been fastened by two collars

slipping over the projecting ends, as was so often

the case.''^ No. 9, the kohl-ôt, is a variety of

type 14 (PL XIll). It is made of alabaster, and

has been provided with a lid roughly modelled

in pottery, and too small for it. This custom of

providing a new lid to a kohl-Tput was observed

in the New Kingdom grave B 34, where an

alabaster kohl-]iot had been provided with a

black serpentine lid wliich was too small for it.

No. 10 is the string (jf carnelian barrel beads

which figures again in PL VIII as string no. 12.

The single melon bead at the end shows up well

again here. These beads come from the neck.

» A.S.N., 1908-9, PI. 37c, 9.

2 P., D.P., xxxii, 21.

No. 11 is one of the l)undles of yellow sinew.

This might well be the archer's bow-string, the

more so as the sinew seems too stout for use in

stitching. Other sinew of a similar nature was

found iu B 179, but with no other objects beyond

the usual masses of leather. We found no traces

of wood which might have represented the bow.

Beside the sinew is a knot of leather. No. 1

2

probably represents another portion of the

warrior's panoply. This is a piece of leather or

hide of triangular shape with two fine leather

cords spanning the back (see also PL XII,

nos. 1, 2). Another came from one of the other

graves which produced an axe, B 226, while yet

another was found in B 235, which did not yield

any other objects of a martial character. There

can be little doulit that these objects are the

archers' wrist-guards or " bracers," used to save

the skin of the left forearm from the chafing of

the released bow-string.^ In both the pots from

this grave (PL XIV, Buff' 1, 6) there was a strong

scent of ointment, though none of the unguent

actually remained. The surface of these pots

was of the silky, rather greasy, texture which

is associated with the cylinder pots of the

1st dynasty. Pot no. Bufi' 1 had had a mud

stopper.

Plate III, no. 3. Tomb group 222.

From a circular grave in which everything

was scattered. Among the oltjects collected

from the filling were the shell strips forming a

bracelet, which from the regular gradation of

the parts seems fairly complete. The beads in

the lowest row are of type 3, in the middle row

of type 9, while the others are of types 1,6,

and 12. With them was found the aidcle-strap

from a sandal. By the binding on it it allies

itself to the sandals of tomb group B226, which

a reference to PL TX will show to lie sandal-

type 1.

For full cliscu.s.sion see Chap. V.

TOMB GROUPS. 11

Plate TV, no. 1. Tomb group B 212.

From a circular grave utterly plundered, with

no bones left. In the filling were found the

small saucer of qullch ware with a hole pierced

in the bottom, an oval potsherd used as a digger

or scraper, and the small footed bowl, which was

painted red. There were also four pieces of

white material, presumably shell, of whicli two

pieces apjjear on the right-hand side of the

photograph. They were very much perished,

and to-day resemble nothing so much as the

cuttle-fish l)one given to canaries. Below are

several flint flakes, the only ones found in the

pan-graA'es. Below these again are pieces of

spongy metallic-looking haematite. There is

also a piece of stone which the authorities of the

South Kensington Natural History Museum find

on examination to be sandstone stained green

with copper. It may have served as a cheap

substitute for malachite. On the extreme right

will be seen a piece of red haematite, which has

been much rubbed down on all sides for use

as a pigment. Samples of the haematite as

well as of the malachite were submitted to the

authorities of the South Kensington Museum,

who vouch for the materials. To the uninitiated

observer the spongy haematite looks much like

the dross or scoriae from a smelting furnace

which still contains a large percentage of metal.

In the middle are two awls, one of bone, the

other of copper or bronze, hafted in a small

wooden handle now much decayed. There was

another similar implement, of bone and broken.

It is represented among the spatulae or hair-pins

of PI. VII, no. 4. The awls are probably for

boring leather, since implements similar to the

copper one are being used for this purpose in

the scenes from the tomb of Eekhmire.^ Anumber of the shells found are figured, also the

beads. Those in the short strings in the upper

row consist of type 3, those in the middle row

are of type 1, while the lowest row of all is a

1 Newberry, The Life of Bekhmara, PI. xviii.

.string of .similar shell disc beads, but in an

unfinished state. This figures among the types

in PI. VIII as string no. 18. In the same plate,

no. 2, is a group of these unfinished beads which

have not vet even been bored.

Plate IV, no. 2. Tomb group B 213.

From an oval grave, perhaps that of a woman,

as short plaits of hair were found in the filling,

though the bones were sexed as male. The hair

does not of necessity imply that the wearer was

a women, for in the Nile lands men are accus-

tomed to l>raid their hair, and, strange as it may

appear to our notions, plaited hair is a sign of

valour. King Theodore of Abyssinia is de-

scribed as having " his hair arranged in large

plaits extending back from the forehead."

"

Until very recent years " the young soldiers

[in Abyssinia] were not allowed to plait their

hair until they had killed a man." Then they

increased the number of plaits in proportion to

the number of enemies slain.'' Although the

custom has now died out among the warriors, it

is still found among those occupied in the

dangerous profession of elephant-hunting. These

men often arrange their hair like the other

Abyssinians, but sometimes " ils les divisent en

un grand nombre de petites nattes qui pendent

autour de la tete, et mesurent parfois 25 ou 30

centimetres de longueur."* This custom may

have been used in ancient Nubia, for the nehed-

haired are named by Tuthmosis I, III, and

others.^ This name is usually translated " the

curly-haired," but Miss Murray has shown ^ that

2 DuFTON, A Journey throwjh Ahifssinia, 1867, p. 98.

3 Veitch, Vieics in Central Ahijssinia, 1868, no. 38.

* Jean Duchesne-Fournet, it/i«sio« enEtMopie, 1901-3,

ii, p. 29-5.

5 Sethe, Urk., iv, 84 = B., A.E., ii, 71 ; Sethe, op. cit.

iv, 613 = B., A.B., ii, 657, and the correction v, p. vii.

s Seligmann, Some Aspects of the Hamitic Problem,

Journ. Boy. Anthrop. Instil., xliii, p. 618, and Brugsch,

Diet., J ^ nM.

2

12 BALABISH.

it mav 1)0 hotter translated " with braided or

plaited hair." The Libyan sidelock may be cou-

.nected with this. It is sometimes plaited and

not merely twisted.^ If Lepsius is accurate in

this detail, it would be significant that some

Libyans are shown" with hair in ridges (plaits?)

runnins; from the forehead back over the head,

just as King Theodore's hair is described. The

Egyptian lock of youth is often shown as plaited.^

Thus the presence of shoi't locks of hair in this

grave is no criterion of sex. The pierced leather

was found near the pelvis, as was the similar

material in Bl84. The presumption, therefore,

is that it was in both cases the remains of a kilt.

With it was found the charmino- little bae; of

woven elephants' (?) hair. A cup of black-topped

ware, type B 2, and also a piece of a bowl of red

polished ware, type Borrowed 1, were found, as

was the piece of curved horn, no. 9 on PL XII.

Other objects found here were pebbles, small

blue beads, and pieces of leather. Attention

should also be called to several laro-e black

feathers, possibly the wing or tail feathers of a

crow or some such ])ird. We had supposed that

they had been introduced by accident while the

grave was open at the time of the plundering,

but we find they also occurred in three C-group

graves in Nubia,* all of which, like the present

tomb, contained male bodies. Mr. Griflith tells

us he has also found feathers, though apparently

of a diS"erent sort, in C-group graves at Faras in

Nubia. There would, therefore, seem to have

been a custom among this people of burying

feathers especially with men. In the second of

the Nubian graves quoted, pierced leather was

also found with the feathers as here. This grave

belongs to cemetery no. 58, of mixed C-group

and New Kingdom graves, and though this

1 Bates, The Eastern Libyans, p. 135.

^ Denhndlcr, iii, 136a.

^ For instance, Prisse, Hhtoire de I'Art Eg. : Portrait de

Ramses-Meiainoun, ifec.

• A.S.N., 1908-9, p. 58, no. 108, where they are stated

to have been black, p. 60, no. 121, p. 64, no. 1.

crave, no. 121. is classed as of the latter date,

there seems nothing to prevent its being an

extended C-group burial.

Plate VL no. 1. Tomb group B 226.

From the filling of a circular grave. A pair

of the fine quality sandals, type no. 1 (PI. IX, l),

the leather of which was beautifully white and

soft, being almost of a silky texture. The upper

side of the sandal was ril)bed with cross lines

tooled in the leather, and had a narrow margin

or welt marked by a tooled line. The leather

Ijinding of the ankle-strap shows up well. The

wrist-guard or bracer referred to on p. 30 is

unornamented, except for the lotuses in the

corner, and has been fastened by two fine straps

instead of the leather cords used in B201. As

in that grave here again the bracer is found with

an axe. This axe is quite (liff"erent in type from

that of B201 (cf. PI. XIII, 1, 2). It seems to

have been set in a much thicker handle, and

there was perhaps a difi'erence in the method of

fastening, for while there is no sign of lashing

on B 201, B226 preserves a fine lashing of hide

practically complete. (See further, p. 32.) Once

again we have to notice the smooth pebbles, this

time of green stone. The pointed one (see also

PL XIII, 15) might almost be a sharpener. One

of them, no. 18, PL XIII, had been used as a

palette, though no sign of paint remained. The

other two gave no signs of wear. Other objects

found were a pair of coj)per tweezers, splayed

out at the ends (see PL XIII, type 4) and

ornamented with a couple of cuts on the sides.

A broken kohl-^ot, perhaps of type 13 (PL XIII),

a few beads of type 1, fragments of two black-

topped bowls types Bl, 3, and the leather

recorded in the catalogue on PL XVI.

Plate VI, no. 2. Tomb group B 227.

From the filling. A pair of the good quality

sandals, type 1 (cf. PL IX, no. I), but not so

fine as those of the previous group. They have

no lines tooled on the surface. As in the last

TOMB GROUPS. 13

case the ankle-straps have l)eeii bound with

leather, though the binding has disappeared,

except for a small fragment on the left sandal.

(See further, p. 25.) Between the sandals are

the beads, consisting of types 1, 12, 13, white

disc beads and spheroids of carnelian and green

felspar. Besides these there is a curved horn

object, pointed at each end, and of a concavo-

convex section, of which we found several (see

PI. XII, 8). We can only sugo-est that it mig-ht

be a species of strigil. This instrument was

used in anti(|uity by the Greeks and Romans,

and to-day the Kaffirs scrape off the sweat with

a sharp-edged bone implement, though not of

this shape, but more like the blunt-pointed bone

objects on PI. VII, fig. 4. Perhaps our examples

may be ancient representatives of the " thin

curved skewer, of hard wood or ibex horn, thrust

through his hair," which the desert Hamite,

north of Port Sudan, wears to-day ;^ but it is

impossible to be certain, as no further details arc

given. An iron strigil of the classical shape,

but probal)ly of XXVIth Dynasty date, was

found at Tell el-Yahudiyeh.^

Plate VII, no. 1. Tomb group B220.

From a circular grave with a male skeleton.

A black-topped bowl of red polished ware, type

B 2, see also PI. V, no. 2. A number of calcite

crystals, among which will be found one of the

several shells of type 2 which we found. A tiny

penannular earring of shell. Another, also of

shell but much thicker, was found in grave B 236.

White shell disc beads type no. 1. There were

also a few^ of the tiny 1)lue beads type 3.

Plate VII, no. 2. Tomb group B 239.

From the filling of a circular grave. Arounded potsherd of qulleli ware used perhaps as

a scraper or digger. A piece of leather wrapped

on to a piece of wood of semicircular section,

> C. Crossland, Desert and Water Gardens of the BedSea, p. 24. 2 p._ jj j q pj ^^j^ g^ ^^^ ^ jg

which, apart from the shape of the wocxl, might

have represented the hafting of an axe. A flat

oval pebble used as a palette or grinder (?). Pieces

of plaited leather-work, now not flat Init rolled

together, suggesting that they had been used as

cords. A piece of rope made of three strands

of twisted leather.^ A piece of a curved horn

implement of concavo-convex section—a strigil ?

See also PI. XII, type 8.

A nail-shaped rod of cak-itc, 58 mm. in length

and 9 mm. in diameter. It draws towards a point

at one end and is shaped into a head at the

other end. It can hardly be other than a lip-

stud, an ornament much in vogue in the Sudan

both in modern and ancient times. On the

other hand, it is not impossible that it might

be an ear-stud. Most unfortunately it was not

found in place, as the grave was utterly plundered,

and it, like the few fragments of bone, was found

loose in the rubbish. Such an ornament as a

lip-stud is entirely foreign to Egyptian ideas,

and forms the strongest connection found by us

between the pan-graves and the south. There

had evidently been some copper in this grave

at one time, for the bones of the pelvis were

stained green. Besides a- quantity of coarse

brown woven material, there remained fracjuients

of a mat of the technique shown in Fig. 2 above

(p. 5). These scraps of the mat adhered both

to the woven material and to pieces of leather

from which the hair had been removed. Hence

it would appear that the body had been covered

with a woven material, upon which had been

laid the mat and then a tanned skin. Other

objects were a tubular Ijead, type 25, of fine

glaze and of a light blue colour, and a few frag-

ments of black-topped pottery.

Plate VII, no. 3. Tomb group B 182.

From a small irregular hole in the ground

roughly triangular in shape and without any

^ Cf. the C-group coi-dage reported A.S.N. , 1907-8, p. .54,

no. 174.

14 BALABISH.

signs of a burial. The curved horn oliject is

another of the strigil-like implements, highly

decorated with incised patterns, as will be seen

from the drawing on PI. XII, no. 7. It has been

bored with two comparatively large holes near

the end, each about a quarter of an inch in

diameter. It was originally longer and had

been mended with a copper strip, but the broken

part has again l)eeu broken oti" and has now dis-

appeared. It came from the south end of the

hole, and near it lay the horn bracelet (see also

PI. XII, no. 5, and p. 31), made of a plain horn

bent round until the tip and butt met. The

few beads were white discs of type 1 and had

once been sewn into leather. In the centre of

the hole was a pot of Buff ware, type 9 (PI. XIV),

full of ointment scented like that of the pre-

and proto-dynastic age, and wrapped up in

woven material. The pot is exceptionally green

in colour and is now very much stained with

the ointment. The presence of the beads which

had once been sewn into leather suggests the possi-

bility of this deposit representing a plundered

burial ; but this seems hardly possible owing

to the smallness and shallowness of the hole,

which completely differentiate it from any of the

the graves. Moreover, the pot was standing

upright in the centre of the hole and occupying

most of the room, and it can hardly be a chance

that the only other hole of a similar nature,

B 223, also contained a large pot of the same

ware, type 7 (PI. XIV), also full of the same

ointment. This pot was sealed, and nothfng else

was found with it.

The ointment is entirely similar to that found

in the pre- and proto-dynastic period, as at

Naqada and Ballas and Tarkhan. In the New-

Kingdom cemetery at Balabish the same scent

emanated from a black polished jug no. B 66 and

a false-necked amphora no. B 87. When found

the ointment is a beautiful clean yellow of the

colour of Itutter and of a crumbly consistency.

If exposed to the hot Egyptian sun it will melt.

On such occasions it exudes a dark brown treacly

substance, and the remainder looks fairly white

and like beef dripping. In fact, in this condition

it looks very like cold gravy. It is greasy to

the touch and comes oft' on a finger rubbed on it.

It still retains a very strong aroma, so that on

opening a plundered grave in which it had been

deposited, its quondam presence is announced

by the strong odour noticeable, even when none

actually remains in the pots. Such was the case

in B 208. Ointment or traces of it was found

in B 182, 182a, 201, 208, 233, 240.

The question of its nature proves to be one of

extreme difficulty, no doubt owing to the

disappearance of the more volatile parts. It

was impossible to make a satisfactory analysis

of the first examples found, ^ and the suggestions

which the analyst put forth led to much archaeo-

logical improbability. Hence the riddle remained

unsolved. Three years ago one of the present

writers brought home samples of the same early

date from Tarkhan, and submitted them to

Dr. Goodbody, of University College, London.

He very kindly went to great trouble over the

enquiry, l)ut likewise was unable to obtain

definite results. This year we have submitted

samples of the pan-grave age both to him and

to Dr. AVilliams of the British Medical Associa-

tion, and hope that at some later date we shall

be able to publish an analysis which will give

definite conclusions. In the meantime wc oft'er

the suggestion that the substance may be some

preparation of balsam or nard, the two perfumes

most in favour in classical times at any rate,

both of which are continually said to come from

Syria or Judca." Of the two, nard is the less

1 See P., N.B.. pp. 1 1 , 39.

- Pliny, xii, 25 (54) says that balsamuiii •' has been

only bestowed by nature upon tlio land of Judna. In

former times it was cultivated in two gardens only."

Stkabo, C 763, speaks of Joriebo as being " encompassed

by a mount<iinous district which slopes towards it .some-

what in the manner of a theatre. . . . Here also is a palace

and the garden of the balsamum."

DiODOiius SifULUH, ii, 48, says that near the Dead Sta

TOMB GROUPS.

likely, as it is only mentioned in the Ulil

Testament in the Song of Solomon, which is

of post-exilic date, though well known in the

New Testament^ and in classical times. The

kuowledoe of it seems to have come from

India," and the Hebrew name nerd is said to be

derived from Sanskrit.^ Hence it probably was

balsamum is produced in a certain hollow, and that it

grows nowhere else.

TiiEOPHRASTUS, Hist. Phvit., ix, 6, says " balsamum is

produced in the hollow about Syria."

Justin, xxxvi, 3, says that " opobalsamum is produced

only in that country (Judea) ; for there is a valley which

is shut in by continuous mountains as if by a wall in the

likeness of gardens (camp in other editions), the space

enclosed being about two hundred Jiigera, and called by the

name of Ericus (or Hierichus, Jericho)." He then describes

the opobalsamum trees, and speaks of the warmth of the

sun in this valley, and remarks that the sun in that climate

is the hottest in the s\'orld.

Now Schweinfurth has shown that the balsam of the

ancients was, not as has generally been supposed Balm of

Gilead, but most probably what is now known as Mecca

balsam, produced by the Balsamodendron opobalsamum, a

tropical tree widely distributed over the coast territory of

Arabia, the adjacent isles, and S. Nubia (Pliarm. Journal,

April, 1894, p. 897). This has caused doubt to be cast on

the classical statements that the tree grew in a country so

far north as Judea, but it really contirms them. For the

more detailed statements show that the part of Syria or

Judea where it grew was a hollow near Jericho, evidently

the deep Jordan Valley. Justin, who gives us the most

complete account, describes the place as shut in by con-

tinuous mountains like a wall, which is a peculiarity of

this valley. His reference to the extreme heat of

the sun in the valley is also of importance, as the

tropical heat of the Jordan Valley is well known to-

day. In May a noon-day temperature of 105^ has been

registered ; hence the land bears a " strange sub-tropical

vegetation " quite out of keeping with its latitude (Ellis-

worth Partington, Palestine a ml its Transformation,

pp. 201, 229). Thus what is known to be only a tropical

plant would have flourished only at the particular spot

in Palestine to which it is so continuously referred by

the classical writers. Joseph us, viii, 6, 6, moreover, says

definitely that it was transplanted from the districts in

which it is now widely distributed, for he says, " we possess

the root of that opobalsamum which our country still bears

by this woman's (the Queen of Sheba) gift."

' Cf. John iii. 3.

2 Cf. Pliny, xiii, 1 (2).

^ Brown, Driver and Bkiggs, Hebrew Lexicon, p. 660.

not used in the earlier ages. It had, however,

probably existed undiscovered for a long time

round the Mediterranean, for Pliny* says that

the next l)est quality grows in Syria, a less fine

quality in Gaul, and yet another in Crete.

Balsam, therefore, would seem a more likely

perfume to have been used in early days.

The Hebrew word bosem, from which l)alsam

is said to be derived, is continually used in

the Old Testament for spice, perfume, sweet

odour, &c.^ The collection of balsam was

probably a very ancient art, as the incision

in the bark of the tree might not be made

with a metal tool, but only with one of sharp

stone, or as Pliny adds, of glass or lioue." This

cannot really have been necessary, as Pliny

goes on to remark that for the less primitive

art of pruning the trees an iron knife might

be used.

It seems probable that our ointment, or its

perfume, was obtained from Syria, for at both of

the periods in which' it is so much used Asiatic

influences were at work in Egypt. In the earlier

age it is sufiicient to refer to the pear-shaped

mace-heads, cylinder-seals, wavy handles to jars,

and the importation of lapis-lazuli, while at the

later time the Canaanitish Hyksos had actually

invaded the land. If, however, it be supposed

that the ointment was obtained from the south-

east, then the balsam tree is found there also,

being widely distributed over those coasts. That

it should have been brought in such large

quantities from the latter region seems unlikely,

as it is absent from both the corresponding

periods in Nubia.

However, we hope that definite analytical

results will some day take the place of specula-

tions such as these.

* Pliny, Nat. Hist., xii, 12 (26).

5 Brown, Driver and Briggs, Hebreic Lexicon, p. 141,

gives the references.

6 Pliny, Nat. Hist., xii, 25 (54) ; Josephus, Aniiqq. of

the Jews, xiv, 481 ; The Jewish War, i, 6, 6.

16 BALABISH.

Tomb group B181 (sec PL XV, 1).

The tomb consisted of a cylindrical pit of

diameter 0"95 m., and depth 1 '05 m., cut in the

gravel, and opening out a little below.

The body was contracted, lying on its

right side with the head at 340° and faced

west. Much skin remained, and the body was

covered with a thick layer of woven material,

over which was spread a mat of the pierced

type. Under the head lay 9, perhaps as a pillow.

1. Pot of hard thick pinkish ware. Type

Buffs.

2. Black-topped bowl. Type B G.

3. Strings of small blue l)eads at r. ankle.

Type 3.

4. Double string of white disc and carnelian

bull beads at 1. ankle. Types 1a, 12.

5. Quantity of blue disc beads on r. and 1.

wrists, extending up to i-. elbow, not so

apparently on 1. forearm. Type 3.

6. Short length of three chains of alternate

blue and white beads on chest. Types 1, 2.

7. Double string of carnelian spheroid beads,

interspersed with gold collar beads at neck.

Types 12, 24.

8. A few l)lue and white disc beads on the

fourth to seventh vertebrae from the sacrum.

These had probably fallen down from H.

Types 1, 2.

9. Thick pad of leather with black wool on

the inside under the head.

( 17 )

CHAPTER III.

SHELLS, AMULETS, BEADS, &c.

Plates VIl, VIII, XIII.

Objects of Bone.

Plate VII, 4. Examples of bone spatulae

or hair-pins (?) and bone borers. No. B 180 and

that without a number are made from the

tibiae of sheep, hence probably the others are

also. These hair-pins are of a flat oval section,

with blunt edges and points. Thus they are

not unlike the strigils used to-day by the

Kaffirs of South Africa and kept in the hair.

That the pre-dynastic people were accustomed

to keep sundry toilet objects in their hair is

shown by the photograph B 378, P., D.P.

PI. vi. Only three of these spatulae were

found, all of which come from circular or oval

o-raves. Borers, like spatulae, were uncommon.

They were found with other objects only in

graves B208, 212; cf Pis. II, 2, IV, 1.

The specially tine example shown in_this

plate was unfortunately an isolated object.

Pointed bones, similar to those of B208, were

found in the Aahmes town at Abydos,^ and

would therefore be a little later in date than these.

They are described as netting bones. None of

ours had an eyelet-hole, as had an undated

specimen from the Osiris Temple at Abydos."

Pointed bones are very rare in the pre-dynastic

age,^ as also is the use of leather, so it is possible

that the one necessitated the other, and that

these bone awls are for boring leather pre-

paratory to receiving the stitches.

Shells.

1 Abydos, iii, PI. h'ii.

2 Abydos, i, PI. li.

3 For the only specimens we know, see Gaestang,

El Mahdsna and Bet Khalldf, PL iv.

Plate VIII, 2. One of the great characteristics

of the pan-graves at Balabish was the profusion

of shells which came to light. Altogether

twenty different species were represented. A

type set is published on this plate, to which

must be added the large examples on PL II, 2.

The list of names, kindly supplied by the

experts of the South Kensington Natural History

Museum, is appended here. Types 17, 18, 19, 20,

went straight to America, therefore it was only

possible to submit the photograph for identi-

cation :

—

1. SjMtha (?) rubens inv.

2. Nerifa sc. polita, Linn.

3. Clanculus i^uniceus, Phil.

4. Sistrum tuberculatum, de Bloiuv.

5. Polinices sc. melanostoma, Lamk. (half-

grown).

6. Conus sp.

7. Cerithium columna, Scrob. (probably).

8. Corallioj^hila sc. neritoidea, Gw.

9. Conus sp. inv.

9a. do. do.

9^. do. do. (?).

10. Cerithium ungositm, Wood.

11. Vivipara unicolor, Oliv.

12. Fusiostoma mendicaria, Lamk.

13. Arcularia (?) circumcincta, A. ads,

14. Columbella sp.

15. Conus sp.

16. Strombus fasciatus. Born.

17. Cypraea (?)pantherina, Linn.

18. Malea pomum, Linn, (probably).

19. Strombus sp. uncertain.

20. Charonia tritonis, Linn.

D

18 BALABISH.

Nos. 1,11, arc modern Nile species, and with

the exception of no. 13, the rest are not Medi-

terranean but Red Sea or Indian Ocean forms.

There is some doubt aljout the true locality

of no. 13.

Of these types by far the most common was

no. 2, both as regards the number of graves in

which it appeared, and also the numbers by

which it was represented. The large open shell,

which was in such continual request in Egypt,

was found here in the Nile species Spat/ia (?)

rubens, type 1. The little Pasiostoma mencUcaria,

type 12, one has seen imitated in paste.

Similarly a small Conu/^, such as type 9, is

copied in jasper in the Xllth Dynasty,^ and

the Ashmolean Museum possesses a string of

such shells in blue frit, also of this date. The

carnelian and felspar shell beads of the Xllth

Dynasty, recorded in Riqqeh, PL xli, 146, are

also copies of small Conus shells (see Bead

Cases of Edwards' Library). Many of the shells

were bored for suspension, and in B 207 we

found fragments of the leather thread on which

they had been strung still remaining in place.

But besides those which had been bored, there

were many which had not been so treated. It

would be supposed that these were stock in

hand against the time when they should be

required. But there was evidently a fondness

for shells for their own sake, as is evidenced by

the beautiful specimens from B 208 (PI. II, 2).

While the big Triton has had a hole pierced in it

the other three have not been worked, but are

in a state of nature. It would therefore seem

that they had been treasured as valuable or

sacred objects, and not as personal ornaments.

The same might apply to the Triton shell, which

is so large that it could hardly, have been worn

on the person. Was it hung up as a charm

about the house or elsewhere by means of its

suspension hole? Large shells, though of a

different species from any of those here repre-

' Petrie, Dendereh, PI. xx, p. 22.

seuted, had been sacred objects at a much earlier

time, for two are sculptured on each of the three

proto-dynastic Min statues from Koptos.'

From the same period comes the necklace of

golden imitation shells.^ Large flat mother-of-

pearl shells of a discoid shape are not uncommon

in Egypt. They often bear the name of Sen-

user t, inscribed in the middle.* As they are often

bored at the point, they were, no doubt, used as

pectorals. Such a shell was occasionally copied

in gold.° Shells of various species copied in gold

formed an important part of the jewellery of the

Xllth Dynasty,'' and a large Pinna shell is

reported as having been deposited with Xllth

Dynasty pottery.'

A large shell was also found in the shaft-

grave, with " Kerma-like," flared, black-topped

cups,^ and again in an XVIIIth Dynasty grave,^

both at Abvdos.

At Balabish we also found a string of white

snail shells in the New Kingdom grave B 90.

On the whole subject of the use of shells, and

the dating of the specimens, see the great mass

of information published by Petrie.'"

It is an interesting fact that no Mediterranean

species is represented among these shells of ours.

Though only natural for geographical reasons,

yet it may one day prove of importance ethno-

logically. Except for the two Nile species, and

the one doubtful species, they are all of Red Sea

or Indian Ocean origin. A similar phenomenon

2 Petrie, Koptos, Pis. iii, iv, pp. 7, 8.

3 R., N.D., ii, PI. 6, p. 139.

* See for instance Petrie, Amulets, PI. xliv, 112, a,

PI. xiv, 112, c, d, p. 27, no. 112, where others are quoted,

and dated to the intermediate period between the Xllth

and XVlllth Dynasties.

5 Biqqeh, PI. i, 4.

'^ DE Morgan, Fouillex a Bahchoiir, 1894, Pis. xvi, xvii,

xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 1894-5, PI. xii.

' Engelbach, Riqqeh and Memphis VI, p. 2.

« P., C.A., ii, p. 62.

^ P., C.A., iii, PI. xii, 6, p. 30, no. 17.

1" Amulets, pp. 27, 28, Pis. xiv, xv, xliv.

SHELLS-AMtJLETS—BEADS. 19

was observed at the pre-dynastic site of El

Amrah,^ where the great majority of all the

shells are of Red Sea origin. Eleven are from

the Red Sea, possibly thirteen, while three come

from the Nile, and only two are from the

Mediterranean.

It is surprising that the cowrie-shell should be

entirely absent from the twenty species dis-

covered at Balabish, the more so as it was such

a favourite with the C-group people in Nubia,

and was much worn in later times in Egypt, as

it is down to the present day. The whole genus

Cypraea is only once represented, and that

questionably, in the large Cypraea pantherina {^)

of B 208.

Amulets.

For a people who made so great a use of

beads, the pan-grave people manufactured extra-

ordinarily few amulets. In this they resemble

the early pre-dynastic people. None are reported,

either in Diottpolis Parva or in Gizeli and RifeJi,

and in only one ease, B 153, did we find a set,

and then it only consisted of very few and of

very inferior make. They are shown in photo-

graph on PI. VIII, 1, no. IG, and in outline

PI. XIII, nos. 7, 8, 9. In two other graves,

B 183, 219 (PI. XIII, 5, 6), we found single

specimens, and except for the shells, which may

also be amuletic, there were no others. They

are all made of a poor quality glaze of a dark

greenish-blue colour, and among them one

notices the common tly, the Taurt figure, and a

plain conical object, for which last see PI. VIII.

The other shapes are curious. On PI. XIII there

is no. 9 of thin section, which one can only

imagine to be an axe-head of a type used in the

Xllth Dynasty." A number are known in our

museums, and the Ashmolean possesses one from

Dendereh, dated to the Vlth Dynasty. Should

1 MacIver and Mace, El Amrali and Ahijdos, p. 49.

- N., B.B.., i, PI. xiv, itc. ; Garstang, Burial Customs of

Ancient Egypt, fig. 165.

our object actually represent a weapon, it could

be compared to the model spear-head used as an

amulet in the pre-dynastic age,^ or with the

model axe-head (?) and arrow-head (?) from

Abydos, which are both unfortunately undated.*

It might represent one of the curious pre-

dynastic slate palettes of much this shape.^

No. 5 is a difficult subject. It can hardly be a

crude attempt at a sacred eye, as one is tempted

to think, for it is marked with diagonal impres-

sions and is pierced in one corner of the face.

Similar amulets of this same glaze, and with

diagonal impressions, ai-e very common among

those from El Mahasna which are now in the

Ashmolean Museum. It was, therefore, a well-

established type. The type of no. 6 is also well-

established, for from El Mahasna again come

quite a number of cylinders with similar rows of

knobs and broad shallow impressions.

Beads.

Next to their fondness for shells the pan-grave

people were remarkable for their love of beads.

Beads were found in almost every grave and

form a group to themselves, not bearing a

striking resemblance to any other group. In

a superficial way perhaps they more closely

resemble the pre-dynastic beads than any others.

This is due to the large preponderance of small

disc and flat spheroid beads, though apart from

earnelian and glazed crystal the materials are

quite difterent, as is also the stitching of beads

into leather. The black spheroid beads (types

8, 9, see strings 9 & 10 PI. VIII), which resemble

those of the New Kingdom graves, differ essen-

tially from them, for while the pan-grave beads

are all of black faience the New Kingdom ones

are mainly of black semi-transparent glass in

which the air bubbles are visible. It is very

3 P., D.P., PI. iv., p. 27.

* Petrie, Abydos, i, PI. li, 2, 3, p. 23.

5 P., N.B., PI. xlvii, 29 ; Ayrton, Mahasna, PI. xv, 3.

D 2

20 BALABISH.

uoticeal)le that glass is entirely absent from the

pan-grave material, and this makes a clearly

defined cultural point. The commonest and at

the same time the most distinctive classes of

pan-grave beads are the white discs (type 1),

and the tiny beads of bright blue glaze, which

are very irregularly cut (type 3). Both these

classes are sewn into the seams of leather to

a large extent. Examples will be seen in

Pis. X, XI of this use of the white and lilue

beads respectively, while on PI. Ill, 2 will be

seen another means of using them, by stitching

them, not into the seams, but on to the surface

of the leather, in this case a softly dressed

leather of fine quality. However, they are also

used in strings as in PI. l\, 1. The habit of

stitching beads into the seams of the leather is

peculiar to the pan-grave people, and they

admired the eflect to such an extent that they

introduced a double row instead of merely a

single one (see PI. X, 1). This seems to have

been effected by the insertion of a piece of

piping between the rows, as shown in section in

fig. 3, but we were unable to make

sure that the leather was not merely

Fig. 3. pierced with a double row of closely

placed holes into which the beads

were inserted and sewn. On the under side

this process would have raised edges quite

similar to those of a piping, and through these

edges the thread passed. The leather would

not bear very much handling as it was perished.

The beads were strung either on leather threads

as in PI. X, 1, or on some fibrous material as in

PL IV, 1.

In several cases we were able to obser^e howthe beads were worn. The large carnelian

barrel beads (PI. VIII, no. 12) were round the

neck, as were the blue disc beads in B210. In

B231 a string of black spheroids was worn

round the neck (PI. VIII, no. 9). The burial

richest in Ijeads, B 1 81 , hud small blue beads on

the right ankle, and on the left there was a

double string of white disc and carnelian spheroid

beads (PI. VIII, no. 8). On l)oth wrists and

extending up to the elbow on the right arm

were a quantity of blue glaze disc beads. At

the neck was a double string of small spheroid

beads of polished carnelian interspersed with

gold collars (PL VIII, no. 13). On the chest

were signs of three strings of alternate blue and

white beads. Between the fourth and seventh

vertebrae from the sacrum were a few blue and

white disc beads, but these had probably come

from the chest, and do not represent a string at

the waist. The wearing of a string of beads up

the arm may be compared to the strange pre-

dynastic fashion of wearing beads on the back

of the hand.^ In connection with the wearing

of beads it should l)e mentioned that in B 238

three leather cords were found bound round the

ankle instead of strings of beads. The shell

strips (PL III, 3) should be referred to here as,

although not precisely beads, yet they come into

the same category. They were found in graves

B96, 222, each time in small quantities. At

Diospolis Parva " they were found made into

bracelets, three of which were worn on the

forearm. The strips are graduated in length as

is seen in PL III, 3, whence it is evident there

cannot be many pieces missing. This collection

was much more comjDlete than that from B 96,

and when threaded it is of a convenient size for

a bracelet or anklet.

Unless they should be found in considerably

larger quantities than this, the pan-grave people

cannot have used these strips to make pairs of

bands crossing on the breast, as it appears the

Libyans of the Vth Dynasty may have done.^

The strips are small pieces of mother-of-pearl of

varying fineness. They are bored at each end

to receive a double thread, which, passing in

opposite directions, keeps them edge to edge.

A list of types of the beads has been drawn

" P., L.G.M., p. 22.

2 P., D.P., p. IG.

3 Bate.s, The Eaxtern Lihi/auH, p. 132.

BEADS. 21

up in connection with the collection of examples

on PI. VIII. The term " spheroid " has been

applied to all beads with rounded sides but flat

ends, whether they are thick

M3^ as in fig. 4, or thin as in fig. 5, «-(}-

Fi„ 4 since in either case the form is pig. 5.

that of a section of a sphere.

The thick ones thus approximate to the true

ball bead, and the thinnest to the disc bead.

The term " melon " refers to vertically fur-

rowed spheroid beads, resembling a hot-house

melon in shape. The term "collar" refers to

short cylinders of wide diameter. They are

made of very thin metal. They fit over the

ends of the spheroid beads with which they are

used, and thus correspond in metal to type lA

in shell, which has been hollowed to serve the

same purpose. Similar, but much larger, gold

collar beads, also used with hard stone spheroid

beads (in these cases amethyst), were found in

two tombs of the Xllth Dynasty at Wady

Halfa.^ Each type is described and is numbered

for easy reference, and to each is added the

numbers of the strings in PI. VIII in which

examples of that type will be found.

Disc heads.

Type 1. White discs, made almost certainly

of ostrich eo-or shell. Strings

nos. 5, 6, 11, 17. Unfinished

specimens are numbered 2, 18 in

the plate.

lA. White discs, hollowed out to take

the spheroid beads. Strings 7, 8.

iB. Fish vertebrae used to supplement

the white discs. PI. II, 1.

2. Coarse blue glaze discs. String 5

in the centre.

3. Tiny brilliant Ijlue glaze, very

irregularly cut. String 15. No. 16

is similar, but of the dark greenish

' MacIver and Woolley, Bulien, Frontispiece to Text,

and PI. 87.

blue glaze. PI. II, 1, third string,

PL III, 3, third string.

4. Tiny black glaze, very irregularly

cut. String 3.

Spheroid beads.

Type 5. Large crystal glazed blue. No. 1.

6. Small blue glaze. Strings 6, 7.

7. Small blue glaze, similar to last,

l)ut much flatter, approximating to

disc beads. Strin" 14.

8. Large black glaze. String 10.

9. Small black glaze. Strings 9,10;

cf. also PL III, 3.

10. Small blue frit. String 17.

11. Small red carnelian ? String 17.

12. Small carnelian. Strings, 4, 6, 8,

13.

13. Green felspar. PL VI, 2.

Melon beads.

Type 14. Poor dark greenish blue glaze.

Strings 12, 16 ; cf. also Pis. Ill, 2,

no. 10, XIII, no. 11.

15. Black glaze. PL XIII, no. 11

(B236).

Cylindrical beads.

Type 16. Large blue glaze. PL II, 1.

17. Large blue glaze, with black line

spu'alling round. PL II, 1.

18. Large black glaze. PL II, 1.

19. Large bad dark greenish blue glaze.

PL II, 1.

20. Small bad dark greenish blue glaze.

String 16.

Barrel beads.

Type 21. Large carnelian. Strings, 4, 12.

22. Small poor dark greenish blue glaze.

String 16.

23. Small green felspar.

Collar heads.

Type 24. Gold. Striuo- 13.

22 BALABISH.

Drop heads.

Type 25. Large fiue light blue glaze. B239.

2G. Small poor dark greenish l)lue glaze.

String 16.

Tlie white disc beads would appear to l)e

made of ostrich egg shell. A large number of

unfinished ones were found (PI. VIII, nos. 2, 18),

some of which were submitted to the experts

of the South Kensington Museum of Natural

History, who report that they are '"almost

certainly ostrich egg shell." It is evident from

the unfinished specimens that small pieces of

shell were chipped to approximately the right

size, then bored with a blunt point, and finally

the rough edges were polished down. For this

process they might have been tightly threaded

on a string which would thus give a sufficient

surface of edges on which to work. With these

were occasionally found small fish vertebrae of

suital)le size. These being- of a whitish colour

served the purpose very well, and were no doul)t

easier to procure than the shell discs, which were

only produced after a laborious rul:)bing down

and boring. It is very noticea1)le that these

white disc beads cease abruptly on the rise of

the XVlIlth Dynasty, but begin to come in

again during the XlXth, and are found in the

XXlInd Dynasty. They had been very common

throughout the earlier periods, i.e. in the pre-

dynastic, apparently not in the Old Kingdom,

in the Intermediate Period between the Old and

Middle Kingdoms, in the Middle Kingdom, and

in the pan-graves. In the XVII Ith Dynasty,

wlieii they drop out, their place is taken by the

new brightly coloured discs of red, yellow and

blue glaze. After the novelty of these has worn

oft' they begin to come into fashion again.

Tlie ancient art of glazing crystal a Itlue

colour was represented here in tlie large

spheroid bead, type 5. It was the only example

of this rare art which came to light. This

probably constitutes another link with the

pre- to proto-dynastic age, at which time this

technique was most extensively employed.'

Unfortunatelv this is not absolutelv decisive

evidence, as very occa.sional beads are known

dating to the Xllth and XVIIIth Dynasties."

Blue glaze was very common, in fact almost

all the graves produced at least a few lilue beads

of the tiny irregular type 3. The colour of

these was a bright blue of brilliant quality. Of

a bright blue glaze were also some of the

spheroids, and the large coarse discs, type 2, in

which latter the glaze itself was of a coarse

quality to suit the bead. In all these classes

the glaze and colour were very difl'erent from

those of the amulets and larger beads of string

no. IG in Plate Mil. The glaze of these

amulets and beads was of poor quality and of a

deep greenish blue, like that usually associated

with ol)ject3 of the XXIInd Dynasty. It was

not a chance occurrence here, as these peculiari-

ties are found again in graves Bl83, 219.

However, although this glaze was much in

vogue in the XXIInd Dynasty and is distinctive

of that age, yet it is liy no means confined to

it. It is found on pre-dynastic beads from

Hierakonpolis ; on Vllth Dynasty (?) beads from

El ]\Iahasna ; on Xllth Dynasty beads both from

Beni Hasan and an unnamed site ; and in the

pan-graves at Hu.^ Perhaps it should be

remarked that it is specially connected with

many of the forms in which it is found here,

that is to say, melon beads, type 14, drop beads,

type 22, and the strange amulets nos. 5, G on

PI. XIII. It was especially prevalent in the

' P., N.B., pp. 44, 4.5 ; HieralconpoUg, ii, p. 39 ; Pktrie,

Ahydos, ii, p. 26, PI. viii, nos. 171, 172, 174; see also

Pis. vi, 03, vii, 84. A piece of proto-dynastic age from

Faras in Nubia is in the Sudan Room at the Ashmolcan

Museum. Tlio largest piece is the XVII Ilh Dynasty

sphinx (MaspehO, Guide to tin- Cairo Musriim, fifth En!,'lish

edition, p. 130), but this is of opaque quartz, not crystal,

and is glazed white.

- See the bead cases of these dates in the Ashniolcun

Museum, and Edwards Collection.

* These can all be studied in the bead cases of the

Ashmolean Museum.

BEADS. 23

material from El IMaliasna of Vlth to Xlth

Dynasty date. Hence, with regard to this

quality of glaze, and to the melon beads them-

selves, and so many other details of Egyptian

civilization, it must be realised that it is not

peculiar to any given period, but that it has a

long history, coming into greatest prominence

in some one period, to which it is often

(wrongly) said to be peculiar.

A cylinder bead, type 17, was found, of good

blue glaze, with a black line winding round it in

a spiral from end to end. This is a Xllth

Dynasty type, and is perhaps a decadent imita-

tion in glaze of the old gold beads of the pre-

dynastic age^ and of the IVth to Vth Dynasties.^

These again are probably related to such beads

as those of the proto-dynastic age, which are

made of gold wire coiled spirally.^

Black glaze was also much in fashion (PI. Ill,

no. 3, PL VIII, uos. 3, 9, 10), and, as has been

remarked above, strikingly differentiates between

the pan-graves and those of the New Kingdom,

where similarly shaped beads are often made

of black glass, more or less transparent, and

showing bubbles in its substance. In tomb

group B222 (PL III, 3), these black glaze

spheroid beads were found with similar beads

of blue glaze. This combination was found again

in the New Kingdom group B 108.

Blue frit was used in B 153 for spheroid

beads, type 10, see PL VIII, no. 17. The use

of this material is known as early as the Xllth

Dynasty for spheroid beads and model Conus

shells, both of which can be seen in the

Ashmolean Museum.

1 P., L.G.M., PI. V.

2 Gaestang, El Mahdsna and Bet Khalldf, PI. xxxvii.

^ P., B.T., ii, PI. i, 3, and p. IS ; de Morgan, Tombeau

Boyal de Negadah, fig. 744.

Carnelian (PL Mil, strings 4, 12, 13, and

PL III, no. 3, middle string) does not seem to

have been in great request as a material for

bead-making, but as the two m(wt important

graves B201, 181, the latter of which was

unplundered, both produced a considerable quan-

tity of this material, it is quite possible that

carnelian beads had once existed in the other

graves also. The carnelian beads are of two

types, spheroid and barrel, types nos. 12, 21, and

vary considerably in quality, from the beautiful

little spheroids, which are highly polished and

well worthy of their gold collars (PL YllI,

string no. 13), to the large rough ones figured

as string no. 4 in the same plate. The barrel

beads, string no. 12, had been quite good, l)ut

they are now very much chipped. This condi-

tion bears out the second-hand appearance of

so many of the details of this civilization.

Green felspar (PL VI, 2, and also grave B 228)

occurs rarely, and almost always as a spheroid

bead, type 13. In PI. VI, 2, felspar is seen

to occur with similarly shaped beads of

carnelian.

On the whole the hard stones so much aflected

by the Xllth Dynasty may be said to be

noticeable by their absence, particularly amethyst

and hsematite. There is a corresponding lack of

the favourite Xllth Dynasty large sized ball

beads, whether in hard stone or glaze, which it

might have been thought would specially

appeal to a savage race, such as these pan-

grave people appear to have been.

Gold was only found in grave B 181 (PL VIII,

no. 13). The beads were in the form of little

collars separating some of the carnelian spheroid

beads. Their similarity to the gold collars of

the Xllth Dynasty jewellery of Wady Haifa

has already been referred to.

24 BALABISH.

CHAPTER IV.

OBJECTS MADE OF LEATHER.

Plates IX, X, XI.

Sandals.

Plate IX, 1. Sandals, or remains of them,

were found in graves B 218, 222, 226, 227, 234,

24.3. All have one characteristic which distin-

guishes them from those of the New Kingdom,

for they invariably consist of a single thickness

of leather, and not several, as do the New Kina;-

dom examples which we found. Moreover, they

were all square or rounded at the toes, and

never pointed, as so often in the New Kingdom.

The New Kingdom sandal from B 170, PI. XVIII,

serves very well to illustrate both points. The

leather of the pan-grave sandals is not reinforced

by nails or by any other means. In types 1

and 3, which include the majority of the sandals,

they were fastened by a toe-strap, springing

from a single hole in the sole and passing back

to a pair of loops at the ankle. How the strap

was treated after this is not clear, and what

evidence there is is not easy to interpret in the

light of our knowledge of Egyptian sandals. In

B 234 the toe-strap itself continues through the

eyelet-hole in the ankle-strap, and, one supposes,

must therefore finally cither have been tied on

itself over the instep, or have passed back to tlie

hole in the toe whence it sprang. Both these

arrangements wonUl Ijc contrary to those shown

in the models,' and to those of actual specimens

found in the Xlth Dynasty temple of Deir el

Bahri" and at Kerma,^ and also to those of most

1 Petrie, Deshasheh, PI. xxxiv, 6.

2 See PI. X.

3 Boston Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, vol. xii, fig. 20.

of the drawings of sandals with a strap passing

round behind the foot. In all these the toe-

strap is separate from that round the foot, and

ends in a loop on the instep through which the

latter runs (fig. 6).^

The only true exceptions we have found to

the general rule are the sandals

carried behind Narmer on the

great slate palette from Hiera-

konpolis.* Here, besides other

Fig. G. minor variations from the general Fig. 7.

later type, the toe-straps do not

exhibit any loop at the instep, but are them-

selves double (fig. 7). The fastening, therefore,

is apparently carried out by a single strap

t A study of a number of examples shows that unless

more evidence be foi'thconiini; such apparent exceptions as

nos. 411, 414, 418 of Lacau, Sarcophages, PL 1, must be

regarded as less detailed drawings of such sandals as are

shown in Schafer, Priestergriiber des Ni'-user-re, fig. 7.3,

PL xi. c, fig. 139, where the toe-strap is shown quite plainly

to be separate from the sti-ap which encircles the foot. It

must be added that even if nos. 411, 414, 418 represented

that which they seem to do, i.e. a single strap slit and

passing through loops in the ankle-straps, such a system

would not be applicable in our case, for the holes in oui'

ankle-.straps have never been open, as thoy are not looped

but are eyelet-holes pierced in the .strap itself. Thus they

are only suited for the purpose of threading a loose end,

and not for being fastened over an endless strap. These

figures might, however, represent sandals in which the two

ends of the encircling strap meet before passing into the

hole at the toe. If so, they would represent that which we

suggest to have been the method employed for our pair.

However, the doubling of the part of the strap over the

instep is never suggested at all, even in large drawings like

those of N., B.H., iv, PL xxvii, 1.

5 Qdibell, A.Z., 36, Pis. xii, xiii.

SANDALS. 25

starting from the toe of the sandal and running

round tlie foot back again to the toe/ Further

evidence can be adduced that this was the ancient

method, bv the fact that detailed drawing's of

the sign of life -f- {^ nil or ankh) show it double

at the "handle" or loose end. Battiscombe

Gunn has shown this sign to have originally

represented the sandal-strap, and Gardiner"

notes that it is difficult to make the Middle

Kingdom representations of the sandals and the

•¥• tally in detail. He explains the difference on

the ground of the antiquity of the sign, and

from the evidence of Narmer's sandals this

is probably correct.^ Thus from the details of

the •¥• hieroglyph, or ancient sandal-strap, we get

corroborative proof that the proto-dynastic

sandal was fastened by one continuous strap

springing from the toe, passing round behind

the foot, and returning to the toe again. Hence

it may be supposed that this was the means

employed in the case of B 234. In other words,

' The broad piece across the instep is uo doubt some

sort of guard to prevent the strap chafing. In later times

the straps themselves were often made broad over the

instep. Cf. especially the unusual sandal in Newberry,

The Life of Bekhmara, PI. xvii, 3rd register.

•^ Dictionary of Beligion and Etkics, " Life and Death,"

p. 21.

' The cross-pieces of the -t- still ofler a difficulty, for they

cannot represent a bow-tie on the instep, as no such thing

is ever found. From a study of originals, models, anddrawings, it is evident that what looks like the end of a

bow-tie on the instep of figs. 7, S, 9 in Gardiner's article,

is really the toe-strap and its loop to which the rest of the

straps join. The cross-pieces of the -p should then be the

ankle-straps, though placed a little far forward in the

general scheme. In fig. 2 of that article they are actually

shown as slit ior the eyelet-hole and bound with a strip of

leather, as were ours (cf. Pis. Ill, 3, VI, 1 and 2). Or wemight by the analogy of Narmer's sandals explain them as

some sort of a pad to relieve the instep. The line dividing

the two straps at the toe is quite clear in Quibell's draw-

ing {A.Z., 36, PL xiii), and in the original photograph

(HieraJconpolis, i, PI. xxix). Its presence greatly increases

the similarity between the -p and the ancient sandal-straps.

we conclude that the sandals of this early age

were fastened in a manner different from the

sandals of later times, but .similar to that

employed by the pan-grave people. This forms

yet another connecting link lietween the pan-

grave people and those of the pre- to proto-

dynastic age.

The other sandals were probably also secured

by a strap which passed round tlie foot rather

than joining the sole below the ankles, for,

besides being suggested by B2.34, this was by

far the most common method employed in pre-

New Kingdom times. Out of twenty-six cases

observed the strap passed round the foot in !(>,

joined the sole by means of the ankle-strap in 7,

and joined the sole directly in 3. After passing

through the hole at the toe the strap is secured

beneath by a large knot, which, coming in

contact, as it does, with the ground, must

soon have worn through, besides being very

uncomfortable in walking, as it formed a lump

just under the toes. However, sandals were

very little worn, and no doubt, like those of

Narmer, often carried, even on ceremonial

occasions, just as the modern fellah/ ii very often

carry their not over-strong red shoes to-day. In

nos. B 222, 226, 227,* the ankle-straps had been

bound round with a strip of leather, and no

doubt this had been the case with all, as is

suggested by B 227 (PI. VI, 2), for here, though

the binding has disappeared from the more

perfect ankle-straps, yet a scrap remains on the

one that has nearly perished. Nos. B226, 234

had been tooled on the upper face with lines

edging the outline, and with others running

across the sandal. No. B 226 was of exceptionally

fine quality leather of a silky texture, and was

noticeably much whiter in colour than the others.

In the coffin paintings the majority of the

sandals are white, and they are often called " a

pair of white sandals."^ Horus' sandals are said

* See Plates III, 3, VI, 2.

" L.VCAU, Sarcoplinrjeg, i, juisslui.

26 BALABISH.

to 1)L' wliitc ill the Pyramid Texts.' In one of

the coloured pictures of outfits for the dead man

two pairs of sandals are shown, one of which is

black and the other white.' Perhaps these

represent an every-day and a better pair.

Type no. 2 of PI. IX is very different from

types 1 and 3.. both in shape, manner of fastening,

and quality of leather. It is square toed, is not

shaped to fit the right or left foot, has two holes

for toe-straps instead of one, has no ankle-straps,

but is pierced with two holes towards the heel.

It would, therefore, seem to have been fastened

by two straps running from the toe to the heel,

and perhaps crossing on the instep. However,

we do not know exactly such a type elsewhere in

Egypt, though it may be connected with the

rather different sandals represented in the

wooden model of JMiddle Kingdom date.

Though this is not quite the same, for while

having the two holes near the heel it has only

one at the toe.^ Again, it may be derived from

some such type as the strange form dating to

the beginning of the pre-dynastic period, S.D. 32.*

This pre-dynastic specimen, however, is much

more closely allied to the elaborate form adopted

by Absha's Aamu in the Xllth Dynasty,^ and to

the unusual form of which only fragments

remain,* and which from the style of dress is

probably of Vih Dynasty date. With this

sandal, B218, was found the bundle of cords—

a

belt ?—figured on PI. X, 1.

Types of Leather.

We now come to the leather-work, examples

of which in some form or other were produced

l)y the majority of the graves, as a glance at the

1 Sethe, Pi/r., § 1215, a.

- ScHAPEK, Priestergraber (leg Ne-wser-re, tig. 8^3, p. 59.

Ibid., fig. 159, p. 100.

* P., D.P., Pi. X, 19.

•^ N., B.IL, i, PI. xxxi.

" Petrik, Medum, PI. xxviii, (>.

ratalogue on Pis. XVI, XVli will show. It was

often found in very great quantities, and is

rather less prominent in the long graves than in

the circular or oval ones. The leather had been

well prepared and had every appearance of

having been tanned, though we have been

unable to get specimens analysed. In some

cases the hair was not removed. The true (i.e.,

hairless leather) was of two qualities, the one

thick and stout and the other thin and soft, like

chamois leather. The surface of the thicker and

stouter c|uality was, as a rule, c|uite smooth and

good, as is evidenced by the skirt on PL IX,

no. 2, and by the pieces on PI. X. On some of

the thick pieces which retained the hair a purple

stain was noticed."

Besides being used in the piece the thick

leather was made into cords, as was also the thin,

for the anklets in B 238, and for the fastenina; of

the bracer B201 (PL XII, 1). The soft thin

leather was cut into fine strands and used for

sewing. It was often dyed red. The stouter

skins retaining the hair were much used in large

pieces, and sometimes covered the body, as in

nos. B 177, 179, where it was found in position,

though true leather was also used for this

purpose. This coarser quality, whether skin or

leather, was undyed, but retained its natural

colour. It seems to have been made from cow-

hide as a rule, so far as one could judge from

the hair and its colom*. In B 179, which had

the greatest range of varieties, the skins with the

hair came from a red, a black, and a white-and-

red cow respectively. Besides these skins with

the coarser hair there were others with a finer

slightly curly hair, mottled either black and white

or else red and brown. Only one skin was found

which could be attributed to a sheep, and that

came from B 181, where a thick pad of leather

with black curly wool was rolled up under the

head, making a pillow.

• Of. the C-groiip leather; A.S.N. , 1907-OS, p. jys,

no. 24, no. 222.

LEATHER-WORK. 27

The finer leather of chamois type, mostly in

very small pieces only a few inches square

stitched together to make a large piece, was

found in close contact with and following the

creases of the stouter skins.' It had certainly

lain under the latter at the time of burial,

though, unfortunately, it was all too brittle andCD ' •'

in frao-ments too small for us to see whether

the connection were any closer. As a rule it

came away quite freely from the .skins, and it

had certainly not been closely attached to them

over its whole surface. However, in B 179,

where we found a large piece, it had been sewn

on to the skin, at one edge at least." The other

edge had disappeared. At first we took the

finer leather to he the remains of a bag, but it

would have been too large to have been con-

venient ; therefore it is quite possible it was a

lining to the .skin, stitched to it only here and

there.

This soft leather was sometimes ornamented

with little lilue beads of type 3.^ A great deal

of it was dyed red, notably in graves Bl77,

179, 180. 201. 213, 226, 243, though only in

one instance, B 183, was red dye used on a skin

with the hair still on. One cannot but compare

this fine red-dyed leather with the material of

the long costumes worn by the Libyans (?) of

Beni Hasan,* and painted a dull red colour,

which evidently represents a similar leather.

In the fifth century B.c. the Libyan women were

still w^earing a fringed costume of red-dyed

leather from which the hair had been removed,^

though they used goat-skins for this purpose.

Though these fringes evidently formed the edge

of the garment, as they are likened to the snakes

on the aegis of Athene, they .should yet be

compared with the leather covered with fringes

I figured in PL X, 1, and again, to the sewn and

fringed leather of the early pre-dynastic age in

Nubia." Probably, however, the scalloped edge

of the Xllth Dynasty Libyan woman's robe at

Beni Ha.san corresponds best with Herodotus'

description of thongs or straps. Still more

similar are the more deeply-cut scallops worn

I

by the pre- and proto-dynastic woman round

the top of her garment.' Leather was also very

common in the pre-dyna.stic and Old Kingdom

graves of Nubia, w-here it was also used as

clothing.' The Nubians of the XVIIIth and

XlXth Dynasties wear a breech-clout made of

skin with the hair still on it.'' It does not

appear that the pre-dynastic and Old Kingdom

}

leather was dyed, though the art of dyeing was

known in the early pre-dynastic age, as witnessed

by a mat which was dyed red.'" There exist

pieces of leather of pre-dynastic or proto-dynastic

age with patterns painted on them.'' The long

cloaks with designs, worn by the pre- and proto-

dynastic female statuettes,'" may be of such

painted leather.

The joining of separate pieces of leather was

effected in three ways :

—

1. By a button-hole stitch passing over and

over, and making a ridge at the joins.'^

2. By laying one edge upon the other, when

' 8ee PI. XI, 1, Jiiul found again in nos. B 177, 213.

- C£. PL XI, 1, especially the top rigbt-liaud corner.

See PI. Ill, 2.

'' A.S.N., 1907-08, p. 124, no. 24.

• Capart, Primitive Art in Eyyjjt, tig. 130, p. 1G8.

" A.S.N., 1907-08, pp. 115 onwards.* X , i? H., i, PI. xlv. Tiiese figures are generally taken m, ,-, •

to be Libvans on account of the feathers, no doubt, but ijursiuft, 4/*-"""""c., n,

^ ^jji-

they are very diflferent from the usual representatives of '''''"'"«. ». P'^te between pp. 321, 325.

these people. Appearing as they do in the Xllth Dynasty, u, J^^S.N., i, p. 121, no. 81.

just before the pan-grave people are known in Egypt, and^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ j^.^ ^^.^ -^y^^

wearing the pan-grave red leather garments, we may well

ask whether these are not pictures of pan-grave people. ,

'" Petrie, Hierahonjwlis, i, PI. ix.

" Herodotus, iv, 189. '•'' See PI. XI, 1.

E 2

28 BALABISH.

Fig. 8.

the two are tightly stitched together Ijy a leather may be that the linen garments covered with

thread passing through closely placed holes, loose hanging threads, which are sometimes

Fig. 8. Until unpicked the seam has the worn in the New Kingdom, are a derivative of

appearance of having been some such costume as this. The fringed leather

riveted.}

costumes of the pan-graves seem to have

;3. By causing the two belonged to women, since grave B 219 contained

edges to overlap consider- a /:()// /-pot, and was therefore probably that of a

ably, and fastening each down by a row of female, while the skeleton in B231 was of this

coarse simple stitches at each edge.' sex. One is thus reminded of the skirts of long

As a rule the stitchery is very good, and how leather fringes whirh the girls wear in Nubia

neat the resulting join appeared on the outside and the Sudan at present, though to-day the

can l)e judged from the example in the top right- fringes hang direct from the waist and are not

hand corner of PI. XI, 1. The thread used set on a backing of leather. Unfortunately no

consisted of very finely cut strands of leather, :

evidence was forthcoming as to how the pau-

and, as no needles were found, the leather was grave fringed leather was used, whether as a

presumably pierced by means of the bone and skirt or a cloak.

Nos. B225, 2.39, from two circular graves.

Scraps of plaited or woven leather, presumably

used as cords. No. B239 had been manufactured

flat and since rolled up longitudinally ; this is

clearly shown in Plate VII, 2.

No. B 2 1 4 , from a circular grave. A piece of

the ordinary stout leather cordage as found in

copper awls frequent in the graves."

• Various Ob.jects of Leather.

Plate IX, 2. B 210, from a circular grave. A

leather skirt found in position, the belt con-

sisting of a cord wound three times round

the waist. A similar arrangement was found in

B 219, where a cord was twisted six times round

the waist, supporting the costume, which was

represented by a few fragments of leather tucked

in under the belt.

Plate X, 1. Various examples of leather-work.

No. B219, from a circular grave, has white

beads (type 1) sewn into the seams, as was the

case in no. B2:U, a long grave. A strip of

leather has been inserted in the centre of the

seam between tlie beads so as to keep the

two rows apart. This garment was further

ornamented on the surface with a fringe, as also

was that of B231. Hence, no doubt, the other

fringed piece on the right-liaml side nf (he

photograph also (jrigiually belonged to it,

though it was broken up and scattered in the

plundered grave. The fringes are stitched in

and thickly cover the surface of the leather. It

' See PL XI, 1.

' See Plates il, 2, IV, I, VII, 4.

B177, 182a, 183, 214, 216, 219, 223, 224,

235, 239. Other examples will be found on

Plates VII, 2, IX, 2, XI, 2. It is a plain twist,

and should be compared with the narrower quality

from B218 figured alongside, and with the

very fine quality found occasionally, as in B235

(PL XT, 2),B 238, where it was used for the three

anklets, and B201, where two such fine cords

fastened the wrist-guard or bracer. The piece

under discussion also shows one of the knots

used. For another, see the lop of tlie bundle of

cords alongside.

No. B218, from a circular grave. A bundle

of leather cords bound together in various

places. It no doul)t formed a belt, and is not

unlike belts sometimes used to-day.

Plate X, 2. B 184, from a long grave. B 213,

from an oval grave. See PI. TV, 2, j). 11.

Pierced leather-work of th(> same (juality of

stout leather as the skirt, PI. IX, 2, and the

leather, PI. X, 1. B 184 was actually found on

LEATHEPv-WOEK. 29

the thigh, while iu B213, which was haJly

wrecked, it was found near the pelvis. They

are thus the remains of leather kilts, and were

worn by men. Scraps of similar leather came

from B225, a circular grave. Pierced leather

came from male graves of the C-group in

Nubia.' The fashion of wearing pierced leather

kilts may have given rise to the protective kilts

of slit leather so often worn over the ordinary

linen kilt by peasants in the New Kingdom.^

The ornamentation of our specimens by means of

small slits is very carefully and accurately done.

In B213, the best preserved specimen, it

consists, in the middle piece, of a margin of ten

continuous rows of slits .succeeded by a similar

space lilled with eight intermittent rows of slits

in groups of three with an occasional fourth.

In the right-hand piece, also from B213, there

are thirteen continuous rows and eight inter-

mittent. In this latter piece the spaces allotted

to the continuous and intermittent rows are

about the same, but are wider than the

corresponding ones in the middle piece. Asimilar design, though different in details, is

exhibited in Bl84. Here on one side a wide

space is occupied by at least seventeen continuous

rows, while a comparatively narrow space is

1 A.S.^\, 1908-09, p. 60, no. 12, ic. See also p. 12.

- Newberky, The Life of BeMmara, PI. xiii, lowest

register. Note the kilts worn by the men on the top

register of PL xxi, which have every appearance of being

different from the previous examples, and of being simply

leather pierced ornamentally as were our kilts. For larger

copies of both of these, see Prisse, Hiatoire dc VArt

egyjAien, ii, Pis. -58, 59.

filled not with groups of .slits, but with widely

separated single ones. B 225 produced a few

scraps of a similar design, in which the slits

were grouped in pairs.

Plate XI, 1 shows the fine quality chamois

leather and the stitchery. The whole group

comes from B 179, and has been treated earlier

in this chapter. Specimens of the prepared

skins are also shown with the lining (?) of soft

leather. At the top are two specimens of skins

with the hair still on, to which other pieces of

leather have been stitched. Down the left-hand

side are still more pieces of soft hairless leather

showing the stitchery.

Plate XI, 2. B235. A great bundle of

leather, still rolled up and complete. The beads

which were sewn into the seams are quite clear

in the photograph. They were nearly all the

little brilliant blue-glaze beads, type 3, but

there were also a few white shell disc beads,

type 1. The leather cords wherewith the bundle

was tied up are to be seen at the left-hand

end. On handlincr the bundle a few more

shells of type 2 fell out of it. AVith it was

found the stamped hide bracer (wrist-guard) of

PL XII, 3.

Bundles of leather were also found in B 181,

212, 234. In B 181 the small bundle or pad of

leather was found under the head, no doubt as a

pillow.^ In B212, 234, the bundles were quite

small, being little more than pads.

•' Cf. A.S.N., 1907-08, p. 164, nos. 81, 8.5, 86, &c.

;

A.S.N., 1909-10, p. 110, no. 68 : p. 139, no. 4.51, where the

pillows are stuffed with chopped i^traw.

30 BALABISH.

CHAPTEB V.

VARIOUS TYPES OF OBJECTS.

Plates XII and XIII.

Plate Xll, 1, 2, and .3 (B201, 226, 235).

See also PI. III. 2, uo. 12, and PI. YI, 1. There

can be little doubt that these objects are the

archers' wrist-guards, or bracers, used to save

the skin of the left forearm from the chafiug of

the released bow-string. For, in the first place,

(he two decorated specimens include bows pro-

minently among their patterns, and it should l)e

noted that the groups of bows on B201 are not

nine in number, and so are merely ornamental

and do not represent the traditional enemies of

Egypt. In the second place, they were not

found in pairs, l)ut singly, as one would expect

of bracers. The only possible exception is no. 2.

However, this would seem to be a cover for the

other rather than an actual guard, as it was

found coverino- it and is made of thin leather,

now very pliable, instead of the thick hide of

the others ; further, it has a small hole in the

point as if for the purpose of tying on to some-

thing. Against this cover theory must be set

the difference in patterns on the cover and the

covered. Bracers not unlike these are occasion-

ally represented on the monuments. The earliest

we know is a curiously shaped yellow object,

which is just the shape of a side-view of such a

bracer as ours when cuvved to fit the ai'm.'

A strange name is given, \'f\ /"^^a ^ hifhw

(swal)u). It is probable that the single bracelet

which the archer wears on the wrist of his bow-

hand ill a ^liddlc Kingdom tomb at Meir repre-

sents such a ouard." Later we find a definite

example of the date of Amenhotep 11,^ where

two bracers occur among a great collection of

arms in a fresco. Rameses II is often shown

wearing one on the left or extended arm.""

As regards the decoration, it will lie noticed

that the scheme has a generic resemblance in.

the two examples, for a lotus fills each of the

top corners, which is barred off" from the rest of

the field by a series of straight lines. Unfor-

tunately the upper central pattern of uo. 3 is

(pite invisible. Underneath comes a decoration

of wavy lines, which is followed by a bow or

bows. The long tail is filled up by line patterns.

The decorations have been pressed into the

surface by means of a fairly blunt tool, which

makes a good liroad line. The marks sometimes

ended in a spot, as in the ends of the lines of the

lotus in the left-hand corner of no. 1. The area

is outlined by two lines running round the edge,

as was done in the case of the sandals. The

bow figures conspicuously in the decoration.

The representations are in the usual Egyptian

fashion, showing a recurved weapon, a shape

proper to the composite bow, which type,

L.\CAU, Siircojihitges, i, PI. xli, fig. 22.' I. 17'J.

- Blackman, BncJc Tomhs of Mdr, i, IM. vi.

' Lupsius, Denkmdler, iii, 64 a.

" Champollion, MonumrnU, xiii = I{osi;i,lini, Mdiiiimi'iili

Storici, Ixxxi ; Budgk, Thr Eniipliaii Sinlmi, ii, jiliiti;

accoinpanyiii'i; p. 'Mi, though the liracer is hickiiig, as aro

many other minor details in the copies of this scene in

C, M., Ixxi = R., M.S., Ixxiv. Cf. also C, M., xi = 11., M.S.,

Ixxix; C, M., xvii = R., M.S., Ixxxiii ; L., J)., iii, ITf. d =

C, M., Ixxiii = U., M.S., Ixiv.

VAKIOUS TYPES OF OBJECTS. 31

howoA'cr. docs not appear iu Egypt until the

XVIIIth Dynasty. It is a strange fact that

tlic regular Egyptian l)o\v. from pre-dynastii;

days onwards, was a simple one of plain wood,

though it usually had the double curve of the

composite bows/ Specimens can be seen iu

many museums, for instance in the Ashmolean,

Case I, 53. It is still used to-day iu Somali-

land.^ Another but rarer type was known with

a single but often unsymmetrical curve.* Bows

with a single symmetrical curve are carried in the

Xllth Dynasty.^ In the large representation on

our wrist-guard, as in others, the curve is

slightly exaggerated.

The central panel of no. 1 is filled with a

strange device like scales. It can hardly repre-

sent the common feather pattern, as this is

always turned the other way. In the triangular

tail space we have a water pattern in the one

case, and a diaper in the other. The two rows

of blocked-out triangles edging out a space are

well known in the ornamental leather work of

the XVIIIth Dynasty. The bracers were fastened

over the arm by a pair of fine leather cords in

the case of nos. B201, 235, and a pair of fine

leather straps in the case of B 226, the remains

being still visible in PI. VI, I.

Plate XII, 4. See also Pis. II, 1 ; IV, 1 ; VII, 2.

Type of rounded potsherd, from round graves

BllO, 212, 229, and long grave B 208. The

edges were smoothed ofi" all round, and the

sherds would thus appear to have been used as

scrapers or diggers. There is a curious uni-

formity about the shape, three of the four being

oval, while the fourth was more circular. They

Garstang, Burial CuHtouis nf Ancient Erjypt, fig. IGO,

p. 159.

- Paulitscuke, Ethioijiuphk Nordost-A/ricas, PI. xix,

fig. Gl. A specimen is exhibited in the Pitt-Rivers

Museum at Oxford.

^ As for instance Lacau, Sarcojjhntjcs, i, PI. xli, nos. 230to 2.34, where both shapes and a number of varieties of the

recurved bows are .shown.

> N., BE., i, PI. xlvii, etc-.

were all of about the .same size also, the leuirth

of the oval ones ranging from 64 to 83 mm.,

while the diameter of the round one was 70 mm.They were not confined to any particular sort of

pottery, and are evidently made of pan-grave

ware, as in BllO a sherd of B-ware had been

used.

Plate XII, 5. See also p. 14. Type of horn

bracelet found three times, i.e. in the deposit in

the irregular shallow hole B 182. in the lono-

grave B201, and in the circular grave B202, in

which nothing else was found. These bracelets

are formed simply of a horn bent round until

the butt meets the tip, and so vary considerably

in the shape of the section. In Bl82 and 201

the section is comparatively flat, while in B 202

it approximates to the circular. It is very

difierent from, and much cruder than, the

bracelet figuring on this Plate as no. 10, which

is flat, broad, cut out of tortoise-shell, and c^uite

thin.

Plate XII, 6. A strange horn object from

long grave B 201. See PI. Ill, 2. It is very thin

and has a concavo-convex section. In this it is

similar to no.s. 7, 8 of this Plate, but, unlike

them, it is straight and not curved. Unfor-

tunately it is damaged at the end, so that we

cannot say whether it had been set in a handle

or not. Perhaps it may be a strigil in spite of

its lack of the usual curve.

Plate XII, 7. A horn object from the deposit

in the shallow- irregular hole B 182. See PI. VII,

3, and p. 14. Though in being curved and of a

concavo-convex section it resembles no. 8, yet it

is dissimilar in that it is much laro-er and

heavier, is ornamented, and has been pierced

with two large holes. We can only imagine it

to have been a larger and more elaborate

specimen of the general type no. 8, and suggest

the strigil or body-scraper as the only parallel

which occurs to us.

Plate XII, 8. Type of curved horn imple-

ment found in the long grave B201, the round

grave B 239, and in the pan-grave group

BALABISH.

B227. Sec also Pis. Ill, 2. VI. 2, VII. 2, and

pp. 10, 13. For shape this should be compared

with the penannular objects of tortoise-shell of

C-group date,' though the section of these, so far

as can be seen, is quite different from that of our

objects. Our specimens were all exactly alike,

and no explanation of their use is forthcoming.

We have oftered the suggestion that they were

strigils or body-scrapers, and have compared

them (p. l;3) to the curved skewer of hard wood

or ibex-horn that the desert Hamite of to-day

wears in his hair.

Plate XII, 9. A piece of horn of rounded

section from the oval grave B21o. See also

p. 12. It was found with the net bag of

elephant's hair and the pierced leather (PI. IV, 2).

It cannot well have been a bracelet, unless it has

sprung out of shape, for at present its curvature

is too slight. Though in curve it resembles

no. 8, yet in section it is c[uite different.

Plate XII, 10. Tortoise-shell bracelet from

long grave B 201. See PI. Ill, 2, and p. 10.

Plate XIII, 1, 2. Types of copper axes

from long graves B201, 230, and circular

grave B 226. See also Pk III, 2, VI, 1, and

pp. 10, 12. It is to be observed that both

examples of type 1 were found in long graves,

while type 2 came from a circular grave. Type I

is very much lighter than type 2, as will be

seen by a comparison of their respective side-

views. Both these types afterwards became

usual in the New Kingdom ; but while no. 2 is

known in the Xllth Dynasty,^ no. 1 is not.

Type 1 would seem to be of Intermediate Period

and XVIIIth Dynasty date,^ and does not appear

to run back into the Xllth Dynasty.* Hence its

appearance in history would seem to be some-

' A.S.N., 1908-09, PI. 37 c, 9.

- P., D.P., PI. xxxii, 3 ; P., E.G.U., PI. xvii, (i, !}.

5 P., D.P., PI. xxxii, notably no. 22 ; P., G.B., P!. xii,

stated to be early XVIIIth Dynasty on j). H ; Bissing,

Thebanischcr Grahfund, PI. 1, the axe of Ahmoso.

* Cf. P., D.P., pp. nl, .52.

what later than that of tvpe 2, from llic

Xllth Dynasty form of wliich [Mace would

derive it.* Our specimen from B 230 compares

most accurately with nos. 21, 22 of Pi. xxxii in

Diospolis Piirta, one of which belongs to the

dagger of King Suazenre, of the XlVth Dynasty.

In the specimen from B 230 the base is not

perfectly straight, but slightly concave, as in the

two specimens from Diosjiull-' Parca. This

seems to be an early feature, as those of the

XVIIIth Dynasty are straight. The bases of

the latter are also often set at an angle to the

axis of the blade," whereas those of the earlier

specimens seem always to be at right-angles, as

in ours. The specimen from B201, which

retained part of its handle, showed no signs of

having Ijeen lashed on as type 2 often is.*^ It

was perhaps fixed by means of collars, as was

sometimes done with this type.'^ Lashing,

however, was used for this type also, as in the

case of the Ahmose axe.** Type 1 differs con-

siderably from no. 2 ; for while no. 1 always

remains light and thin-waisted, no. 2, starting

as a heavy axe, tends to become heavier, more

solid, and less elegant. Again, the wings of

i no. 1 always remain rudimentary and do not

tend to free themselves from the natural curve

of the sides, whereas the wings of no. 2 arc

always well accentuated, Ijccoming later very

much exaggerated. This, however, gives a solid

base for the attachment of a heavy axe to the

handle. Moreover, while the sides of type 1 arc

strongly incurved, those of type 2 are at the

utmost only slightly so, and tend to become

straight; the cutting edge of no. 2 is pro-

portionately much wider than that of no. 1, and

at the same time less rounded. All these

•"' Cf. Bissing, Thchanisrlur Grdli/uiicl, PI. xii, nos. 8, 9 ;

Archaeoloijia, •")3, Part i, PI. iii, fig. 2.

" Sec I'l. VI, 1;QuiHELi., Bamcaseani, Pi. ii, 7.

• P., P.P.. I'l. xxxii, -'1.

" Bls.slNi;, 'riirbanischer (irahfiui'l, PI. i ;c'f. Pi. xi

;

Aichaeoluijid, 53, Pi. iii, no. 2, <kc.

VAEIOUS TYPES OF OBJECTS. 33

features of no. 2 are seen in its early forms in

the Xllth Dynasty. At present there seems to

be a long gap in its history, for with the

exception of our specimens it does not occur

again till the later New Kingdom, when it

becomes common.^

Plate XITI, 3. No. B 201/7, from a long

grftve. See also PI. Ill, 2, and p. 10.

Plate XIII, 4. No. B 205 from a long grave,

and B 226 from a circular orave. See also

PI. VI, 1, and p. 12. The pair of tweezers from

B 226 was ornamented with two cuts, while that

from B 205 was plain.

Plate XIII, 5-9. See p. 19 and PI. VIII, 1,

no. 16, for nos. 7, 8, 9.

Plate XIII, 10. Type of white shell earring.

See PI. VII, 1, and p. 13.

Plate XIII, 11. A melon bead. No.s. B 153,

201/10, from long graves; B 236, from a pan-

grave group. See PI. VIII, 1, nos. 12, 16 ; cf

III, 2, no. 10.

Plate XIII, 12, 13, 14. See also Pis. II, 2,

III, 2, VI, 1, and pp. 9, 10, 12. Nos. B 201 , 207,

208 came from long graves ; B 232 came from a

unique oval(?) grave with a step, which is

perhaps only an unfinished long grave; B219,

226 came from circular graves. It is noticeable

that out of the six kohl-Tpots discovered half came

from long graves, and possibly B 232 should be

included in this category, as it was more

rectangular than oval in shape. Only two were

found in the more numerous circular graves.

Two came from graves nos. B201, 226, which

included weapons, axes and bracers, and were

therefore those of men. The blackening of the

eyelids by men is still customary in Egypt,

especially at festivals, and has been adopted as a

Mohammedan ordinance. Two of the koJd--pots

from graves B 208/10, 232 were of blue marble,

1 P., L.G.M., PL xxii, 12, p. 28 ; P., K.G.H., Pi. xvii,

27, 28 ; Qdibell, Bamesseum, PI. ii, 7, p. 13 ; Petrie,

Dendereh, PI. xxiv, 16, 17; MacTver, £1 Amrali and

Ahydos, PI. xlv, d 1.

a substance which, while common in the Middle

Kingdom, was not unknown in the early

XVIIIth Dynasty.- Both of these kohl-ôt^

belong to the one type here figured as 13, and

neither of them comes from a circular grave.

The others are of alabaster, B 2 1 9 being of the

fine soft-coloured rather translucent alabaster.

It was also the only one which retained its

original cover. No. 226 had the top broken ofi".

Nos. B 208, 232 were chipped and had no covers.

Covers had been supplied to two of them,

nos. B 201 and 207. That .supplied to B 201

had been moulded in clay and fired, whereas a

flat potsherd had been rubbed down to fit B 207.

The supplying of odd covers to kolil-ôts, was

not entirely limited to the pan-grave people, for

an instance was found in the typically XVIIIth

Dynasty group B 154, where a little alabaster

kohl-ôt had been provided with a cover of a

beautiful brilliant blue glaze. Type no. 12 is

unusual. It may be compared in shape to the

curious great pot of Senusert 11.^ Attention

should be drawn to the neck of type 14, which

seems to be the result of cutting in too deeply

above the shoulder. A strong hollowing of the

under side of the rim very often accompanies

this deeply cut neck, and suggests that there

may be connection between the two, and that

the one is a by-product of the other, accidentally

produced in the working. It is quite unlike any

of the other types of necks, and in the NewKingdom cemetery it seemed to occur haphazard

among any of the types of ô/î-pots. It

certainly did not belong to any special shape,

and a study of a large collection of kohl-Tôts

may show this feature not to be a mere variable

detail of the types, but to be a fundamental

criterion on which a division of kohl-Tôt types

into two groups can be based.

2 At Sawamah last year wre found a specimen. Cf. Gar-

STAXG, El Arahah, p. 29, where three cases are quoted :

CuRRELLY, Ahydos, iii, PI. lix, 5, 6.

5 P., K.G.H., PI. xiv, 16.

F

34 BALARISH.

Plate XIII, 15, 20. See also Pis. II, 2, YI, 1,

and pp. 9, 12. Specimens of small smooth stones

or pebbles, of which quite a number, of varying

sizes, were found, some, like the agate and four

black jiebbles in B 213, being quite small. None

were large. They came from graves B 208, 213,

223, 226.

Plate XIII, If), 17, 18, 19. See also Pis. II, 1,

VI, I, VII, 2, and pp. 8. 12. 13. Several palettes

were found with paint or signs of rubbing on

them. In B 110 there were two (nos. 16, 17 in

this Plate), with one rubber nearly as large as

themselves. These two palettes consisted of flat

natural pebbles of black granite, while their

rubber was a rounded pink pebble. From this

grave also came the notched pebble no. 19;

which had a few longitudinal scratches, and so

might have been a palette, though it showed no

clear signs of such use. The decoration of

notches at the end should be compared with that

of the C-group ivory pendant.^ There are thus

two, and perhaps three, small palettes from this

one grave. In B 243 there was a palette

consisting of a broken piece of yellow sandstone.

It was quite flat and had a few stains of green

paint still left on it. Judged by this, the flat

piece of sandstone in B 225 was probably a

palette also. At least one of the flat stones in

B 226 was a palette (no. 18 in this Plate), as

was proljably the oval flat pebble of B 239.

(See PI. VII, 2.) The flint flakes which were

found in B 2 1 2 were the only representa-

tives of their class found. (Sec PI. IV, 1,

and p. 11.)

1 A.S.N., 1907-08, PI. 66, b, 32.

( 3o )

CHAPTEE VI.

THE POTTERY.

Plates V and XIV.

The pau-grave pottery forms a very distinctive

class, and so far as Egypt is concerned it is

quite apart from anything else. Each of the

pan-grave sites has produced at least a few

examples of the stock types, except that at

Balaliish we did not find any of the black

punctured ware, and at Rifeh comparatively

little of the Bull" ware seems to have been used.

The general similarity of the corpora of pan-

grave pottery is apparent on a comparison of

our Pis. V and XIV with Diospolis Parva,

Pis. xxxix, xl, and Gizeh and Rifeh, Pis. xxv,xxvi.

It will be observed that the native-made classes P,

B, and H are all bowls. We did not find any of

the beautiful black-topped cups with flared rims

and a grey band, for the reason to be explained

on p. 43. The types are all drawn on PI. XIV,

and examples are photographed on PI. V, to

show the quality, surface, and so on.

1. Red Polished Ware, P ; cf. PL V, nos.

242, 182a. This is a rare fabric, of which we

found only the three specimens figured. It is a

very fine quality pottery, with a brilliant red-

polished surface. The walls are very thin, as

hard as stone, and show a black core on a

fracture with a little sand in the clay, but ne^er

any chopped straw (tiliii). The photographs

of nos. B242, 182a, on PL V, 1, show the

quality of the material. The shape of P 3 is

rare and is not easy to match. Among Egyptian

pottery we can compare it in shape with two

vases alone, one from Abydos/ of Late Inter-

1 P., C.A., ii, PI. xxxi.

mediate, and therefore contemporary, date, and

the other from Saqqara,' of Xllth Dynasty date,

l)ut with a slightly more conspicuous rim. In

Nubia, however, we have close parallels from

among the black-topped ware of the early pre-

dyuastic ^ and that of the early dynastic * period.

It does not match any of the Egyptian pre-

dynastic or proto-dynastic shapes. A very

similar vessel, but with the addition of a slight

rim like that of the Xllth Dynasty bowl, comes

from Santa Verna, in Gozo.' This bowl belongs

to class 2 of the Maltese pottery, which includes

a red-and-black ware, sometimes exhibiting the

one colour inside and the other outside.

2. Black-Topped Ware, B ; cf. PL V, nos.

220, 181, 68. This was by far the most common

class of pottery. It was made of exactly the

same clay as the P ware, and was equally thin,

except in the case of type 2, where the walls

were materially thicker. However, the shapes

of the two classes are quite different. In this

respect class B is nearer to class H, for the

straight-sided deep cup was found in both the

B and H classes, as was the moulding of

type B 3. The collar of types B 4, 5, 6 was not

found outside the B class. The black colour

was almost invariably very accurately confined

- QuiBELL, Excavations at Saqqara, 1906-07, PI. xxxix, 1.

' A.S.N., 1907-08, PL 60, a, 13.

* A.S.N., 1907-08, PL 61. a, 22; A.S.N., 1908-09

PL 44, a, no. 1.

^ R. N. Bradley, Malta and the Mediterranean Bace,

fia. 31 (opposite p. 142), the smaller of the two here figured.

F 2

36 BALABISH.

to the rim, and never descended far over the

surface of the pot. When it is not otherwise

indicated l)y a wavy line it (oineides with the

rim. We suspect that the taste for painting a

bhick rim on red pottery, which came in in the

XVIIIth Dynasty, is a reminiscence of these

pan -grave pots. In the pan -grave pottery the

black is of a lirilliant metallic lustre, and the

interior of the pcjts is black. The polishing of

the specimen from B 181 was exceptionally fine,

the colour being a handsome rich plum-red.

Though the polish on some of the others was

more brilliant, it was not so even as on this. This

can be seen ])y a comparison of the photographs

on PL V. The colour as a rule was a jjood red.

It should be observed that the apparent grey

ring on BI8I in the photograph is not an

integral part of the pot, but is onlv due to

an incrustation of salt.

Type 8 probably does not belong to this class

at all, as it was of a thick coarse manufacture

and black all over. Its clay had some sand in

it, but, like the others, did not contain chopped

straw. As we only once found fragments of

such a vessel we have tentatively included it

here, in preference to making a separate class

for it alone.

The deep straight-sided bowls are common in

the pan-graves, and are found in other burials

of the Intermediate Period,' but in this last case

the ware is entirely different, being of a soft

ochre material. The moulding at the rim seems

to be peculiar to the pan-grave pottery, and is

not very common even in tliat of the Nubian

C-group." Tlie collar of nos. 4, 5, 6 resembles

that on pottery of the early ages, late pre-

dynastic or proto-dynastic times. It seems

just to last into the Old Kingdom, when it dies

out.-' The rare shape of no. G, with the uii-

curved sides expanding towards the bottom

1 P., C.A., ii, P]. xxix, C6:?, ].{.. 00, r.i.

^ For references, see p. 47.

^ For reference.s, see p. 47.

should be observed. Something similar occurs

in H3.

3. Hatched Ware, II- cf. PI. \\ nos. 240,

180, 208/3, 177. This is a thin stone-hard

pottery, made of the same clay as the B and Pclasses. B 208/3 was the only one which showed

any traces of chopped straw, and, as will be seen

from the photograph, its quantity is practically

negligible. The clay of this pot was somewhat

browner in colour than that of the others. In

every ciise the bowl had been painted red, but

only once was there any attempt at polishing.

This was on the bowl here representing type 4,

and the polish was of the slightest. In this

uniform dull red painted surface our hatched

pottery is in marked contrast to the late C-group

incised ware of similar (quality, which seems to

be polished, whether l)lack, brown, or red.^

Pottery with incised decorations, without a white

filling, occurs occasionally in the pre-dynastic

age,'^ and in the Middle Kingdom a taste for

ornamenting pottery with incisions arose.

Though the decorations are sometimes similar

to those exhil)itcd on our pots,'' they are

essentially different in arrangement, for they

are usually on the interior of dishes. Those

that are on the outside of vases are generally

wavy lines or " scrabble " patterns.' More-

over, both the clay and the vases themselves

are completely different from those of the pan-

grave pottery. Thus the hatched pan-grave

pottery forms a class to itself, and it is found

regularly wherever pan-graves are unearthed.

* A.S.N. Jhill., no. 6, pp. 3, r>, class xi ; cf. A.S.N.,

1909-10, p. 19. The other classes of C-group incised

ware are not comparable to our bowls, as in class xii the

clay is quite different, being soft, and in class iv not only

IS the clay of another quality, but the vessels themselves

and ornaments diflbr coniplctcly.

!> P., N.B., PI. XXXV, 74, 70.

<; Cf. P., K.G.E., PI. xiii, nos. lOG, 108, and our H 2.

'For instance. P., K.G.U., Pi. xiii, 39 ff. ; G.B.,

PI. xiii D, 170, 181, XXV, 11, 12, but <m this plate cf. the

ran bowl II.

THE POTTERY. 37

The liatcliing was produced by a blunt point or

group of points on the surface after it had dried,

but before firing. The incisions seem to have

been made singly, though the pit markings on

the moulding of B 240 (see PI. V) seem to be

too regular to have been produced in any way

but by the use of a comb. The rows of pit

markings vary somewhat in the number of

marks included, those on B 240 ranging from

seven to nine, while those on the bowl figuring

as type 4 range from five to six. The favourite

pattern at Balabish consists of opposing to each

other sets of arcs of concentric circles (types 2,

4, 5), and the same idea is carried out in

straight lines and amplified in type 3.

4. Buff Ware. Cf. PI. V, no. 212. A very

unmistakable class of pottery, very well made

of a thick, hard, close, fine clay, and well turned.

The colour varied somewhat from a pinkish

yellow to almost a pink, but the yellowish tinge

preponderated. It was liable to go green,

especially if it had contained scented ointment.

The beautifully smooth silky surface which one

connects with the best quality cylinder jars of

the 1st Dynasty ^ was observed on some of the

pots, especially on nos. B 201/3, 4, and 233,

which contained ointment. Probably therefore

this effect is partly produced by the oily nature

of the ointment, and is not merely due to the

clay itself, especially as it was found on the two

pots from B201, which were diflFerent from the

others in being red-polished. The clay is close

and entirely without chopped straw, but contains

a good deal of sand, and is thus not unlike that

of the W or D classes of pre-dynastic pottery,

and some of the proto-dynastic ware, but the

colour is much yellower. It is a variety of the

pottery which Reisner calls class ' C.^ The

massive rims of these thick, strong pre-dynastic

classes occur in the pan-grave pottery again, ^ and

1 P., N.B., PI. xxxii, 71 a, 80. - N.D., ii, p. 90.

•' P., N.B.,F\. xxxi, 14/.3:3: xxxiv, 47, 51; and our

types 4, 7, 8, 9.

serve to heighten the resemblance already

noticeable in the clay. A clay not unlike it is

found again in the Middle Kingdom. In the

XVIIIth Dynasty it is specially used for a class

of pottery often decorated with painted lines in

what is usually thought of as a Syrian style.

The form of such decorated pots'* is evidently

allied to our type 8. The clay is also specially

used for some of the rare shapes of handled

amphorae,^ though here the body is generally

thinner in proportion.

This class of pottery was generally neither

painted nor polished, though the pots repre-

senting types 1, 2, 6 had been red-polished. It

is Egyptian in its clay, in the actual shape

of some of its pots, and in the general type of

others, but the comliination of this clay and the

group of shapes here exhibited seems to be

peculiar to the pan-graves ; for it is remarkable

that though in detail these pots can only be

matched here and there in the period stretching

from the Old to the New Kingdom, yet in two

of the pan-grave sites the greater part of this

series has now been found. It is possible closely

to match our types 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9 in nos. 74,

48, G9, 58, 62, 47, and 63 at Hu,'' and from the

appearance of many of the pieces in the photo-

graphs and a study of those examples now in

the Ashmolean Museum, it would seem that the

Hu pottery is of the same hard, close, thick

quality as ours. The uniformity which is

discoverable between the shapes and clays of the

two finds of this pan-grave pottery seems to

establish it as a distinct class to itself, and to

separate it from the other Egyptian pottery

found in the pan-graves. This highly homo-

o-eneous group forms a great contrast with the

variety of shapes and clays noticeable in the

heterogeneous collection of Egyptian pots grouped

** Petrie, Ahydos, iii, PI. Ix, 127.

• Such as Petrie, Ahydos, iii, PI. Ix, 129; P., L.G.M.,

PI. xvii, 19.

i^ P., D.P., Pis. xxxix, xl.

38 BALABISH.

below it in the Plate. In view of the o-eueral

homogeneity of this class and the resemblances of

its clay and rims to those of some classes of

pre- and proto-dynastic pottery, it seems as if

some extraneous influence were at work giving

new life to an old industrv which had languished.

It is hardly likely that the arrival of the pan-

grave people themselves should have given this

fresh impetus, as in their homeland of Nubia

this ware is only known as an import, and

moreover this kind of pottery is in use in Egypt

before the pan-grave period, as it dates back to

the Xllth Dynasty. There is, however, another

force which may well be accountable for the

revival of the did art. This is the influence of

Asia. Egypt was in close connection with Asia

during the middle pre-dynastic period, when the

use of this clay was first introduced with the

wavy-handled and decorated classes of pottery.

This is evidenced by the use of such materials as

lapis-lazuli,^ silver," emery ,^ obsidian,* &c. In

' P., B.P., PI. iv, p. 27. A large piece of lapis-lazuli of

middle pre-dynastic age is recorded in P., N.S., p. 28.

Another, S.D. 56-64, El Amrali and Ahydos, p. 21. In the

XVITIth Dynasty lapis-lazuli was obtained from N. Syria

in general, and also from Assyria (B., A.M., ii, § 446

WiNCKLEK, Tell el Ainarna Letters, no. 15), Singara, in

N. Mesopotamia (B., A.E., ii, 484), Mitanni and Babylon

(Amarna Letters, nos. 7, 9, 10, 17, 19, 21). A special

quality is described as lapis-lazuli of Babylon (B., A.B., ii,

446, 484). This all agrees with the supposition that its

ultimate place of origin was Persia, which is still the

main source of supply, and also is the least distant from

Egypt.

^ P., D.P., PI. iv, p. 27. A larger piece is to hand in the

silver bowl of a spoon, S.D. 60-70, recorded in El Amrah,

p. 24. For the sources, see- p. 39, note 2. A silver dagger

from Gebel el Tarif is probably of the middle pre-dynastic

age also, for it was found in the -same cemetery as painted

pottery of class D (dk Morgan, Becherchcg sur hs Oritjines

de VEcjypte, p. 35).

'' For emery of the middle pre-dynastic period, see

P., N.B., PI. Ixiv, 99, p. 48. This piece was found with the

bull's head amulet, PI. Ixi, 4, which is a middle pre-dynastic

type. The emery blocks for polishing lieads, p. 44, are

presumably of this date also. The emery double vase,

Hierakonpolis, ii, PI. Ixiv, 20, p. 50, is probably also of the

middle pre-dynastic period, as the majority of the dateable

the proto-dynastic age Asiatic influence is once

more noticeable, and this is the time of the

cylinder jars, the clay of which, with its silky

drab surface, closely resembles that of our class

of ware, and is in fact more exactly similar than

any other class of Egyptian pottery. In the

proto-dynastic age obsidian 'is not uncommon

as a material for vases, lapis-lazuli" is n,sed

again, art shows striking resemblances to that

of Babylonia, a rare 1st Dynasty type of copper

adze is found again in Cyprus,''' and foreign

pottery of a Syrian (?) character is found in

double vases are of this age. Of this ago again is i-eported

an emery (?) rubbing pebble from Nubia {A.S.N., 1907-08,

p. 132, no. 43), and a piece of pre-dynastic date is recorded

in El Amrah and Ahi/das, p. 49. On his seventeenth

campaign to Kadesh, Tvniip, and Naharain, i.e. the Aleppo

district (B., A.B., ii, §534; Sethe, Urh.,\\, 731, 1. Hi),

Tuthmosis III. obtained [II (Jo limr], supposed, on

account of its resemblance to the Gi-eek a-ixvpL<; and to the

Hebrew, to mean emery. A sample of emery comes from

Tyrus (is this Tyre in Phoenicia? Zeitschr. fur Kri/slallo-

riraphie, xi, 637), but to-day it comes mainly from Naxos

and Asia Minor {Zeitschr. fiir Kr., xlii, p. 635, Smirgel),

apparently from the neighbourhood of Smyrna and Ephesus.

It is not clear whether all the places quotetl are intended

to be near Smyrna, as the first two, Baltizik (Baltchik ?)

and Aziziyeh, are well-known towns in East-Central Asia

Minor. An inquiry from Prof. Schweinfurth proves that

the emery, stated (Bohciiardt, (j rahdnil;m<il des Ne-userre',

p. 142) to have been found liy hini at Aswan, is not in

blocks, but is contained in the sand to tlie extent of

15 per cent. Hence our lilocks could not have originated

from that place.

' P., D.P., PI. iv, p. 27, and again ¥., L.G.3T., p. 24.

See further, p. 39, note -.

^ P., R.T., ii, PI. xlviii, 87, 106 ; on Mokgan, Origines de

I'Eijjipte, ii, p. 180, figs. 625-627, and there are two more

vases in the Cairo Museum from the same find similar

to 625.

" A large piece of lapis-lazuli is known in the statuette,

HieralcoiipoUs, i, PI. xviii, 3, p. 7, or with its head, Garstanci,

Annales du Service, viii, PI. ii, figs. 2, 3. The lapis-lazuli

beads of the third bracelet from the tomb of Zer an^ well

known. P., R.T., ii., Frontis., p. 18.

' Petrie, Ancient Etji/pt, 1915, pp. 12, 13, fig. 4 ; cf.

Tarhhan, i. Pis. v, 26, vi, 7 ; Tarlchan, ii, PI. iii, 7 ; Myres

and RiCHTER, Catnloguc of the Ciiprns Mnseiim, PI. iii,

501, p. 53.

THE rOTTERY. 39

Egypt/ Similarly in tlic Xllth Dynasty, wlien

Drab ware is found again, Asiatic products once

more ajjpear in the obsidian " and silver - so very

1 P., B.T., ii, PI. liv; Abydos, i, PI. viii. In these

plates the pottery is provisionally described as Aegean, but

this was before the discoveries in Crete. Tarkhan, i,

Pis. xvi, xix, 24, p. 17, § .30.

2 For the original publication, de Morgan, Fouilles a

Dahchoiir, 1894, 1894-5, should be consulted, but the

information required here is conveniently grouped in

Maspero's Guide tn the Cairo Museum (Quibell's trans-

lation), 1908, p. 426, A, various silver plaques; p. 427, b,

silver settings to eyes from three mummy cases; p. 428, e,

silver mirrors ; three eye-settiugs in silver; p. 429, b, several

silver mirrors (11 and 12 cm. in diameter and of thick

metal) ; p. 431, f, a large diadem of silver. Besides these

there are some very massive plates about 10 cm. long and

various other large and massive oljjects not named in the

Guide-book. Another group of siher jewellery of this age,

including hawks and a bracelet, is figured in El Amrah and

Ahi/dos, PI. xlv, and p. 88. A large number of silver

vessels were dedicated to different gods by one of the

Senuserts (Daressy, Ann. du Service, iv, p. 102). Five

vases of obsidian are named on p. 428, ii, of the Guide-

book. Obsidian scarabs are said to be very characteristic

of the Xllltli Dynasty (Hall, Cat. of EgyjJtian Scarabs, etc.,

in the Brit. Mu-s., i, p. xxvi). Both the obsidian and the

silver might be supposed to have come from the Aegean, as

archaeologists cliieHy think of obsidian as coming from

JMelos and other Gi'eek islands where it is well known.

]Manufactured silver also is known at an early date from

Crete (Mosso, Palaces of Crete, p. 271, fig. 132), from

Amorgos (Dummler, Allien. Mittlt., 1886, Beil. i, d 1, 3,

p. 20), while in classical times silver was mined at Siphnos

(Edt., iii, .57), on the borders of Macedonia (Hdt., v, 17),

and there were the famous mines at Laureion, near Athens

(Smith, Diet. Greek and Boman Geograj^hy, Laurium). But

in view of the above-mentioned earlier occurrences in

Egypt of these imports in clearly Asiatic connections,

and in view of the strong connection that there is with

Syria in the Xllth Dynasty (cf. the Sinuhe story,

Senusert Ill's campaign in Retenu, El Arabah, p. 33),

it seems quite unnecessary to go to the Aegean for the

origin of these materials. For obsidian is largely used

for neolithic implements in Russian Armenia (Chantre,

Becherches Anthropol. dans le Caucase, i, fig. 2, PI. i, figs. 1,

3, 5, 6, 7), and it was also used in prehistoric stations at

Susa and in the neighbourhood of Mesopotamia (de

Morgan, Becherches su^n les Origines de VEgypte, p. 175).

Its abundance at the eastern end of Asia Minor and its

neighbourhood makes unnecessary any idea of importation

from so distant a place as the Aegean. Further, in ancient

days silver was very definitely a product of Eastern Asia

Minor and its neighbourhood. Tarshish (Tarsus) exported

much in favour at that time and used in larije

pieces, and this wave of Asiatic influence comes

to a head in the Hyksos supremacy, which was

contemporarv with the pan-grave civilization.

Hence if the revival of this art should be

due to external influence, we find the Asiatic

ready to hand. It is probably no chance that

in the New Kingdom, which was admittedly

strongly influenced by Syria, this clay was in

general use for pottery of a Syrianizing

character;^ or that a local clav of similar class

and appearance was used commonly for the

pottery of Northern Syria.*

Reference has already been made to the

resemblance of the silky surface of some of the

it (Jer. x. 9 ; Ezek. xxvii. 12). Keftiu (Cilicia and its

neighbourhood) exported silver ingots and blocks to Egypt

(Rekhmii-e fresco, see L.A.A.A., vi, p. 54). Shalmaneser II

names a mountain in Tabal, the Antitaurus and Amanusdistrict, which contained silver (E. Schrader, Keilinschr.

Bihl, i, 143). The Hittites brought silver to Egypt

(B., A.B., ii, § 485; Sethe, JJrli., iv, p. 701, 1. 12); the

metal presents of the Hittite king Shubbiluliuma con-

sist entirely of silver (Knudtzon, Die el-Amarna Tafeln,

letter 41), and the seal of the Hittite treaty with

Rameses II is also of silver (B., A.B., iii, § 391 ; L., Z).,iii,

146, 1. 36). Tuthmosis III obtained large weights of silver

from N. Syria on his fifth and seventh campaigns, and a

silver statue from the Lebanon district, besides " silver in

many rings" (B., A.B., ii, 436, 459, 471 ; Sethe, JJrl;., iv,

p. 666, 1. 9 ; p. 686, 1. 6; p. 692, 1. 1), while the following

list of occurrences of silver objects or of objects ornamented

with silver shows how general was its use throughout this

country in the fifteenth cent. B.C. (B., A.B., ii, §§ 431, 434,

435, 447, 462, 467, 482, 490, 491, 501, 509, 518, 533, 537).

Hence it is not surprising that silver was called " northern,"

op>;S^°^(Sethe, Urh., iv, p. 634, nos. 8, 9). The

A o o o ^ \\

Assyrian kings obtained great quantities of silver from the

Amanus and N. Mesopotamian districts (E. Schrader,

Keil. Bibl., i, 67, 73, 75, 163, &c.). It is unnecessary to

add the classical references also, but suffice it to say that

silver mines are .reported from E. Asia Minor to-day.

This in conjunction with the other Asiatic connections

above-named—lapis-lazuli, emery, art, similarity of adzes

—

leaves little doubt but that Egypt's earlier supply of

obsidian and silver also came from Asia.

2 See below, p. 67, note -.

* Some of these N. Syrian vessels are published by

WooLLEY in L.A.A.A., vi, Pis. xxii, xxiii.

40 BALABISH.

ointment jars of the Bufi' ware to that of some

of the proto-dynastic cylinder jars. Out of the

six times that traces of ointment were discovered

they attached themselves in B 182, 182a, 201,

233, 240 to vessels of this ware. In the other

case, B208, a .strong scent of ointment per-

meated the whole pile of objects, which had

contained several pots of this class. However,

it did not attach itself to any single object more

than to another.

The use of this class of clay for pottery

destined to contain ointment is yet another link

between the pan-grave people and those of the

later pre- and proto-dynastic age.

Types 1 to 6. While these belong to the

general class of pear-shaped vases which has

representatives in almost all the earlier ages

of Egyptian civilization from the pre-dynastic

onwards, it is not easy to match some of the

specimens exactly outside of the pan-grave

period.

No. 1. We find no satisfactory connections

outside of the pan-graves. It is red-polished.

No. 2 is not unlike a contemporary vase

of the Intermediate Period,^ but is still more

like the pan-grave example X, 48.^ It is red-

polished.

No. 3 is not one of those which are found in

the pan-grave pottery of Diospolis Parva, and

perhaps has more resemblance to the Egyptian

shapes than the others. It might be compared to

such vases as Dendereli, PI. xvii, 44 (Vll-XIth

Dyns.); Qnrneh, PI. xviii, 468 (Xlth Dyn.)

;

P., Z>.r.,Pl. xxxvi, 152 (Xll-XVIIIth Dyns.);

P., G.R., PL xxvii, 3, 275 (Tuthmosis III) ; Six

Temples at Thehes, PI. vii, 1 (Tuthmosis IV).

No. 4 resembles the Xllth Dynasty shape of

El Kah, PI. xvii, 126, but more still the pot 83,

P., (;./.'., PL xxvi, which is of the XVIth Dynasty,

and (juitc likely from a pan-grave.

No. 5. We have not found anything really

1 M.\cIvER and IFace, El Amrah and Ahydos, PI. liv, 42.

- P., D.P., PI. .x.xxix.

corresponding to this pot, with its narrow neck

and rather pointed base.

No. 6 is not represented in the Diospolis

Parva pan-graves. It is not unlike many

XVIItli or XVIIIth Dynasty shapes.^ However,

the brim is different in our specimens, in that it

is turned out and is Hanoed inside in order toO

receive a cover, as is sometimes done in the pre-

dynastic pottery.* This is not unknown in the

XVIIIth Dynasty. Our vase was red-polished.

Type 7 occurs five times here, that is to say

much more often than any other of the Buff

ware shapes. It is figured twice from the

Diuspolis Parva pan-graves. The type is known

from the end of the Old KinQ;dom onwards.'*

It is distinguished from many of the earlier types

of this class liy the lowness of the shoulders.

See further, p. 14.

Tyjye 8 is figured twice among the Diospolis

Parva pan-grave material. We found only one

example of it. It resembles a class which is

well known in the XVIIIth Dynasty, though

always rare, and which comes in as early as the

Intermediate Period*^ in which the pan-graves

fall. It is often decorated with lines in the so-

called " Syrian " style.' The same kind of clay

is also used fur those XVIIIth Dynasty pots,

and they are remarkable for their fine smooth

surface.

Tyj>e 9. See further, p. 14. This shape is of

a class well known in the New Kingdom. For

comparison such examples may l)e cj^uoted as

•' Pethie and others, Meyilum and Memphis III, PI. xxvii,

101 ; Petkie, Ehnasya, PI. xxxix, top row.

* P., D.P., Pis. xiv, 67 ; xix, 59, a, h.

'• Petkie, Dendereli, PI. xvii, 59 (Vll-XIth Dynasties)

;

the Eakl of Caknakvon, E.q>loralions al Thebes, PI. xlvii,

no. I (Intermediate Period).

•^ P., C.A.,\\, PI. xxxiii, nl."), p. 69. Attention must

be called in passing to the isolated sjiecimen, Abydan, ii,

PI. xliv, 97, dated to the Ilnd-Vth Dynasties. It has no

doubt got out of its horizon.

' See the previous reference ; alsu Pktuik, Ahydos, iii,

PI. !x, 127, and often.

THE POTTERY. 41

El Arahah, PL xx, E268 or P., G.R., PL xxvii,

G 189.

5. Borrowed Pottery. This consists of quite

a heterogeneous collection of shapes and clays.

Type 1 was 1)urnished red in a poor streaky

manner. The lines of burnishing did not run

down to the centre of the bowl, but across in

such a way as to divide the circle into four

segments.

Type 2 is an ordinary pre-dynastic pot of type

D 5b.^ The clay has fired to an unusually green

colour, and the decoration of wavy lines has

been put on with the usual red paint. As

mentioned on p. 9, isolated pre-dynastic pots

have several times been found in the graves of

the related C-group people of Nubia. There was

evidently a taste for the products of this age.

Type 3. An ordinary tubular pot of the

XVIIIth Dynasty both in shape and clay.

Although very typical of the New Kingdom these

shapes are known in the Intermediate Period."

Both examples of type 3 were of the ordinary

unpainted porous brown ware and had red-

painted rims.

Tijpe 4 is of ordinary brown clay and is

blackened inside.

Types 5, 6, 7 are saucers rubbed down

smaller.

Type 8 is red -polished. It is of the same

type as the much larger XVIIth Dynasty bowl,

P., K.G.U., PL xiii, 40.

Type 9 is a small pot of hard close brown

ware.

Type 10 is of red clay, painted red.

1 P., N.B., PI. xxxiii, .5, b. P., G.R., Pis. XXV, xxvi; P., C.A., ii, PI. x.xix, c, 63.

42 BALABISH.

CHAPTER YII.

COMPARATIVE SURVEY OF THE PAN-GRAVE CIVILIZATION.

From the material fouud iu the three published

pan-grave cemeteries, those of Hu, Rifeh and

Balabish, it is evident that the civilization

exhibited by them is one. Naturally, there are

differences between the three, as for instance the

presence of large black incised bowls at Hu and

the absence of such bowls from Rifeh and

Balabish, the presence of axes and wrist-guards

(bracers) at Balabish and their absence from Huand Rifeh, and so on. Yet these are only minor

differences, such as would be bound to occur

between separate sites, each of which produced

comparatively few graves. Perhaps more serious,

however, is the absence of burials of dogs and

beetles from both Rifeh and Balabish.^ These

few differences, however, only tend to throw

into relief the homogeneity of the whole. Petrie

has already given a description of the pan-

srrave civilization itself, which is to some extent

supplemented by our finds.

We did not find any of the beautiful flared

cups of thin red polished ware with Ijlack tops

and a grey band separating the black from the

red.^ Not unnaturally, at the time of their

first discovery iu Egypt they were included

among the objects from the newly discovered

pan-graves. This was the more natural, as

bowls of hatched ware not dissimilar from those

from the neighbouring pan-graves were found

1 To these more serious differences must be added the

diiFerence in the form of the graves, which at Hu were

shallow pans, whereas at Rifeh and Balabish they were

pits about 1 50 m. deep. The shallowness of the Hugraves may perhaps be due to denudation.

- See P., D.P., PI. xxxviii, top right-hand corner, or

MacIvek and Woolley, Buhen, PI. 52.

with them. AVhen found iu Nubia these black-

topped cups and bowls were also classed by

Dr. Reisner as C-group.^ However, in the

light of further discoveries it is now found that,

while the patterns of the hatched ware from the

true pan-graves repeat themselves with little

variation, nothing has yet been found quite like

these hatched patterns of Diospolis Parva,

PI. xxxviii. A sufficient quantity of tliis

hitherto rare and very unmistakable black-

topped pottery has now been published to

enable some opinion to be formed about it.

In the first place, the grave at Hu which

contained these cups did not form part of the

pan-grave Cemetery X, but was situated a long

way from it iu another cemetery, E.* Therefore

it is hardly surprising that its contents do not

exhibit pan-grave features. A comparison of

PI. xxxviii, which illustrates this grave, with

Pis. xxxix, xl. in P., D.P., will emphasize

the divergence between them. Besides the

hatched bowls already mentioned, there were

found in this grave a pair of ivory objects now

known to be protectors for rams' horns, and a

knife.* Such things are not found in the true

pan-graves, but are found again at Kerma in

3 A.S.N. Bullelin, no. 7, p. 3.

* P., D.P., p. 45 and PI. i.

5 There was also found a curious little nail-shaped

object of white material (with the knife and horn-protectors

on PI. xxxviii), which in the light of our specimen we

suggest may have been a lip-stud. Thus, to get actual

cultural connection between this grave E 2 and the pan-

graves, we have to turn to this very rare object. Hitherto

no such object has been reported from the other graves

which furnish the pottery, nor is any named in the

summary account of the work at Kerma.

COMPARATIVE SURVEY. 43

Nubia, just above the Third Cataract, whence

come also an immense quantity of cups and bowls

of this very unmistakable ware, though whether

this pottery was actually found with these

objects we are unable to say from Reisner's

brief reports. Further, it should be pointed out

that, apart from Abadiyeh and Kerma, these

horn-protectors are unknown, so far as we

are aware. This makes the double connection

all the more remarkable. Again, Kerma pro-

duces large fly ornaments and daggers, all of

precisely the same rather rare types found

with these pots at yet another place—WadyHaifa. Returning to the Diospolis Parva

plates, it will be further noticed that these

beautiful bell-shaped black-topped cups, so often

called pan-grave ware and classed as C-group,

occur at Abadiyeh only in this unique grave,

E 2. They are not found in any of the other

plates ^ which illustrate the pure pan-grave

civilization. They also differentiate themselves

from the black-topped pottery found in the pan-

graves by their exceptionally fine polish, by the

ring of grey dividing the black from the red,

and also by their shapes. They have already

been shown to belong to a very definite class of

objects, and the presumption, therefore, is that

these delicate cups and their associated civiliza-

tion are not pan-grave. Now inquiry shows

that, though they have many times occurred in

other horizons, they have only once been found

with distinctive pan-grave objects, namely, at

Wady Haifa, where the grave containing them

also produced some of the true pan-grave shell

strips for bracelets." It also produced the

dagger and flies, which are not pan-grave, but

similar to those from Kerma.

The thin black-topped cups with flared rims

and a grey band have been found at :

—

1. Abydos, in a shaft tomb with chambers,

1 P., D.P., Pis. xxsix, xl ; P., G.B., Pis. xxv, xxvi, or

in this volume.

- MacIver and Woolley, Bulien, p. 175.

with inlay (from a coffin ?), blue glaze

vase and shawabti figure, &c. (P.,

C.A., ii, pp. Gl, 62, PI. xiii, 11, with

fig. 8 of same plate.)

2. Abadiyeh, as already related, in an isolated

grave, E 2. (P., D.P., PL xxxviii, p. 45.)

3. Hu, not in the pan-grave Cemetery X, but

in the Intermediate Cemetery YS of

" Egyptian " burials in coffins in deep

pits. (P., D.P., p. 51.)

4. Qurneh, with an extended burial in a coffin

of the XVIIth Dynasty. (Petrie,

Qurneh, Pis. xxii, xxviii, p. 8.)

5. Shellal, in Cemetery 7, where the pots are

classed as C-group, but no record has

been published to show from which grave

they came. {A.S.N. Bull, no. 7, p. 3.

The cemetery is described in A.S.N.

,

1907-1908, pp. 52-56.)

6. Kubban, in Cemetery 110. In graves

diff'erent from the C-group, and spo-

radically in the New Kingdom graves.

{A.S.N. Bull, no. 7, p. 3.)

7. Wady Alaqi, in Cemetery 113, where the

group of graves containing these pots

was separate from the C-group graves.

{A.S.N. Bull, no. 7, p. 10.)

8. AVady Haifa, with a contracted body show-

ing the C-group type of burial with head

to the east, and shell-strip bracelets of

the pan-grave and C-group civilizations,

and a dagger and fly ornaments of the

New Kingdom similar to those of the

Kerma burials. {MacIver and Woolley,

Buhen, Pis. li. Hi, pp. 174, 175.)

9. Kerma in Nubia, in great quantities.

(Reisner, Boston Mus. Fine Arts Bull.,

xii, fig. 14. A.Z., 1914, Taf 16, fig. 10,

p. 37, no. 15.)

These cemeteries at Kerma are of the greatest

interest, as they are quite un-Egyptian, and also

unlike the ordinary C-group of the Nubian

Survey. Here these flared black-topped cups,

G 2

44 BALABISH.

and otlier vessels of the same pottery, were

found in such great quantities as to suggest that

the other sporadic finds are finally referable to

this civilization. Though at present we are not

in a position to say whether the pots and the

objects were actually found in the same graves,

it is at least significant that so many of the

objects already found elsewhere with this l)lack-

topped jjottery are once more found on the

same site. For here, at Kerma, once more are

found a dagger and flies similar to those of

Buhen {A.Z., 1914, Taf. iv), and also knives

and objects seen to be rams' horn protectors

[A.Z., 1914, Taf. iv, vi, 12), similar to those

from grave E 2 at Abadiyeh (P., D.P.,

PL xxxviii). The knives from the two places

are not similar in type, but show that both

peoples used such implements. All these are

things that are not found in pan-graves.

Thus this people of the black-topped cups

with the flared rims and grey band would seem

to be neither the pan-grave people nor yet

ordinary C-group people. In Egypt they would

seem to have been a little later than the pan-

grave people, hence it is not surprising that

we did not find these cups in our pan-grave

cemetery. A few points which may bear on

their connection with Egypt have been set out

on p. 7.

Having eliminated this civilization, we can

now proceed with the analysis of that of the

pan-graves. Apart from l)ori-owed objects, such

as the X'oW-pots, tweezers, axes and pottery, the

pan-grave civilization is something quite distinct

so far as Egypt is concerned. While it shows

affinities to various others, the C-group of Nubia

is the only one which can be said to be really

connected with it, and even here the connections

are mainly confined to the later phase of the

C-group period. The pan-grave civilization has

a certain resemblance to that of the pre-dynastic

peoples, primarily due to its use of contracted

burial in a circular or oval grave, also to the

employment of galena and malachite, of palettes

for grinding paint, of red-polished vases with or

without black tops, and of incised ware, though

the pottery of the two ages diff'ers entirely

in shape, clay and manufacture. These later

people showed an appreciation for pre-dynastic

pottery, as we found a specimen re-used.' The

Nubian C-group people also exhibited this taste.-

The various affinities which the pan-grave

civilization exhibits are set out below, grouped

under the diflerent a^es and countries.

1. The Eai'ly Pre-dynastic Age. Resemblances

are found to this age in the use of black-topped

pottery, which died out in Egypt in the later

pre-dynastic age ; in the little use made of

manufactured amulets, which did not become

common till the later period ; in the burial of

dogs, reported from Hu^; in the use of an

unusual shape of pottery P3, which occurs at

this period in Nubia.*

2. The Middle Pre-dynastic Age. In the

burial of beetles,^ which is a middle pre-dynastic

custom, and in a fondness for re-using pottery

of the W and D classes, which belong to the

middle pre-dynastic age."

3. The Late Pre- and Proto-dynastic Age. In

the burial of large quantities of scented oint-

ment,^ and in the use of Jiallus ware (W and Dclasses in the early times. Buff" in the pan-graves)

to contain it. In the use of prepared animal-

1 See PI. XJV, and p. 41.

2 See the references on p. 9.

' P., D.P., p. 48. The burial of dogs was an early pre-

dynastic custom, for it is reported from a grave datal)le to

S. D. .36 (P., N.B., p. 2G, no. L'86), and on p. 13 of the

same volume it is reported with C pottery (polished red

pottery with white cross-lines), which died out in early

pre-dynastic times.

* A.S.N., 1907-08, PI. GO a, no. I."..

'- As reported in P., J>.P., p. 48. For the pre-dynastic

beetles, see p. 33 of the same volume.

° For references, see p. 9.

' P., N.B., p. 11 ; Petrik, Tarkhau, i, p. 9, Ac.


skulls/ The veneration of these may well be

connected with that of another horned head of

this period, i.e., the stag's head sculptured on

the proto-dynastic Min-statue of Koptos." These

same proto-dynastic statues exhibit yet another

resemblance to the pan-graves in the large shells,

which are usually very rare in Egypt, but which

here figure conspicuously among the sacred

emblems on all three statues.^ The pan-graves,

in their fondness for small shells other than

cowries as ornaments resemble the early dynas-

ties of Nubia,* and tho.se of Egypt in their use

of gold imitation shells.^ They also resemble

the pre-dynastic people in this respect (MacIver

and Mace, El Amrah and Ahydos, p. 49), though

naturally such shells may be found occasionally

at other periods.

The use of glazed crystal is probably another

link with the pre- to proto-dynastic age, which

was the most flourishing period of the art.®

The sandals of the pan-grave people have been

seen to resemble those of the Narmer palette

more than any others.'^

A variety of the pattern fig. 9 is used in the

pan-graves on the H pottery. This

pattern is not general in Egypt,

but occurs mostly on proto-dynastic

objects* and Middle Kingdom coffins.*

The bowl of type B 5 resembles in shape

pottery of the late pre- or proto-dynastic age.'"

1 P., D.P., p. 48; P., B.T., ii, PL vii, 8 ; Tarlhan, i,

PL ii, 4, where an ox skull is set on a shrine. This

survived late, associated iu writing with the shrine of

Sebek at Crocodilopolis in the Fayum (for a sculptured

representation see P., L.G.M., xxix), and it appears in the

XlXth Dynasty at Abydos, Caulfield, The Temple ofthe Kings at Abydos, PL vii. For much information onthe whole subject of bucrania in Egypt see LEFiBURE,Le Bucrdne, Sphinx, x, pp. 67 fl".

- Peteie, Koptos, PL iii, 1.

' Peteie, Koptos, PL iii, 1, 2, 3.

* A.S.N., 1907-08, volume of plates, p. 18, PL 66 e.

^ R., N.B., i. Pis. 6, 7, p. 139 ; of. also Petrie, Tarkhan, ii,

PL .vxxv, 1619, xxxvi, 1819, xlii, 763, 797, 1438; Junker,Friedhof in Turah, PI. xlix, b.

Fig. 9.

At the latest these bowls last into the Old

Kinsfdom.

The peculiar pot P 3 resembles a Nubian early

dynastic shape." It does not actually seem to

be an Egyptian shape of this period, though it

would not be out of place among Egyptian

pottery. liater it is found in the Xllth Dynasty

and in the Later Intermediate Period.'^

4. The Xllfh Dynasty. Several of these

pre- to proto-dynastic features are found again

in the Xllth Dynasty. They are : The fondness

for shells." The use of the hatched or bandaged

pattern." The shape corresponding to the bowl

P 3." Another resemblance to the Xllth

Dynasty is to be found in the use of gold collar-

beads (p. 23).

Passing to the different peoples and countries

to whom the pan-grave civilization shows

affinities, we notice :

—

1. Ancient Nuhia. In the laro[e use it made

of .shells bored for suspension the pan-grave

civilization resembles Ancient Nubia, where the

custom seems to have been common all through

the Earfy Dynastic and B-group periods,'" though

it seems largely to have died out in C-group

times. To a limited extent such shells were

" For references, see p. 22.

' See p. 25.

* Cf. seals, QuiBELL, Hierahonpolis, i, PL xv, 6;pottery,

Petrie, Abydos, i, PL liii, 14, 17, IS.

^ Lacau, Sarcophayi's, i, Pis. xvi, xxiv ; cf. P., G.B.,

PL xxiv, itc. In the XVIIIth Dynasty, it occurs on the

strange little wooden box otherwise decorated in Syrian (?)

style; F., K.G.H., xviii, 31.

1" Cf. P., N.B., PL xli, 78 a; Abydos, i, PL xxviii, 32;

Tarkhan, i, PL xlviii, 37 e ; El Kab, PL x, 33, p. 19, xii, .52;

HierakonpoUs, ii, PL Ixix, 21.

" A.S.N., 1907-08, PL 61a, 22; A.S.N. , 1908-09,

PL 44 a, 1.

'- QoiBELL, £xcaw(//ons a/ (Sajjara, 1906-07, PL xxxix, 1

;

P., C.A., ii, PL xxxi, X 64.

'• For references, see p. 17.

i-* For reference, see note ' above.

'^ See note '^ above.

1*= A.S.N., 1907-08, volume of plates, p. 18, 66 e.

46 BALABISH.

also used in the Egyptian proto-dynastic

period.^

Another connection is to be found in the

weaving of hair (giraffe's or elephant's ?), of

which we found a specimen at Balabish in the

little bag, PI. lY, 2, which art was practised at

Kerma in Kubia.-

2. Ancient Sudan. In the use of hatched

pottery and of a lip-stud the pan-graves

resemble this country, for these ornaments have

been found near Roseires on the Blue Nile,' and

also at Gebel Moya in the Senaar Province.^

Another resemblance is probably to be seen in

the braiding of the men's hair (see p. 11).

3. Modem Sudan. It resembles the modern

Sudan in the use of clothins; of fine leather

thongs, and modern Abyssinia in the probable

braiding of the men's hair, and also the Negroids

of South Kordofan.* There is a further resem-

blance in the use of elephant's hair, for the

natives of the Sudan make bracelets of this

material to-day. The probable plaiting of a

man's hair ])y the pan-grave people resembles

the usage of Abyssinia.^

4. Ancient Libyans. It resembles these people

in the use of red-dyed leather garments" and

of fringed leather costumes." The dressing of

the hair in ridges (?) and plaits hy the Libyans

resembles the probable plaiting of a man's hair

in the pan-graves/ and the decoration of the

cross-bands of the Libyans seems to imply a

connection with the shell-strip bracelets of the

pan-grave people."

For references, see note '" on p. 45.

•' A.Z., 1914, p. 37, no. 9.

- Wkllcome, Bi'pnrt Brit. Ass., 1912, p. 617.

* Kindly communicated by Dr. Seligmaun. I'or

Abyssinia, seep. 11.

^ For references, see p. 1 1

.

" N., B.ll., i, PI. xlv, if these figures actually are

Libyans, as is usually supposed.

' Herodotus, iv, 189.

' For references, see p. 1 1

.

,

9 For references, see p. 20.

5. Mediterranean Area. Connections are to

be seen here in the use of bucrania," in the haljit

of decorating Ijones with paint, and in the shape

of the bowl P 3. The use of small jugs of black

punctured ware should be referred to here,

though no doubt these were importations.

Thus, then, this intrusive civilization seems

to be connected with various ages and civiliza-

tions, but mostly with the South and with the

pre- to proto-dynastic age.

We now come to a di.scus.sion of the resem-

blances and differences observable between the

pan-grave civilization and that to which it is

clearly allied, the C-group. While there are

striking resemblances between the two, such as

the burial of animals' heads and horns, the use

of shell-strip bracelets, pierced leather work, &c.,

yet even here in such important details as the

orientation of the body, burial of ashes, types

and decoration of the pottery, the differences are

profound. It is clear from the evidence of the

great C-group cemetery no. 101^' that the latest

phase of the C-group civilization is in the main

the same as that of the pan-graves of Egypt.

This last therefore differs to the same extent

from tlie earlier phases of the C-group culture.

So far as is possible the differences between

the pan-graves and tlie earlier C-group are here

specified and discussed :

—

1

.

Graves.

The pan-graves have no superstructure.

The earlier C-group has a cairn or super-

structure (^..S..V., 1909-10, pp. 13, 14).

2. Orientation.

The pan-graves orient with head to N.

face to W.

The earlier C-group with head to E. and

face to N. {A.S.N., 1909-10, p. 13,

'» P., D.P., p. 20.

'1 A.S.N., 1909-10, pp. 138-140.


though this change started in pre-

pan-grave times, p. 15, no. 3).

3. Ashes.

The pan-graves never deposit ashes.

The earlier C-group deposits ashes (u4.«S'.A^.

1909-10, pp. 18, 19).

4. The pottery of the pan-graves shows manydifferences from that of the C-group.

[a) Qualiti/.

Our pan-grave pottery of each of the

P, B and H classes was singularly

free from chopped straw, and was

remarkable for its thinness, the majority

of the walls beinsf about 3 mm. in

thickness, but varying from 2 to 4 mm.If we understand aright, this thinness

is peculiar to the later C-group, since

Classes I, II, which are not named as

late classes/ are described as " of fairly

thick ware," showing "a considerable

admixture of tibn." " But when wecome to Class XI, which is stated to

belong to the later C-group period,^

and the shapes of which* correspond

with our pan-grave bowls, we find it

described as " thin polished black,

brown and red ware."" Hence it

appears that the thinness of the

pottery differentiates the later C-group

(i.e. the pan-grave age) from the

earlier.^

' A.S.N. Bull., no. 6, p. 3. Cf. Reisaer's description of

"thick black-topped bowls," which continue from the

B-group into the C-group, A.S.N., 1907-08, p. 333, 3.

2 I.e., chopped straw; A.S.N., 1908-09, p. 19, no. 1.

^ A.S.N. Bull., no. 6, p. 3, no. iii.

' A.S.N., 1909-10, PI. 32, b, 1-3 ; cf. our PI. XIV, h 1,

3,3.

5 A.S.N., 1909-10, p. 19, Class xi.

^ Softness and thickness is said to be a characteristic of

another of the wares, the black incised, of the C-gi-oup

pottery of the pre - pan-grave age. A.S.N., 1909-10,

p, 15, no. 4.

{//) Forms.

While the gourd - shaped bowls with

convex sides (as B 7, H4, H 5 on

PI. XIV) are the common shape in

the C-group, they are not very commonin the pan-graves.

The straight-sided bowls, on the other

hand, such as B 1, 2, Hi, which are

very rare even in the unclassified

C-group,^ and so may come from late

graves, are one of the commonest*

pan-grave types.

The moulding (as on types B 3, H 2, 3) is

very rare in C-group pottery, and

seems only to have been introduced in

the latest or pan-grave phase, as the

bowls on which it is found are of tha

age and similar to our own." It is

common in the pan-graves."

The collar, which is common in the pan-

graves" (PI. XIV, B4, 5, 6), is rare in

the unclassified C-group.-'^ It no doubt

is another introduction to the C-group

pottery made in the latest or pan-

grave phase.

' A.S.N., 1907-08, figs. 37, no. 3, 99, no. 8. There are

none in the plates or in A.S.N. , 1908-09, and only the

three of A.S.N., 1909-10, PI. 32, b, 1, 2, 3, which are nowknown to belong to the pan-grave or very latest division of

the C-group civilization. A.S.N., 1909-10, p. 19, type xi

;

Bull., no. 6, A.S.N., p. 3, iii.

« P., D.P., PI. xl, 17, 16, 36, 78, 1, 36, 29, 67, 7, 8

(2 specimens) ; P., G.B., Pis. xxv, 27-40, xxvi, 74-80,

96, 97.

3 A.S.N., 1909-10, pp. 18, 19, type xi, PI. 32, b3;

A.S.N. Bull., no. 6, p. 3.

'" Besides our drawings here referred to, see P., D.P.,

PI. xxxix, X 48, PI. xl, 36 twice ; P., G.B., PI. xxv, 46,

47, 49, 53, 54, 56; xxvi, 82, 84, 86, 101, 102, 114,

116, 117.

11 See also P., G.B., xxv, 48, xxvi, 98.

12 A.S.N., 1907-08, fig. 37, nos. 4, 11 ; fig. 118, no. 3.

There are none in the plates nor yet in those of the A.S.N.

Bejiorts for 1908-09 and 1909-10.

48 BALABISH.

(c) Decoration.

The pau-graves decorate only the upper

part of the bowl ' (with only two ex-

ceptions, P., D.P., V\. xL, ;^)G, and

probably the similarly decoi'ated vase,

type H3, PI. XIV). The earlier

C-group decorates the whole surface"

{A.S.N. Bull., no. G, p. 4, Classes

II, III, cf. A.S.N., 1907-08, PI. 61 b;

A.S.N., 1908-09, PI. 39 f, PL 40,

PI. 46 d; A.S.N. , 1909-10, Pis. 29,

31, 31).

The arrangement of the hatched patterns

on the pan-grave pottery is totally

different from that on the great

majority of the C-group pots. Though

here again the late C-group in Classes

XI, XII, varies from the early classes

and resembles the pan-graves. Astudy of the great collection of pot-

sherds published by WeigalP will

convince the reader of the complete

difference between the Nubian hatched

ware and that of the pan-graves. The

earlier C-group Classes II, III,* and

many specimens in the plates of the

reports are decorated all over the

1 It may put a pattern on the bottom of the bowl also,

P., D.P., PI. -xl, 25, p. 47. The latest C-group does the

same, A.S.N., 1909-10, PI. 35, d, and p. 18, fig. xi, said,

on p. 3, ^..S'.iV". Bull., no. 6, to belong to the later type

of C-group graves.

- The tendency to drop the decoration of the whole

surface and to confine attention to the rim is seen at work

in what is called the later C-group, which to judge by its

pottery is not as late as the pan-graves. Here on some

bowls (such as A.S.N., 1909-10, p. 131, fig. 180; p. 133,

fig. 187; p. 134, fig. 188, 1; p. 135, fig. 195, 1, &c.), the

decoration has become reduced to a few lines radiating

from the base to the still heavily decorated rim. Then

again, on other bowls (such as p. 118, fig. 138, 5; p. 119,

fig. 143. 6; p. 127, fig. 169, 4, <S:c.), even this decoration

has disappeared, and only the strongly marked decoration

of the brim is left.

^ Antiquities of Lower Nubia, Pis. Ixxvi to xciv ; cf. also

MacIver and WooLLEY, Areika, Pis. 10, 11, 12.

< A.S.N. Bull, no. 6, p. 4.

surface, and the hatched spaces arc

divided one from another Ijy plain

areas, ('n the other hand, in the

pan-grave classes the decorated area is

never broken up by plain spaces, and

with a single exception ^ is confined to

a portion of the pot only. A com-

parison of the pan-grave pottery plates

with the C-group plates'' will bring

out the difference. By far the most

common C-group design is what might

be called a strap pattern, consisting as

it does of narrow bands of this hatched

ornament. Nothing approaching this

has yet been found in the pan-graves.

In the diamond pattern ^ the pan-grave

approaches the C-group most nearly,

yet even here the difference is very

great, largely owing to the plain

spaces, but also to the grouping.^ The

rare C-group variation of turning the

diamond sideways" is entirely lacking

in the pan-grave pottery. In this use

of plain spaces, especially when applied

to a thick soft black polished ware, the

C-group is reminiscent of the pre-

dynastic pottery,^" but this similarity

does not extend to the pan-graves.

P., D.P., PI. xl, 36, p. 47.

' A.S.N., 1907-08, PI. 61, b ; A.S.N, 1908-09, PI. 39, f,

40, 46, d; A.S.N., 1909-10, Pis. 29, 30, 31.

' See PI. XIV, H 3 ; P., D.P., xl, 36 ; P., G.B., xxvi,

105, 114, and compare with A.S.N, 1907-08, PI. 61, b, 1,

6 ; A.S.N, 1908-09, PL 39, f, 2, 3, PI. 40, a, 1, 2, 3, 6,

PI. 46, d, 4; A.S.N, 1909-10, PI. 29, b, 5, c, 4, 6, 7,

PI. 30, b, 1.

« A.S.N, 1907-08, PI. 61, b, 6 ; A.S.N, 1908-09, PI. 39,

£, 3, PI. 10, a, 1, PI. 46, d, 4 ; A.S.N, 1909-1910, PI. 29,

a, 2, 6, b, 2, 3, 4, c, 1, 3, PI. 30, a, 2, 3, b, 4, 5, 8, PI. 31,

a, 2, 5, b, 1, 5.

» A.S.N, 1908-09, PI. 39, f, 2 ; A.S.N, 1909-10, PI. 39,

figs. 1, 2, 6.

'» Compare the patterns of such bowls as A.S.N.,

1908-09, PI. 40, A, 2, 6, withP., N.B., xxx, 24, 26, 28 : the

rectangular arrangement of the incised bands of A.S.N,

1907-08, fig. 118, no. 17 ; A.S.N, 1908-09, fig. 29, no. 330,

with P., N.B., xxx, 6, and so on.


The white filling of the incised patterns

on bowls, though common in the

C-group, does not occur in the pan-

craves, and is not said to occur in the

late C-group.^

The red, yellow, Ijlue and green painted

details of the C-group Class X^ are

entirely lacking in the pan-graves, and

are presumably absent from the late

C-group.

The ornament of impressed triangles in

various groupings^ is entirely lacking

in the pan-graves, and is presumably

absent from the late C-group. Perhaps

its place in the pan-grave pottery is

taken by the rows of pit marks at the

brim (see types H 3, 4).

The coarse, smooth, red pottery bound

with chopped straw* has never been

found in the pan-graves. This ware

evidently resembles the rough ware, E.,

of the pre-dynastic age in its clay,

but not in its shapes. Its presence

once more connects the (J-group

with, while its absence divides the

pan-graves from, the pre-dynastic

civilization.

The use of shells bored for suspension

and otherwise by the pan-grave people

connects them with the C-group people,

while the much greater use made of

them by the former diflerentiates them

strongly from the latter, in whose

graves such shells are comparatively

rarely met with.^ Further, in the

C-group many of the ornamental shells

are cowries with the backs cut off, a

form not found in the pan-graves.

Yet other differences between the pan-grave

and earlier C-group civilizations will be found

in the

—

Presence in the pan-graves of :

—

Hornstrigils(?). PI- XII, 6, 7, 8.

Horn bracelets. PL XII, 5. P., G.R.,

PL X, F, p. 20.

Lip-stud (?). PL VII, 2.

Scented ointment.^ p. 14. P., D.P.,

p. 47.

Copper axes." PL XIII. 1, 2.

Arrows. P., G.R., PL x, f, p. 20.

Bracers. PL XII, 1, 2, 3.

Bow-strings (?). PL III, 2, no. 11.

Ket bag of elephant's hair. PL IV, 2.

Tiny blue glaze beads. Type 3.

Palettes. PL XIII, 16, 17, 18, p. 34;

cf. A.S.N., 1907-08, p. 334, 7.

Large shells other than AoW-shells.

PL II, 2.

Cords (?) of plaited leather. PL X.

Fringed leather. PL X, 1. P., G.R.,

p. 20.

Beads sewn into the seams of leather.

Pis. X, 1, XI, 2. P., G.R., p. 20.

Mats of types figs. 1 and 2,* p. 5. See

P., G.R., PL X, F, for type.

' A.S.N. Bull., no. 6, pp. 3, 5.

2 A.S.N., 1909-10, pp. 15, 19, Pis. 39, 40. See also

A.S.N., 1908-09, PI. 39, f, 2 ; Weigall, Antiquities of

Lower Nubia, Frontispiece and PI. A.

3 A.S.N., 1907-08, PL 6i, b, .3; A.S.N., 1908-09, PI. 40,

a, 2, 6, c, 3, 5, 6, PL 46, d, 1, 2, 3, 5 ; A.S.N., 1909-10,

Pis. 29,30, 31, 32, c ; A.S.N. Bull, no. 6, Classes Ia, II, III.

* A.S.N., 1908-09, PL 47, and A.S.N., 1909-10, p. 18,

Class IV.

= AS.N., 1907-08, p. 54, no. 183; A.S.N, 1908-09,

p. 56, no. 6, &c.; A.S.N, 1909-10, p. 110, no. 51, p. 113.

no. 8, p. 114, no. 13, &.c.

" Out of all the C-group material now published only

one possible case is reported. See A.S.N, 1908-09, p. 107,

no. 103.

A single stone axe-head is reported by A.S.N, 1909-10,

p. 134, no. 412.

* Mats of these types are not indicated in the A.S.N.

publications, whereas others are. For references see the

next section, dealing with the classes absent from the pan-

craves.

50 BALABISH.

Absence from the pan-gravos of:

—

Button seals. A.S.X., 1907-08, PL 71 a,

nos. 14, 15, IG, 36; 1908-09, PI. 42 b,

nos. 30, 32, 33, 34, p. 160, no. 14;

1909-10, PI. 36 e, nos. 17, 18, 20.

Finger rings. A.S.N., 1908-09, p. 83,

no. 225, and often.

Model pots. A.S.N., 1908-09, p. 19,

no. 1, 4, PI. 39 e, &c.

True needles with eyes. A.S.N. , 1907-08,

PI. 66 b, no. 45, 46 ?, p. 164, no. 85.

Feather fan (?). A.S.N., 1907-08, p. 195,

no. 5; 1908-09, PI. 39 c, but perhaps

early Dynastic, not C-group.

Dagger. A.S.N., 1909-10, p. 17, 117,

no. Ill, ji. 139, no. 434.

Mirrors. A.S.K, 1907-08, PI. 65 d, 2, 3 ;

1908-09, PL 39 c; 1909-10, PL 37c, 4.

Steatopygous dolls. A.S.N., 1908-09,

PL 39 a. b; 1909-10, PL 87 a, d, 1, 2.

Bead cloth. A.S.N., 1908-09, PL 39 d,

p. 81, no. 226. A piece from the

C-group at Faras is to be published

shortly by the Oxford Expedition to

Nubia.

Porphyry (?) beads. A.S.N., 1907-08,

p. 161, no. 28; 1908-09, p. 85,

no. 331, PL 56, 6 ; 1909-10, PL 37 e,

2, and often.

Split cowries. A.S.N., 1907-08, PL 66 e,

7; 1908-09, p. 84, no. 310, and

often.

Objects, called l)uttons(?). A.S.N., 1907-

08, PL 70 b, 15 ; 1908-09, PL 37 b, 2.

Diagonally woven matting. A.S.N.

,

1907-08, p. 164, no.s. 73, 85, p. 165,

no. 86, p. 186, no. 159, p. 223,

no. 423, &c. ; 1909-10, p. 17.

Mat of bound rushes. A.S.N., 1907-08,

p. 267, no. 257, &c.

Among other resemblances will be found :

—

Burial of animals' skulls and horns, which

are often painted. PL III, 1. P., D.P.,

p. 46; 1\. a.B., p. 20; A.S.N., 1909-

10, p. 17, &c.

Deposits without buriaL PL XVII, 182,

233. P., X>.P., p. 45 ; A.S.N., 1907-08,

p. 188, no. 4 ; p. 224, no. 428 ; 1908-09,

p. 119, no. 75; 1909-10, p. 130,

nos. 265, 266.

Awls of bone or copper. Pis. VII, 4,

IV. 1. A.S.N., 1907-08, p. 334, no. 6,

p. 188, no. 7, p. 224, no. 426, &c.

FlintHakos. PLIV, 1. A5.A'., 1907-08,

p. 268, no. 277, p. 224. no. 428, &c. ;

1908-9, p. 58, no. 105, p. 109,

nos. 507, 520, &c.

Black feathers. PL XVI, 213. A.S.N.,

1908-09, p. 58. no. 108, p. 60, no. 121,

p. 64, no. 1. Also from the C-group

at Faras, to be published shortly by

the Oxford Expedition to Nubia.

Penannular ear-rings. PL VII, 1. A.S.N.

,

1907-08, PL 70b, G, 8'; 1908-09,

PL 37 b, 7, 8, p. 84. no. 312.

Kohl. As evidenced by the kohl-])ots in

PL XIII, 12, 13, 14 ; A.S.N, 1909-10,

p. 17.

Shell and l)lack glaze beads. Types, 1, 8.

A.S.N, 1907-08, PL 70 b, no. 1,

p. 184, no. 137, p. 55, no. 185,

187, &c.

The arrangement pf these beads shown in

string 8, PI. VIII.

Gold collar beads. Type 24, PL VIII.

A.S.N, 1907-08, PL 70 b, 17; 1908-

09, PL 56, 3.

Carnelian spheroid beads. Type 12.

A.S.N, 1907-08, PL 70 b, 17.

Carnelian barrel beads. Type 21.

A.S.N., 1907-08, p. 161, no. 25;

1908-09, p. 84, no. 261.

Crystal beads glazed blue. Type 5.

A.S.N, 1907-08, p. 162, no. 41.

' Not the lonj^ object uuder wliicli is the figure 8, but

the small penauuulur ring alongside it.


Glazed cylinder beads. Type 10. A.S.N.,

1907-08, PI. 70 b, .3.

Shell-strip bracelets. PI. Ill, 3. A.S.N.

,

1909-10, p. 132, no. 361, and often.

Noticeable absence of amulets, except for

a very few small ones. PL VIII.

A.S.JV., 1907-08, p. 338, 8.^

Tortoise-shell bracelets. Pis. Ill, 2, 2,

XII, 10. A.S.K, 1908-09, p. 82,

no. 419, p. 83, no. 235, &c., but types

not stated.

Sandals. PI. IX. ^.aS'.^\':, 1908-09,

p. 82, no. 383, p. 83, no. 235, p. 178,

no. 102, &c., but types not stated.

Leather (occasionally dyed red), p. 26.

A.S.N., 190a-09, p. 84, no. 249, and

often.

Pierced leather work. Pis. IV, 2, X, 2.

A.S.N., 1908-09, p. 60, no. 121.

By means of the foregoing tabulation of

resemblances and differences we are able to form

some conclusion as to how intimately the pan-

graves are connected with the C-group of Nubia.

We find that even here, unmistakable as the

connection is, our intrusive pan-grave civilization

maintains its isolation, and the relationship is

not close.

It is evident that the pan-grave civilization of

Egypt is practically identical with that of the

latest phase of the C-group civilization. Buthere the parallel ceases, for the divergence from

the earlier C-group is profound, and seems too

complete to allow of explanation, on the hypo-

thesis either of development or of merely

increasing poverty. We will not here include

such a change as that of the orientation of the

burials, as this seems to have occurred durine

an earlier phase of the C!-group age, and so may

• This, however, is difficult to reconcile with the state-

ment on p. 335, no. 8, which can only be comparative andmean that small amulets are not unknown as in thepan-graves.

be due to development. Nor yet do we include

the ornamentation of only a small portion of the

bowl instead of the whole, nor the disuse of the

white filling for incised patterns^ nor the dis-

continuance of the painting of polychrome

ware, all of which might be due to poverty or

degeneracy. Nor yet, again, will we rely upon

such a change as the disuse of finger rings,

which might be due to the same causes. Other

changes, again, such as the burial of great

quantities of scented ointment or the use of

bows and arrows, might be discounted as due

to increased contact with Egypt. But after

eliminating these differences which are suscep-

tible of such simple explanations, there remain

yet a number which cannot be so treated.

Though contact with Egypt might do so, yet

increasing poverty would not account for the

disuse of the worse quality pottery, the smooth

coarse red ware. Type IV ; it would the rather

tend to increase its use. Neither would il^lead

the people to replace the thicker clays by a

finer equality of thin stone-hard ware ; it would

the rather tend in the opposite direction.

Poverty would hardly cause the people to

abandon the old shapes of pottery and adopt

new ones, such as straight-sided bowls, or bowls

with a moulding, or a collar, nor yet would it

cause them to use large numbers of shells, nor

create a desire for curved horn implements

(strigils?), nor even for lip-studs. Nor yet

would it lead them to discontinue the making of

mats of a diagonal weave or of bound rushes, and

to substitute those of our types 1 and 2 (see

p. 5). Contact with Egypt could not have

done these things, as contemporary Egypt does

not appear to have had the new classes to give.

Therefore we cannot look to development, or

degradation, or contact with Egypt, to account

for more than a few of these changes which took

place in the C-group civilization in its latest or

pan-grave phase. Moreover, it must be remem-

bered that at the time when these changes took

place there was a movement of the people from

H 2

52 BALABISH.

Nubia to South Egypt, aud it has been shown

(p. 44) that mingled with them were a few

representatives of a difterent civilization, that of

the black-topped cups with flared rims and a

grey band.

Now two of the differences between the pan-

grave and the earlier C-group peoples were

found to be the use, by the former, of woven

elephant's (?) hair and lip-studs. These sug-

gested connections with the Sudan, while the

lip-stud also formed a link between the pan-

grave people and those of the civilization of the

black-topped cups with a grey band and Hared

rim. At about the period of the pan-grave

civilization, we know there was another impor-

tant civilization in the Sudan not far from the

C-group people, which is undoubtedly related to

that of the black-topped cups with a grey band

and flared rim. This is the civilization recently

lirought to light at Kerma, and we already know

it tot*have used woven hair (giraffe's ?), and to

have used small hard-stone palettes, to have

manufactured thongs of woven leather, to have

made pottery remarkable for its thinness and

quality,^ to have u.sed a moulding at the rim of

some of its bowls,^ and to have given straighter

sides to many of them.^ Here, then, wc have si.v

1 A.Z., 1914, p. 37, nos. 9, 11, 13, 1.5. We are not told

what the C-group sandal was like, so we are prevented

from comparing it with the pan-gi-ave types, which have

shown themselves to be unusual. We can, however, point

out that the very unusual arrangement requiring two holes

at the toe is found again at Kerma (A.Z., 1914, PI. v,

fig. 9; better, Boston Bulletin, no. 69, fig. 29), though

beyond this the resemblance does not go.

- Boston Mnseiim of Fine Arts Bulletin, xU, no. 69, fig. 14.

The first bowl on the left of the third row of the top photo-

graph and the first bowl on the left of the third row of the

lower photograph e.\hil)it this feature.

^ Had we cared to .speculate further we might have*

of the characteristics the origin of which we are

seeking to trace, as they have been shown to be

among those differentiating the pan-graves from

the earlier C-group. Further, we know that a

few forerunners of this civilization were so

closely associated with our people as to have

been called by the first discoverers pan-grave in

Egypt and C-gi*oup in Nubia. The question

then arises, can contact with this people have

been accountable for any part of the extreme

difference between the earlier C-group and its

derivative the pan-grave civilization ?

Unfortunately at present we can give no

definite answer to the question, for we are not

yet in a position to judge of the movements, or

influence, or the details of the civilization of

this race, and it is never safe to prophesy.

Prophecy in this case would be the more rash

as formidable differences are encountered between

the two civilizations, which will require much

consideration in a far fuller light before any

definite conclusions can be reached. We there-

fore content ourselves with drawing attention

to the above coincidences, and await with eager-

ness any further information which will throw

light upon the suggested connection between the

Kerma race and some of the points which go

to make up the difference between the earlier

C-group and the pan-grave civilizations.

suggested that the shape of the pan-grave bowls with the

slightly flared rims, which we had supposed to be a variety

of the straight-sided ones, was a crude reminiscence of the

shape of the beautiful black-topped cups with the flared

rims .so distinctive of the Kerma civilization. See P., D.P.,

PI. xl, 16, 1, 36, 29; P., G.B., PL xxvi, 86, 117; A.S.N.,

1907-08, fig. 37, no. 3, p. 53; fig. 99, no. 8, p. 1.56. The

last of these is earlier than the pan-grave age. If, as it

seems, this .shape is very rare in C-group times, this need

only represent the earliest contact.

i. 53 )

CHAPTER VIII.

OBJECTS FROM THE NEW KINGDOM CEMETERY.

Plates XVIII-XXV.

The position and appearance of the New

Kingdom Cemetery have been described in

Chapter I. Unfortunately it had been so

completely worked out Ixjth by the Government

and by native plunderers that only a very small

portion was left to be excavated. From the

small area left to us it was hardly to be

expected that results of great scientific value

would be obtained. We were, however, for-

tunate in obtaining a large number of objects of

striking and unusual types, of which some

description must here be given.

Plate XVIII, no. 1, B 170. Two views of

a sandal of the ordinary New Kingdom type.

The upper view shows the surface, and the

lower shows the same sandal tilted on to its side

to show both sole and edge. In this second

photograph the sandal is so tilted that what was

the lower ankle-strap in the first picture has

become the upper in the second. The sandal is

quite different from those of the pan-graves, for

it is made by sewing together three thicknesses

of leather with very fine neat stitching. This is

well seen in the top picture, especially near the

toe. It will Ije noticed in the lower picture that

this fine stitchery does not pass through to the

under side of the sandal. The ankle-straps are

cut from these pieces of leather, and are bound

round with strips of red-dyed leather. After

these thicknesses have been sewn together to

form the body of the sandal, an extra sole or

clump has been sewn on with large coarse

stitches passing right through to the surface.

This secondary coarse stitching will be clearly

seen at the upper edge of the top picture and at

the lower edge of the bottom picture. The two

pictures show the upper and lower side of the

same stitches. In the lower picture it will also

be seen that the clump is so arranged as to run

out under the ankle-straps and so form a

protection for them too.

The sandal was fastened to the foot by means

of a toe-strap, which passes through all the thick-

nesses of the sandal, and is secured l)y means of

a knot tied under the clump. The knot is

visible in the lower photograph. The toe-strap

is dyed red, and from a study of various drawings

and models must have ended in a loop on the

instep. Here it was met ])y a thong coming

from the ankle-straps and passing through the

loop. In the New Kingdom this latter thong

does not pass round behind the ankle, but is

fastened down to the sandal, as appears to be

the case here. Our specimen is elongated into

an elegant pointed toe. Thus in every way it

differs from the earlier type, which is either

square-toed or rounded at the toe ; is made of

a sinsle thickness of leather; and generally,

though not always, has the ankle-strap passing

rieht round behind the heel instead of being

fastened to the sole.^

A single pot was found with the sandal. It

is figured on PI. XXIII, no. 1. The grave was

a shaft 2-40 X -80 and 1-40 mm. deep. There

were no chambers, Ijut on the western side

1 See above, pp. 24 ff.

54 BALABISH.

there was a niche. The long axis ran north

and south.

Plate XVIII, no. 2, B 15. The forepart of an

extremely interesting sandal, the sole of which

is made like the previous one, of three thick-

nesses of leather stitched together, an extra sole

or clump having been added underneath. The

guard to the ankle-strap which comes from the

clump is seen at the lower side of the sandal.

It curls up over the place whence the ankle-

strap has been broken off. The sandal was

secured by a toe-strap which passed into the

sole. The special interest, however, lies in the

fact that, in spite of this complete and usual

apparatus for fastening on the sandal, uppers

have been added, and have been laced together

with four laces. One half with the laces

remains and is quite visil.)le in the illustration,

but although the other has entirely disappeared

its presence is suggested Ity the two remaining

stitches on the upper side, which fastened some-

thing now lost.

Here then we actually have the transition

from the simple sandal to the shoe, and it has

not yet been realised that with the use of

uppers the toe-strap has become superfluous as a

means of keeping on the foot-gear. Unfor-

tunately the heel is not preserved, to show

whether the shoe was open at the back or was

closed all round, as the! remains of the stitching

would rather seem to indicate. The idea of

putting on an upper no donlit arose from the

custom of broadening the strap or of inserting a

protector over the instej) to prevent chafing.

This custom is as old as the first Egyptian

Dynasty, for Narmer's sandals are shown with a

very broad piece for this purpose.^ It is to be

seen from time to time tliroughout tlie length

of Egyptian civilization, but generally in a

much less exawwrated form. It comes to a

head in the great sandals iti Ihc tomb of

Rekhmire,' a little earlier than our specimen.

Here, however, we are still dealing with a

protector and not with the uppers of a shoe, as

there is a space between the sole and the

broadened strap, which has not yet been stitched

down to it as in our example. In these all

along the upper edge of the protector a row of

dots is seen, no doubt the ends of the laces as

found at Balabish. The sandal in Rekhmire,

however, shows quite a number of laces, not

merely four like ours. Along with the sandals

of Rekhmire are others showing the more usual

form of broadened strap.

Three iishnhtis were found here, inscribed in

hieratic as on PI. XXIII, no. 2. They were (juite

roughly moulded in pottery and washed over

with a greenish-grey mud wash. The pottery is

shown on the same plate, nos. 3, 4, 5. Both

the pilgrim flasks are red polished.

The grave was a shaft, 2-90 x 1'20 m., and

2 '40 m. deep. The long axis ran north and

south, and there was a niche on the east side,

but no chamber.

Plate XIX, no. 1. A strange vessel of the

ordinary Egyptian hard brown ware of the

period, washed over with a coat of dull red. It

has been broken off at the bottom. The base is

solid ; hence, as a receptacle, the vase is complete

in itself. A pair of cones have been moulded

on to the side less than half-way up, l)ut tlic

right-hand one has been broken off. They are

pierced through, so that if the vessel were filled

with water two streams would have spurted out.

Plate XIX, no. 2. From group B 66, the rest

of which will be found on PI. XXV. This is an

important find, as it sets at rest the vexed

question as to the use to which the small

penannular rings of glass, alabaster, carnelian,

gold, &c., were pul. Tlicy arc often dcscriboil

' See fig. 7 on p. 24.

'i Newberry, Life of Eekhmara, PI. xvii, third register

from the top and third row of sandals from the top. The

more usual hroadenin;:; of tlio strap is seen in the nthcir

sandals in the plate.

NEW KINGDOM OBJECTS. 55

as " hair riugs," hut here oue of them is seen in

place in the lol)e of the ear. It also appears to

have been passed through a hole in the skin, and

not to have been merely nipped on. The form

of the ear is just distinguishable above it. This

ring was of hard opaque white stone (chalcedony ?).

In the other ear at the time of discovery there

were two more specimens similarly arranged;

of these, one was of the same white stone, while

the other was of carnelian.

The rest of the tomb-group (PI. XXV) was

interesting. No. 56 is a large portion of a

figure vase in the form of a bird. It was

made of a fine quality W and I)^ clay, as

was the Decorated pottery of the middle pre-

dynastic age. As in the latter, the decoration

has been put on with red paint. This speci-

men had been fired sutiicieutly for the surface

to begin to turn slightly yellow or white.

Bird vases are most common in Egypt in the

pre-dynastic age.^ Bird vases, along with others

in animal form, are quite common in the second

period (early bronze (copper?) age) at Susa

(de Morgan, Delegation en Perse, xiii, Pis. xxx,

9, xxxvii, 1, 2, 7, xxxviii, 2, 11, 12). Several

are known from Tell-el-Mutesellim in North

Palestine.^ A duck vase, similar to that from

Tell-el-Mutesellim, in blue faience, comes from

Cyprus.* The subject will be found more fully

treated on p. 56.

1 The term W and D ware is used throughout this

article for the hard close pink ware with white specks in it,

which is so regularly used for the Wavy-handled and

Decorated classes of pre-dynastic pottery. It is practically

the same material as the hallds and the qulhli of modernEgypt, but is generally only fired to a pink colour, whereas

the modern examples being fully fired become greenish, or

yellowish white. Therefore the expression W and D waregives a better idea of the appearance than either the namehallas or qiilleh ware. However, when this same ware is

sufficiently fired to look like the modern representatives,

we use the name qulleli.

2 Miss Murray, Historical Studies, Pis. xxii, xxiii.

3 Schumacher, Tell el Mutesellim, p. 89, Abb. 131, a, b,

p. 90, Abb. 132.

* Murray, Excavations in Cyprus, p. 115, fig. 166, no. 5.

No. 57 is a vase of the ordinary (/ulleh ware,

of a yellowish-white colour, and bears Syrianizing

decorations in black and purplish red. The

technique of painting pottery with a purplish

red line l^etween two black ones is interestins:, in

that it is found again at Bolus, between Tokat

and Sivas in North-East Asia Minor,^ and at

Gezer and liachish in South Palestine.* The

crude clay of the Asia Minor pot has been

covered with a whiti.sh-yellow slip before

receiving its decoration of a red line enclosed

between two black ones, the result on the surface

having just the appearance of an Egyptian qulleh

ware pot with Syrianizing decorations. In

Egypt this decoration is very often applied to

pots made of the W and D clay, which, as

remarked above, when well fired becomes qulleh

ware, i.e., of a greenish-yellow or yellowish-white

colour. This is the case in no. 78 of PI. XXV."In this connection it should be noted that muchof the pottery of North Syria is made of a local

variety of the W and D clay, which is, as a rule,

of a greyer colour than the Egyptian. The

details of some of the North Syrian shapes in

this pottery are not unlike those of the Egyptian

pots made of this clay, especially in the wide

neck, sometimes fairly long, surmounted by a

strong moulding.^

^ Myres, Joiirn. Boy. Anthrop. Inst., 1903, p. 399, and

PI. xl, 6. This potsherd is now in the Ashmolean Museumnumbered 09.9491. Compare also the similar arrangement

of red between black lines in nos. 4, 13, 20, 21, and the

allied but inverted arrangement of a black line between

two red ones in no. 9. It is perhaps worth remarking that

all of the above, except no. 9, which has no provenance,

come from the one site. Bolus. Yet in the plate there are

potsherds from many other sites, but they do not exhibit

this decoration.

* See the examples selected for comparison with the

Asia Minor group and published in PL xli of the above

work.

'' Another decoration in coloured bands, this time blue

and edged with red or black, comes in during the XVIIIth

Dynasty, and it also is often applied to pots painted white,

thus imitating qulleh ware. See PI. XXIII, 7, and p. 57.

* For references, see p. 67, note '-.

W75040

56 BALABISH.

No. 58 is the neck of a bottle of fine thin

W and D ware, pink in colour and turning

slightly white on the outside. The lip had been

pinched into four angles.

No. 59 is one of the little Syrian jugs of

black polished pottery. The burnishing marks

run up and down the sides, not round and

round. It had contained ointment, and when

first discovered the jug smelt not unlike the

ointment of the pre- and proto-dynastic and

pan-grave times. The ointment, moreover, had

cracked the vessel, as it so often cracked the

earlier receptacles.

The tomb was a pit 2 • 50 x • 80 m. and 1 • 60 m.

deep. The long axis was north and south.

There were no chambers, but merely a niche on

the west side about 0-GO m. wide x O'SO m.

high.

Plate XIX, no. 3. Group B 154. For the rest

of the pottery see PL XXV. This group is only

of interest for the pottery doll. The alabaster

kohl-Tpot on the left, having lost its cover, had

been provided with a new one of bright blue

glaze. The two pots on the upper row are of

the usual W and D ware, and are decorated in

dark red. On PI. XXV, pots 54, 55 were of

similar ware, while nos. 52, 53 were painted red,

but not polished.

Plate XX, sec also PI. XXIII, Group B 101.

The most striking object is a vase in the form of

a woman holding a lute. She wears only a

firdle, and in the back view the hair is seen to

be drawn back to a plaited pigtail, which forms

the handle. The vase is made of alabaster, and

that the workmanship is Egyptian is sufficiently

evidenced by the treatment of the eyes and

mouth. Nevertheless, the idea is foreign, and is

no doubt connected with the zoomorphic art of

Western Asia, and with the Greek rhytons. The

Eo-yptian specimens have a neck with slightly

concave sides rising from the head. Similar

necks occur on such figure vases of Greek

manufacture,' and with or without the moulding

are also a feature of the rhytons, whether carried

by an Assyrian genius' or found in classical

lands. Figure vases are never common in

Egypt, and Ijelong almost exclusively to the

pre-dynastic, XVIIIth Dynasty, and Graeco-

Ronian periods. In the pre-dynastic age the

forms are almost invariably animal. In the

Middle Kinsfdom the few forms are about

eveulv divided l)etween human anil animal

shapes. In the New Kingdom the prepondei'ancc

has passed heavily to the side of the human

forms. At Balabish, besides this one in alabaster,

we found vases decorated with a human head in

B50 and in B 36 (PI. XXI). There is also the

bird-shaped vase from B 66, already mentioned,

no. 56 on PI. XXV. Fen- a study of the whole

subject in Egypt, see Miss Murray's Figure

Vases in Egypt} A figure vase in female form is

known from the island of Mochlos off the Cretan

Coast* This dates from E.M. Ill, while another,

dating; from L.M. Ill, comes from Gournia on the

island of Crete itself.^ One is also known from

Gezer in Palestine, dating to the XVIIIth

Dynasty.® Others, but in bird form, have

already been mentioned from North Palestine

on p. 55. The other objects of this group are a

ofreen faience bowl with a lotus in black inside, a

small circular alabaster dish, and another in the

shape of a fish. Both these are of the finest

creamy alabaster, very thin and delicately made.

The ushabti is of limestone, and was a ready-

made object with a space for the name of the

purchaser, which, however, has never been filled

in. The inscription will be seen in 1*1. X.XIII,

1 Cf. Birch, Ancient Pottery, 1873, fig. 120.

- See Layard, Nineveh and itn liemains, ii, pp. 303, 304;

Birch, Ancient Pottery, 1873, fig. 146.

' Published in Historical Sttidics, pp. 10-4(5, and Pis.

xii, XXV.

• Seager, Explorations in the Island of Mochlos, figs.

32, xiii, g, and 34.

^ Hawes, Gournia, x, 11.

* Macalistek, The Exploration of Gezer, i, p. 306, fig. 162.


no. 6. It is a very blundered and imperfect

attempt at the Vlth Chapter of the Book of the

Dead, which is commonly written on such figures.

On the left side are faience pendants, on the

right side beads of a reddish coloured resin.

The finger rings are shown in the top row, of

which the second from the left, representing a

uraeus, should be noticed. There is also an

uzat eye, several penannular ear-rings, and a

scarab. The design on the base of this will be

found on PI. XXIII, no. 10.

On this plate are also the pots. The large

one, no. 7, was painted white on the outside

and was decorated with blue and red bands.

Another of similar shape had turned white in

patches during the firing. Both contained ashes

of vegetable material, apparently largely Italfa-

grass, just like the pre-dynastic ash burials.

No. 8 was red-painted and whitewashed, and

two others like it were merely red-painted, as

was no. 9. No. 11 is of qulleh ware. No. 12

belongs to a very distinct class, of which nos. 33,

34 on PL XXIV are further examples. There

were only four general types of this class, all of

them deep wide-mouthed vessels, of which the

great majority approximated to nos. 12, 33.

The class was made of the hard red ware, but

of an exceptionally fine smooth quality, which

had a tendencv to turn white in the firino^. It

was regularly painted red all over the upper part

of the vase, as indicated in the drawings. The

two splashes of paint on no. 12 show that during

the process of painting the pot was spinning

clockwise. Thus the wheel was probably turned

by the potter's right hand. The large pan,

no. 13, has been supported by a cord while

drying, as is still done to-day.

This group came from a large pit 4 • 00 x2*30 m. and 4 '00 m. deep. The long axis was

north and south, and at a depth of 2 '30 m.

were two small chambers and two niches. The

chambers were at the north and south ends,

while the niches were at the east and west sides.

They were all quite empty. Lower still, at the

depth of 4 "00 m., there was a single chamber at

the south end. It was 2" 40 x 2-20 m. in size

and 1 '00 m. high. It had been bricked up, and

the objects here shown were found just inside

the bricking. There had been five burials, in

painted and inscribed wooden coffins, which had

fallen to pieces.

Plate XXI, no. 1 , see also Plate XXIV. Group

B 50. The small pots in the top row are the

important feature here. A specimen is drawn in

outline on PI. XXIV, no. 44. Four of them were

found, and they are curious in being decorated

with a human face. The face is moulded on to

the shoulder of the pot, and strangely enough is

turned upside down, as can be seen in the two

specimens figured. The pots were of the very

roughest red ware and quite small, being only

about 90 mm. high. Can it be that they were

intended to stand more or less perilously mouth

downwards to form pieces in a game, perhaps to

be bowled at ? Nine-pins in the form of small

vases are known in the pre-dynastic age.^ How-

ever, we found nothing in the way of a ball.

The dish and bottle on the top row are of

alabaster, and the ring with the bezel facing the

spectator is of blue faience. It is drawn as

no. 23 on PI. XXIV. In the centre are the

beads, &c. Discs pierced through diametrically,

tubular glaze-beads in groups of threes, and two

little glazed steatite double frog groups. For

these latter, see no.s. 21, 22, PI. XXIV. No. 20

of the same plate is the drawing of the .scarab

seen at the end of the string. In the lower row

there are four penannular ear-rings, a heart

scarab of slate, which bears a very blundered

attempt at the Chapter of the Heart from the

Book of the Dead. It is copied on PI. XXIV,

no. 19. The three pilgrim-flasks are figured in

outline as nos. 46, 47 on PI. XXIV, where also

the flattened side view is shown. All three are

made of thin red W and D ware, which has

1 P., N.B., PL vii, 1, p. 35.

58 BALABISH.

turned greeu on the outside, with a patch of red

showing occasioncally. They have a beautiful

smooth silky surface, not unlike that of some of

the pre- and proto-dynastic cylinder jars in

texture. One of the smaller ones still had

remains of ointment inside, and was cracked, as

ointment vessels so often are. A great quantity

of pottery came to light, for which see PI. XXIV,

mostly of the usual style. One example of

no. 25 was whitewashed, as was the rim of

no. 36. The rims of the other two examples

of no. 25 were painted red. Nos. 33, 34 have

already l)een treated on p. 57. There were four

specimens of no. 33. Nos. 48, 49, 50 were all

of the ordinary hard ]>rown ware of the period

and unpainted, bu,t while no. 48 was very rough,

nos. 49, 50 were finely made and thin. The

common type of mouth in these last two, with-

out a neck or even a rim, although the sides

incurve as if to receive one, is as ancient as the

pre-dynastic period.^ In this group there were

three examples of no. 50. No. 51 is of qnlleh

ware.

The tomb consisted of a shaft 2-60 x 2 • 00 m.

and 4*30 m. deep. It contained two storeys

of chambers at the N. and S. ends (jf the

shaft. Those at a depth of 3-20 m. had been

emptied. At a depth of 4*30 m., at the S.

end, was a small niche which had been walled

up. It had contained a burial in a wooden

painted anthropomorphic coffin. No objects

were found here. Opposite it, at the N. end,

was a large chamber 5-00 x 2-60 m. and

1-20 m. high. It had l)eeu walled up, and had

contained fifteen interments in painted wood

and stucco coffins similar to the previous one.

It was from here that the objects were collected.

Plate XXI, no. 2, see also Plate XXV. Group

B 36. The central piece shows the upper part of

a female figure vase. It is made of the ordinary

hard red clay of the period. It never possessed

1 See P., N.B., PI. xxi, 75 a, xxii, 27.

more than a single handle. With it arc four

strange pottery covers, having animals sprawling

over them. As they are four in numl)er, and

are connected with animals, one would suppose

them to have come from canopic jars, l)ut the

animals do not agree with the heads usually

depicted on those covers. The pottery figures

below these are very strange and of the roughest

make, having been merely pressed into a mould

and smoothed oft' at the Ijack. There were

thirteen figures found, including two relses or

foremen, with their projecting kilts, as is seen

on the figure in the middle. At first sight one

would take them to be ushttl)tis, Imt they are very

difi'erent from the usual ones. To begin with

they are not human-headed, as u-shnhtis usually

are, but seem to be ape- or dog-headed. Further,

they are not mummiform as these figures should

be, but their legs are clearly marked. Again,

they carry no agricultural implements, nor are

their arms crossed on the breast, as they should

be, but hang down at the sides. Thus in no

detail do they correspond to the usual ushnhti

figures, but it is difiicuit to believe that they do

not in some way represent them, especially as

among their number is found the reis, just as he

is with the regular ushabti.^. The tomb was

very much disturbed, as besides these there were

o-enuine ushahtls of two different sorts, all very

rough and bad. There is nothing to remark in

the pottery on PI. XXV, except that there were

two specimens of the rather unusual sltula,

no. 62. No. 63 has a fiange moulded on tlio

inside of the rim to take a cover. This arrange-

ment dates back to the pre-dynastic age and is

no doubt copied from basket-work.

The erave was a shaft lined at the top witli

bricks. It measured 2-50 x 1-00 m. and was

3-00 m. deep. It had chambers at the bottom,

and its axis ran north and south.

Plate XXU, no. 1, see also Plate XXV.

Group B90. This contained a plaque about

150 mm. long, of a very poor quality blue glaze.


A side view of it is numbered 67 on PL XXV,

where it will be seen to be grooved. This groove

runs round all four edges. Both surfaces are

slightly convex, and both are glazed. Though

this is hardly suitable for a tile for inlaying on a

wall, yet the object can hardly be anything else.

Thus the grooves on the edges would be for the

purpose of fixing in the cement. If so, this system

is quite different from that of the early period of

the 1st and Ilird Dynasties, where the central part

of the back projects, is sbghtly undercut, and is

bored throuoh to receive a wire.^ It is also

different from the usual New Kingdom method,

where the plaques are flat at the back without

projections, grooves, or other means of fastening.^

Inlaying with tiles was not uncommon in the

New Kingdom. Beside it are a pair of small

toggles (?) of ivory. Though only one is bored

at each end, both have a deep notch or open

hole at one end. It may only be that in the

boring a piece broke out. Only these two were

found. Similar objects, but bored at both ends,

are known in the Vlth Dynasty ;^ and a number

of others of the intermediate period between the

Xllth and XVIIIth Dynasties, from grave Y 16

of Diospolis Parva, are now in the bead-cases of

the Edwards Collection. Another, but larger, of

1 Petrie, Abydos,ii, PI. viii, 181, 182 ; Borchardt, A.Z.,

XXX, PL 1.

- As for instance in the well-known tiles of Rameses III

from Tell el Yahudiyeh; Brugsch, Bee. de Trav., ^-iii, PI. i,

figs. 1, 2. Small tiles for inlay are not at all uncommon

in the New Kingdom in the time of Akhenaton (Petrie,

Tell el Amarna, Pis. vi, xviii-xx), Seti I (Petrie, Palace

of Apries, Pi. xxii, no. 3, p. 15), and Merenptah (op. cit..

Pi. xxii, nos. 1, 2, and p. 15). At this time inlay of

alabaster is used, see PL xxii, no. 14, and p. 15. Another

tile of this king, or of Seti II, comes from Khata'neh,

and others of Seti II (Griffith, Tell el Yahtdiyeli, p. 57,

PL xix, fig. 28). Of Rameses III, besides those from Tell

el Yahudiyeh, others are known from Medinet Habu

(D,\ressv, Annales du Service, xi, pp. 49 ff, Pis. i to iv).

To the tiles of early times may be added those named by

Maspero as bearing the cartouche of Pepi I {Les Origines,

243, note 1).

3 P., C.A., i, PL vii, E 45.

the C-group period, is reported from Nubia.*

The shells are the freshwater Vivipara imicolor,

except a single specimen of Nerita sc. polita.^

These were both pan-grave types, as are the

little white and blue beads of the two strings in

the top row, the melon beads just below the

shells and in the bottom row, and the black

glaze spheroid beads. The broken alabaster

^o/i/-pot with its badly fitting cover, nc. 64,

PI. XXV, might also be of this age, but the

pottery was more likely to be of New Kingdom

date than pan-grave. It is drawn in outline as

nos. 65, 66, on PI. XXV. The other objects,

the model kohl-ipots of mud, the glazed tubular

and carinated beads, and the little blue glaze

scarabs, are however New Kingdom. The small

rings at the top of the photograph are of lead.

The orrave was a shaft 2 • 20 x 1-00 m. and

2-00 m. deep. The long axis ran north and

south, and on the western side there was a

niche. Thus it might either be a long pan-

grave, such as no. B 188, or a chamberless New

Kingdom grave. It was found among the New

Kingdom graves, and so is probably of this date ;

but the group is perhaps a mixed lot.

Plate XXII, no. 2, see also Plate XXV.

Group B 157. This group shows a bronze imple-

ment of a type generally taken to be a razor. In

B 81 another of similar shape was found, but this

had had a handle projecting from the side. With

it, in the northern chamber, were found the two

alabaster dishes. From the southern chamber

came the scarab of a dark greyish blue glaze,

and the alabaster ear-stud. From this chamber

also came some fine blue and a few small red

jasper disc beads, also a little gold foil. The

back of the scarab is shown in PI. XXV, no. 68.

On this plate is also shown the pottery, nos. 69

to 80 ; and to this should be added the small

* A.S.N., 1908-09, PL 37, b, no. 19.

5 We are indebted to the authorities of the Natural

History Museum of South Kensington for the names.

I 2

60 BALABISH.

rough pot with rudimentary handles which has

been photographed. This group produced a

remarkable number and variety of the small

tubular pots. Of no. 69, which was red polished,

there were twenty-one specimens. Of no. 73,

which was red painted, there were three

specimens, and four of no. 74, all of which

were made of a coarse qulMi ware. Two vases,

nos. 71, 72, were red-poli.slied with a black-

painted rim, which fashion does not come in

until the XVIIIth Dynasty. The idea may

have been derived from the black-topped ware

of the preceding age, that of the pan-graves.

Nos. 77, 78 were made of W and D ware,

the second being decorated with purplish black

and red lines, while the first was red-polished

and decorated with black lines. As so often

in these vases, no. 78 was decorated on the

brim with groups of lines. No. 79 was made of

a softish brown clay and was polished browTi.

It has the base ring or hollow foot so common

to these vases.

( 61 )

CHAPTER IX.

FOREIGN POTTERY OF THE NEW KINGDOM.

The New Kingdom Cemetery yielded au

unusually large proportion of foreign pottery of

various types. Egyptologists as a whole have

adopted a somewhat uncritical attitude in

dealing with these un-Egyptian products, and

have shown too great a readiness to assign

certain types of vase to the iEgean, to Cyprus,

or to Syria, without even asking whether such

types occur in these regions, still less whether

they are native there.

Difficulties and misunderstandings could easily

be cleared away if excavators who find foreign

vases in Egypt would make a careful examination

and record of the nature of the clay and even

the smallest details of technique, and if, in

making comparisons with other countries, they

would keep the question of date continually

before their eyes. If this were done, we should

less often be confronted with the ludicrous

spectacle of an Egyptian archaeologist and a

Palestinian each explaining one and the same

type of vase found in his area as an import from

that of the other.

With these considerations in mind we have

attempted the following full analysis of the

foreign forms found at Balabish.

1. The Jnlbih. PI. XXV, no. 79 is made of a

soft reddish brown clay and is burnished brown

on the outside. This is one of the regular

materials for Jnlbils in Egypt, though still more

frequently they are made of a blackish grey

ware, thin, hard and brittle, and breaking in a

flaky manner. A specimen made of this ware

was found in B 173. These vessels are bur-

nished black and often have a metallic lustre.

There is yet a third kind of clay used for this

type of vase, which is thicker and pinker, and is

coloured a blackish brown. It is then orna-

mented with stripes in white. Such a vase was

found in B 38.^ In broken hilhils the neck is

seen to have been made in a separate piece, and

to have been thrust into the semi-dry clay of

the body. No traces of ointment were observed

in any of these vases, nor, we believe, is it ever

found in them. Vases of this type do not

belons to the Aegean, Asia Minor, or North

Syria, nor have they been found in North

Palestine at Tell el Mutesellim or Ta'annek, nor

yet at Jericho in South-East Palestine, though

they are found in considerable numbers at

Lachish' and Gezer' in South-West Palestine.

Vases of a similar class are found in Cyprus

during the Bronze Age.* However, the types

that are common here are rare in Egypt, and

vice versa the high-footed type which is normal

' A good example can be seen in P., I.K.G., PI. xiii, 31.

' Petrie, Tell cl Hesy, Pis. vii, 115, viii, 138, 144.

3 Mac.\listee, The Excavation of Gezer, iii, Pis. Ixvii,

fig. 1, Ixxiv, 6, 7, itc.

1 Myres and Richter, Calalofjue of tie Cyprus Museum,

PL ii, uos. 253, 255, 271, 277, &c. Myees, Handhooh of

the Gesnola Collection, class C, pp. 39, 40. The tech-

nique of a spiral moulding which is sometimes seen on

these vessels {Catalogue, PL ii, no. 253 ;Handbook, p. 39,

nos. 339, 341) bears some affinity to that of Troy, where,

however, it is generally used in connection with the

handles (H. Schmidt, SchliemamCs Sammlung, fig. 433, p. 21,

fig. 564, p. 29, fig. 1044, p. 48, fig. 1949, p. 86. A spiral

merely in relief, without connection with the handle, is

shown in fig. 832, p. 41, fig. 1370, p. 59. The Trojan

spirals are early, as they belong to the first class of pottery

from the second to the fifth cities.

62 BALABISH.

in Egypt ^ is not figured from Cyprus. The only

type which is found equally in both lands seems

to be the scarce double vase." Yet in this

island the technique of making parts separately,

and thrusting them into the partly dried body,

is observed in other classes of vessels which also

have a neck and handle.

This class is generally thought to be native to

the Syrian coastland, and Myres has suggested

that some of it may have been made in Cyprus.^

2. The spindle - shaped bottle, PI. XX^',

no. 81, though well known, is always a rare

type. It is made of a very hard, pure, brownish

red clay, and is polished a light yellow-red, no

doubt acquired by means of haematite. Bottles

something like this shape and painted red are

brought by the Syrians in the Meukheperresenb

fresco,* and a similar type is brought by the

Keftiuans in that of Eekhmire.* There are

several from Bronze Age Cyprus,^ but they are

probably not of Cypriote manufacture.'' One

now in the Ashmolean Museum is said to have

been found on the island of Melos, but none are

figured from Phylakopi in this island. A single

one is figured among L.M. I pottery from Gournia

in Crete." None come from Tell el Mutesellim or

Ta'annek in North Palestine, or from Jericho,

' As for instance P., H.I.C., PI. xiic, figs. 23, 24.

- P., H.I.C, PI. xii B, right-hand bottom corner, or P.,

L.G.M., PI. xxi. Compare these with Mykes and Richtek,Gatahitjw of the Cyprus Museum, PI. ii, 252 ; Myees, Hand-book of the Cennolu Collection, pp. 40, 358 ; Murray, Excava-

tions in Cypruif, p. 45, fig. 71, no. 953.

^ Myres, op. cit., p. 37.

* L.A.A.A., 1913, PL ix, 13, PI. xi, 65, x, 40.

'^ Murray, op. cit., figs. 66, 74. Myres and Richter,

op. cit., no. 300, p. 47 and PI. ii. Myres, oj). cit., nos. 369

to 375, p. 41, where they are said to bo probably not of

Cypriote manufacture.

' The curious vessel, no. 1108, p. 40, fig. 68, Murray,op. cit., which is like an arm holding a cup, is burnished

with the same rather unusual yt^llnw-red colour that is

usual on the spindle-shaped bottles. It is now in the

British Museum." Hawes, Gournia, PI. viii, 25.

but a single base of one is figured from Lachish

in South-East Palestine,^ and another single

specimen is recorded from Gezer.^ This last

specimen is included among the foreign pottery,

and is described as " recognizably of Egyptian

origin "! Beyond these few isolated specimens

the bottle does not seem to be known outside

Egypt, where a single specimen or so is always

liable to be found on the site of the middle or

late XVIIIth Dynasty. The potter's mark

figured above it in the plate was made in the

wet clay of the base. It is a variety of the

Cypriote character for the syllable to,^" and is

found again as a potter's mark in Melos.^^ It is

not found among the few potters' marks figured

from the Cesnola Collection,'^ but is found three

times from Kahun" in the Fayum, though here

they are not potters' marks, but are scratched

on the vessels.

3. The pilgrim or lentoid fiasks. PI. XXV,no. 82 is made of a pink W and D ware, and the

circles of the decorated specimen from group

B 17 are very roughly put on in dull red paint.

The other examj)le, B 104, was made of the same

clay, but was plain. They may be Egyptian

imitations of the foreign type. The pilgrim-

flask is not Hittite," and in North Palestine it is

not figirred from Ta'annek until nearly Greek

times, and then only once and in a curious form.'''

It is found twice, however, at the neighbouring

Tell el Mutesellim,'" in each case decorated in

an unusual style. Uutside Egypt it is mostly

* Petbie, Tell el Hesij, PI. vii, 121, but it is included

with light brown poroiis pottery, p. 44.

'•" Macalister, op. cit., ii, j). 177, fig. 338.

'" Taylor, Alphahet, ii, p. 123.

" Edgar and utliors, Phylalopi, p. 179, fig. f, 13.

'- Myres, op. cit., p. 41.

'^ P., I.K.G., PI. XV, col. 5 and p. 11.

" Cf. Woolley, L.A.A.A., vi, Pis. xix, xxvi.

''' Sellin, Tell Ta'anneJe, PI. v, fig. a.

'« Schumaciiek, Tell el Mutesellim, p. 70, fig. 90 i, p. SI

and p. 82, fig. 111.

FOEEIGN POTTERY. 63

known from South Palestine, chiefly at Gezer

and Lachish, but also at Jericho ;^ it is also

known from Cyprus. It does not seem to be

native to any of these countries, and appears in

each of them about the same time, but later in

Cyprus than in the others. For the pilgrim-

flask proper, of a flat shape with two small

handles, hardly " seems to enter the island until

some time after it is found in Egypt and

Palestine, i.e. not until the Early Iron Age, from

1200 B.C. onwards.^ It is found in Egypt in

the XVIIIth Dynasty, and at Gezer it is intro-

duced in the second Semitic period,* which lasts

until the end of the same dynasty. At Gezer it

becomes more common later,^ while at Lachish

it does not occur until the later period, i.e. from

900 to 700 E.G." Thus, occurring as it does in

Egypt just at the period of her greatest expan-

sion in the XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasties, this

foreign type is known there earlier than in

Cyprus, and at about the same time as it first

appears in South Palestine. Here the resemblance

ceases, for such A^essels of foreign manufacture

are not found at a later date in Egypt, whereas

it is precisely at the later period that they reach

their zenith in Palestine and Cyprus. A flattened

form, but of a very diflcrent vessel, is knownin Cyprus still earlier in the Middle Bronze

Age,' while the true flattened circular shape is

known in the next period or Late Bronze Age,

1 Sellin and Watzinger, Jericho, Bl. 29, c, 23, 39,

E. 4b.

- We only find one instance of a true pilgrim-flask in

the Bronze Ago in Cyprus, see Murray, op. cif., p. 40,

fig. 68, no. nil.

2 Myres and Richtee, op. clt., pp. 21, 66, Class B,

cf. Myres, ojj. clt., p. 70, nos. 544 to 546 and p. 54.

* In the first Semitic period, which ended with the

Xllth Dynasty, small vessels with little handles at the

neck are found at Gezer. They, however, are not lentoid

in shape, but globular. Macalistee, op. cii., ii, 142, q, iii,

PI. cxliii, figs. 3-8.

s Macalistee, op. rit., ii, 162 (j), 199 (j).

6 Peteie, TeJl el Hesy, p. 46.

' Myres, op. clt, p. 24, nos. 159, 160.

about 1500 to 1200 B.C. It is, however, not

given to the short-necked pilgrim-flask with two

small handles, but to a long-necked bottle with

a single large handle springing from the back.*

This, however, cannot be considered the fore-

runner of the pilgrim-flask, as it is found at this

same period in Egypt, i.e. the XVIIIth Dynasty,"

at which time the fully developed pilgrim-flask is

also common in this country. Thus the two

shapes were in existence at the same time and

entered Egypt .simultaneously, though in Cyprus

the one is later in its appearance than the other.

Further, both of the clays of which the long-

necked bottles are made are probably not

Cypriote but foreign, perhaps Syrian.* Hence

the form did not originate in Cyprus.

The shape is not native to the zEgean and

Greek mainland, where, as in Cyprus, it is of late

occurrence. "We only know of a single specimen

from Mycenae, which may well be of sub-

Mycenaean date, and is decorated in the style

of the Cypriote Early Iron Age.-^"

From Troy, however, come three vessels, the

description of which reads as if they were true

pilgrim-flasks." They are very early, as they

come from the second to the fifth settlements,

and, being thus of pre-Mycenaean. date, are

therefore earlier than the pilgrim-flasks from

any of the above-mentioned places. Also from

Troy, and contemporary with these, comes

another form, which stands half-way between

the true double-handled pilgrim-flask and the

single-handled long-necked Cypriote bottle.^"

This flask is lentoid in shape, as are both the

other forms. It has a single handle, as have the

Cypriote vessels, springing not from the back as

8 Myres, op. cit., figs. 328, 377.

3 As for instance, P., E.l.C, PI. xii, c, 24.

'» 'E^. 'Apx-, 1891, PI. iii, 1; cf. for ornamentation

Myres, op. cit., p. 81, figs. 647, 649, tc.

" H. Schmidt, Schliemann's Sammlung, nos. 630-632

p. 34.

'- Opi. cit., nos. 634 (which has a narrow neck), 635, 636.

64 BALABISH.

in these, but from the side, as in the pilgrim-

flasks. The neck is long, as in the Cypriote

bottles, but not narrow, and is c-ut out behind

into a spout.

In Palestine the pilgrim-flask takes on a

curious form, for it acquires a spoon-shaped

mouth.^ This type, though very rare, is said to

be not unknown in Cyprus.^

One pilgrim-flask is figured as being of

Assyrian origin,^ and hence is probably much

later than the Egyptian specimens, and contem-

porary with those of Cyprus, Lachish, and the

later period at Gezer. Thus the form suddenly

extends widely over the eastern Levant, and all

that can be said of its place of origin is that it is

probably not Cyprus, where it is found later

than in Egypt or Gezer. Possibly the fact of a

Ijottle of this shape being made of the rare metal

tin* will give a clue as to the home of the type.

The flattened shape and small handles on the

shoulder of the pilgrim -flasks are as old as the

Middle Pre-dynastic Age.* This age, like the

XVIIIth Dynasty, shows many connections with

Asia, of which it will be sufticient to mention

' Macalister, op. cit., iii. Pis. Ixv, 25, Ixxxvii, 8;

cf. PI. Ixxxviii, 6, and Sellin and Watzingee, Jericho,

Bl. 39, E, 4, b, and perhaps Schumacher, Tell el Miitrsellim,

p. 82, fig. 111. In most of these spoon-mouthed flasks

the handles have been turned at right angles to the neck,

IK) doubt to accommodate the broad mouth. For the

addition of a vessel at the mouth of a vase in which to

receive the liquid, compare the red-polished vessel from

Cyprus, no. 1108, already referred to in note 62, p. 6.

- Myres, quoted by Macalister in Gezer, ii, p. 179, k.

' Birch, Ancient Pottery, fig. 77.

* Aybton and others, Abydog, iii, Pi. xvii, 20, p. -50.

^ P., N.B., PI. xii, 72, and also 71, now in the Ashmolean

Museum, numbered 1895, 213 ; MacIver and Mace, El

Amrali and Ahydos, PI. xvi, fig. 9 ; Quirell, Hierahon-

polls, ii, PI. XXX, figs. 3, 4, where the handles are bored in

the opposite direction. The wdc neck and very small

handles somewhat removed from it are seen again in the

New Kingdom, Petrie, Qurneh, PI. xlii, fig. 942, cf. fig. 757,

p. 13; or the wide neck in conjunction with the more usual

handles at this period, Exgelbach, Biqqeh and Memphis VI,

I'l. xiv, S, 40. For the flattened shape without the little

handles, see P., L.G.M., PI. xi, 32, a-f.

the use of lapis-lazuli, emery, silver, and the

wavy handles of one class of jar. It is thus

likely that this primitive pilgrim -flask is one of

them. The pilgrim-flask is copied in blue faience

in the New Kingdom, when wreaths are added

over the shoulders." From these Egyptian

copies are descended the New Year vases of the

XXVIth Dynasty, which are also made in blue

faience and have the wreath as a prominent

decoration. By this time the little handles have

degenerated into a pair of apes, one on either

side of the neck,' but occasionally the last stages

of the handles can be observed.* The hilblls

sometimes take this flattened form also," hence

no douljt are allied to the Cypriote red single-

handled vases of leutoid shape of this date to

which reference has been made above. The

pilgrim-flask is sometimes made in a ring

form.'"

Plate XXV, no. 83 is made of a pure hard

buff clay, and the walls are very thin, being

only 4 mm. thick. The material is entirely

un-Egyptian. The neck has been moulded up

out of the body itself, and has not been made

separately and thrust in as in nos. 46, 79, 86.

It is decorated with lustrous black paint, pro-

bably haematite, which has a tendency to turn

]-ed in places. As will be seen from the plate,

instead of the vase being of a flattened section

like the others, its side view is actually a little

broader than the front view. It thus corresponds

best perhaps to the globular and barrel-shaped

jugs of tlie Early Iron Age in Cyprus. In

decoration and general shape it would have been

nearest to the globular bottles of the Late

Bronze Age, were it not that these have a

'' P., I.K.G., PI. xvii, 9, p. 17, dated to Amenhotep III

;

PI. xviii, 61, p. 18, dated to Rameses II ; PI. xix, 14, p. 18,

dated to Seti II.

P., n.i.a, PI. xxi.

8 Op. cit., PI. xxi, 1, 4.

'•' Op. cit., PI. xiic, 24.

'" GARSTANf;, El Arahah, PI. xxi, K l.'iS, 233 ; MacIver

and Mace, El Amrah and Ahydos, PI. xliv, d IG u ; cf. 1, d 17.

POEEIGN POTTERY. 65

base-rine added.^ This would seem to be a

development from the more simple type of

which our vase is a specimen. Thus, like the

true pilgrim-flask of flattened form, it does

not seem to have entered Cyprus until an age

later than that at which it was known in other

countries.

In B 38 we found the neck and shoulders of a

similar vase, but of a circular not flattened form.'^

It was made of the same hard, pure, buff clay,

but in the outer portions of the walls it had

turned slightly redder. It thus forms a con-

necting link between the buff clay of no. 83 and

the similar but red clay of the spindle-shaped

bottle no. 81. In this case the neck has been

moulded up out of the Ijody itself, and has not

been made separately and thrust into the semi-

dry clay of the body. Unlike no. 83 this vase

was decorated with bands running round hori-

zontally. The bands are in a dully polished red

paint, and just enough remains to show that

they consisted of uaiTOW lines l)etween broad

ones, a decoration similar to that of no. 84.

PI. XXIII, nos. 3, 4, are made of a red Wand D ware fairly thin, and are polished red on

the outside. No. 3 still contained remains of

ointment. We were able to see that the neck

of one example of no. 46 had been thrust

through the partly dry clay of the body.

4. False-necked amphorae, stirrup-handled

vases or Biigelkannen, PI. XXV, 84-87. The

^ See Myres, op. cit., p. 49, figs. 445, 44G. This latter

type, with the base-ring added, though still far from

common there, occurs in the Aegean area more than does

the true pilgrim-flask. A single specimen is recorded from

Knossos (Evans, Prehistoric Tomhi< of Knossos (Arcbaeo-

logia, lix), p. 123, fig. 117, no. 76, is). Another is figured

from Crete or Cyprus (Furtwaexgler and Loeschke,

Mykenische Vasen, PI. xiv, 92), and yet another from

Boeotia {op. cit., PI. xx. fig. 149). A similar form, but

with one handle only, is figured as no. 145 on the same

plate.

- It must have been a bottle like Murray, op. cit., p. 34,

fig. 62, no. 1222, or MacIver and Woolley, Buhen, PI. 48,

S, xlii.

clays of nos. 84, 85, 86 are all very similar, a

smooth buff ware very like that of nos. 81, 83.

They are, however, not nearly so hard or pure

as the latter, resulting in a pottery of a rather

more porous and open texture. Their clays are

all foreign to Egyptian pottery. Apart from

Egypt, this class is practically not known outside

of the iEgean area and Cyprus. Only a few

are figured from Gezer in South Palestine,^ and

none from Lachish, Jericho, Tel el Mutesellim

or Ta'annek. The tall form, which is common

in the ^Egean and in Cyprus, practically never

occurs in Egypt.* None of our examples had

floral or other decorations on the flat surface

above the shoulder. In Minoan lands, except

Cyprus, false-necked amphorae undecorated in

this way are very much the exception. In

connection with these vases mention should be

made of the well-known representations in the

Tomb of Rameses III.^ Here the bands are

filled, not with a number of finer bands as usual,

but with cross-hatched lines, and zig-zag lines

and spots. The latter of these is generally con-

sidered to 1)6 a Syrianizing pattern." The

various decorations, other than bands, which

are put on these vessels in the Mgean, as for

instance the octopus,^ are unknown in Egypt.

'! Macalister, op. cit., iii, Pis. Ixx, 14, Ixxi, 17, 25,

Ixxxvii, 18.

* The only published specimen we know is Engelbach,

Biqqeh and Memphis VI, PI. xxii, 2, whereas the squat and

globular forms are common, as for instance fig. 3 of the

same plate; P., K.G.H., PI. xxviii, 1, 7; P., I.E.G., Pis.

xvii, 3, 28, xix, 12, 27, xx, 7, <fec.

=> RosELLisi, Moil. Civ., PI. lix, 3.

8 It is, however, not far removed from such a pattern as

the Cretan represented in Hawes, Gournia, x, 21, though

this is not on a false-necked amphora. Neither is it far

from the bands of zig-zag lines on no. 162 ;Fortwaengler

and Loeschke, op. cit., xxii. A cross-hatching within

bands appears in Murray, op. cit., fig. 68, no. 1097, fig. 69,

no. 1138, fig. 70, no. 1277. All of these last, however, are

not false-necked amphorae, but three-handled piriform

vases.

' For instance Hawes, Gournia, x, 2 ; Fuetwaengler

and Loeschke, op. cit., Pis. iv, 24, a.b., 27, a.b., xi, 69, xiv,

84-87, &c.

K

66 BALABISH.

The Minoans iu the Senmut fresco do not bring

any vases of this type, nor do the Syrians or

Keftiuans, unless two vases there depicted

can be supposed to represent abnormally tall

examples.'

No. 84 is painted in lustrous black colour

with a tendency to turn red. It had five con-

centric circles under the base.

No. 85 was decorated with dull red paint, and

had three concentric circles under the base.

No. 86 was also decorated with dull red paint,

but had no circles under the base. The spout

had been thrust through the semi-dry clay as in

the hilbils (no. 79), and as in one of the pilgrim-

flasks, no. 46. No. 86 contained a thick blackish

brown sediment, coating the whole of the inside,

presumably the remains of a liquid ointment

or oil.

No. 87 was painted with dull red bauds, and

had no circles under the base. As the clay

differed from that of the rest, and approximated

to the Egyptian W and D ware, it may be that

this is an Egyptian imitation of the foreign

class. The Egyptians were certainly accustomed

to imitate such foreign vases, for a false-necked

amphora in green glaze is actually reported from

the old Bulaq Museum," and others in the same

material, and with Egyptian decorations, are

published,' which arc evidently designed after

some such foreign type. Mention has already

been made of the Egyptian imitations of pilgrim

-

flasks in glaze. Vase no. 87 contained scented

ointment similar to tliat of the pre- and proto-

dynastic ages and of the pan-graves.

5. Plate XXV, no. 59 is of black polished

pottery. It contained ointment with a sweet

scent similar to that of the pre- and proto-

dynastic ages and of the pan-graves. This had

cracked the jug as it so often does. Small jugs

' L.A.A.A., vi, Pis. xiii, 81, xiv, 9, pp. 56, 57.

- Griffith, Tell el Yahidiyeh, p. 46, no. 15.

= P., I.K.G., PI. XX, 1.

entirely similar are known during the Hyksos

Period,* and occasionally from the Middle

Kingdom.^ This class is foreign to Egypt, yet

at present it is apparently not known outside

of Egypt.® Though often supposed to be

Palestinian, none whatever is figured from

Lachish, Gezer, or Jericho in South Palestine,

nor yet from Tell el Mutesellim or Ta'annek in

North Palestine. However, it would not be out

of place among the Palestinian pottery, where a

large percentage of red-brown polished jugs are

known. These have small necks and handles,

but the body is not so globular as ours, as it

is shaped like an inverted cone.

The whole of the foregoing group is quite

un-Egyptian in all its shapes, and half of the

vases at any rate, nos. 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86,

are importations, clearly made of foreign clay.

The others might be Egyptian imitations of the

foreign types. There are points of connection

between the various members of the group, iu

that the clay of the pilgrim-flask no. 83 is

identical with that of a broken fragment of a

false-necked amphora, painted with lustrous

blackish-red colour, which was also found at

Balabish, but is not figured here. The clay of

both is the same as the clay of the globular vase

from B 38, to which we have recently referred

(on p. 65), but in B 38 the external portion of

the walls has turned pinker. All these clays

are similar in texture to the redder clay of the

spindle-shaped bottle no. 81. The difference in

1 P., E.I.C., PI. viiin, figs. 103, 106, 107, 108.

^ Ashmolean JMuslmiiu no. E 2001 is from Boui Hasan,

and therefore probably of Xllth Dynasty date ; and iu the

same museum is another from Haragch, accompanied by its

label from the British School of Arcliaeology, which states

it to date to the XI Ilth Dynasty (?).

^ None are figured from the Mgenn in Furtwaengler

and LoRsciiKK, oy;. vit., or in Hawes, Gunrnia, or in Edgar

and others, Phyhikuj/i. Nor yet is it figured from Cyprus,

either in Myres and Richtek, op. cit., or in Myres, o/a cit.,

or in Murray, op. cit. Neither is any figured from North

Syria in L.A.A.A., vi, Pis. xix, xxii, xxiii, xxv, xxvi.

FOREIGN POTTERY. 67

colour might be accounted for by supposing a

more complete firing in the case of the latter, as

the change from buff to red had bea:un to take

place in the vase from B 38. Moreover, all

these clays, though different, are not very

unlike those of the false - necked amphorae

nos. 84, 85, 86.

Again the liase-ring (hollow foot) is very

common among those which have bases, for all

the hilbils have either it, like no. 79, or else the

allied form of a trumpet-shaped foot, which is

also hollow. No. 81 is made with a base-ring,

as are the false-necked amphorae nos. 84 to 87.

Only the black-polished jug, no. 59, stands out.

The base-ring, hollow as it is underneath, is

found again very commonly in the button-foot

of the black ware jugs with punctured patterns

filled in with white (Tell el Yahudiyeh ware),

which are found in Egypt from the Xlllth

Dynasty on to Hyksos times. This ware also is

of foreign origin, and is usually considered to be

Syrian, though similar vases from Gezer are said

to be imported from Egypt !^ On Egyptian-

made vessels we believe the base-ring to be

practically confined to a portion of that class of

New Kingdom pottery which is Syrianizing

both in shape and decoration." Besides being

1 Macahster, op. cit., ii, pp. 156, 160, 161, PI. cliii,

figs. 8, 9, 10.

- P., C.A. iii, PL V, 33. P., G.B., PI. xxvii, f, 158, 159.

Compare theii- wide necks and strong rims surmounting a

more or less globular body with Woolley, L.A.A.A., vi,

PI. xxii, no. 1, which an inspection of the original shows

to have the ring-base. The shape of the vase no. 63 of

El Amrah and Abydos, PI. Iv, is actually closer, but

unfortunately the hoUowness of the foot, which will

probably be there, is not indicated. Specimens con-

siderably closer to the Egyptian vases can be found among

the North Syrian pottery that is still unpublished. Apart

from these Syrianizing forms, a base-ring is quite unusual

and extremely rare on Egyptian vessels, but still is not

absolutely unknown. See de Morgan, Tomheau Boyale de

Negadah, p. 184, fig. 664; Mediim, PL xxx, 17; Mahdsna

and Bet Kltallaf, PL xxxv, 12 ; Borchardt, GrahdenJcmal

des Konigs Sa>liU-re\ p. 115, fig. 148, two cylinder vases,

p. 116, fig. 153, one bowL p. 117, fig. 160; P., K.G.H.,

PI. xvii, 7 ; Abydos, iii, PL xlvii, 65. This completes the

found on Syrianizing pottery it is found also on

a bronze jug, which is a Syrian type.^ This

hollowing of the base can hardly be separated

from the narrow high trumpet-.shaped foot such

as the hilbils more commonly have,'' for this also

is hollow. This trumpet-foot is generally quite

inadequate as a steady base for the vase ic

supports, as is the button-foot of the black

punctured ware, or that of such vases as nos. 8 1

,

86, 87. It further resembles these bases in

being found in Egypt on other objects of a

Syrianizing nature, that is to say on the

alabaster, blue-frit, &c., stand-vases of a globular

shape with a high wide neck and strong rim,"^ a

type not known in Egypt until the XVIIIth

Dynasty, and figured as being brought into

list of published specimens known to us, but we know

yet another on such a vase as Biqqeh and Memphis VI,

PL xxxiii, no. 67, n. Hence its liability to occur among

such bases as there are on the Syrianizing pottery of

Egypt is remarkable. The habitual use of a base-ring is

not found in Cyprus until the Late Bronze Age, beginning

about the rise of the New Kingdom in Egypt, when the

custom comes in, notably with that class of pottery which

includes the bilbils. Myees, op. cit., p. 36. A ring-base is

visible on the only bowl of the first or eneohthic period at

Susa which exhibits its base (de Morgan, Delegation en

Perse, xiii, PL xi, 7). Hence probably the numerous

other bases on the pottery of this period are of ring

form also. The wide neck, strong rim, and more or less

globular body referred to at the beginning of this note

continually occur in North Syrian pottery in one form

or another; cf. Woolley, L.A.A.A., vi. Pis. xxii, 10,

11, xxiii, 10, 15, and on many other specimens not yet

published.

^ MacIver and Mace, El Amrah and Abydos, PL Iii,

tomb D 35. Its component elements and globular body,

a long wide neck with a strong moulding at the rim, are

the same as those of the Syrian vases discussed in note i,

p. 68. The discovery of the base-iing worked in the

bottom of a type of vessel that is so often mounted on a

hollow stand is of importance in connecting the two. The

original is now in the Bristol Museum, where it was

examined.

* As for example P., L.G.M., PL xxi, 7, or P., H.I.G.,

PL xii c, 23, 24, 24.

5 As for instance MacIver and Woolley, Buhen,

PL 66, fig. 10297, or P., I.E.G., PL xxvii, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,

from the Maket tomb.

K 2

68 BALABISH.

Egypt ''y tte Syrians.^ The same feature is

seen on the lotus vases of this period, whether

of faience " or of alabaster, such as the strange

specimens from Sinai now iii the Ashmolean

Museum. Although it might have been thought

that these would have been purely Egyptian,

yet besides having the hollowed trumpet-foot,

they are also shown as being brought by the

Syrians and Keftiuans.^ We content ourselves

with quoting these classes, actual examples of

which have been found, but a glance at the

tribute scenes will emphasize the extent to which

such a foot or stand was used for every kind of

vase by the Syrians. The Syrianizing globular

vases with the wide neck, and copies of the

Syrian bilbils as well, are also made of glass,* a

substance not known in Egypt before the

XVIIIth Dynasty, when so many Syrian

influences were at work. Both the hollow base-

ring and the hollow trumpet-foot are actually

found very commonly on the pottery of this age

and earlier from North Syria,^ also in Palestine,*^

^ In Rekhmire, see Vibey, Me^ns. Miss. Franc, v, 1,

PI. vii, second row of deposited presents ; cf. also the vasein Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, PI. xv. 1,

bottom left-hand corner, where the neck is exaggerated.The type more often has handles added, as those broughtby the Keftiuans in Rekhmire, in Pi. v, bottom row of

deposited presents, and the vase carried by the fourth manin the top row

; also by the Syrians, as in Menkheper-resenb, Mijller, Egyptological Besearches, ii, PI. 5, andmore decoratively treated in Pis. 4, 6 ; cf. that brought bythe Keftiuans and North Syrians on PI. 2, and RekJimire,top row but one of the deposited presents.

- P., I.K.G., PI. xvii, 8, Meydum and Memplds III,

PI. xxviii, 131, both now in the Ashmolean Museum,where they were examined.

3 MiJLLER, Egyptological Besearches, ii, Pis. 3, 5 ; cf. thesecond vessel from the right on Pi. 6, which, ending as it

does in a sort of calix, may represent a similar idea.

^ Petkie, Arts and Crafts of Ancimt Egypt, figs. 120,

121. Fig. 120 has had handles of yet another sort added.5 As for instance on vases similar to L.A.A.A., vi,

PI. xix, a, and on the vases figured in the same publication

on Pis. xix, h, 3, xxii, 1, 2, 3, 6, and many others. Theve.s.sels of PI. xix, a, h, date to the First Bronze Period, andare therefore earlier than the XVIIIth Dynasty.

" Macalistek, op. cit. For the higli foot .see Pis. xliv, 1 1,

Ixxiv, 1, ixxxi, 1, 2, 6, ixxxii, 11, Ixxxiv, 7, Ixxxviii, 1,

where they continue into Jewish times." Both

the base-ring, the button-foot, and the high

trumpet-foot, all of them inadequate to their

vases, are quite common in the first division of

the pre-Mycenaean settlements at Troy. They

are therefore much earlier than the "Syrian"

or Syrianizing vessels of the Egyptian NewKingdom.** Thus the base-ring and the hollow

trumpet-foot, often of inadequate dimensions,

are closely connected with the vase forms of

Syria and of early Troy.

Apart from these Syrianizing examples the

hollow trumpet-foot is very rare in Egypt," and

xc, 1, 2, 3, xci, 12-17, cliv, 14. For the base-ring see

Pis. cliv, 11, 12, 2."), clii, 17, cxxii, 14, 17, itc. See also

Bliss and Macalistek, Excavations in Palestine, PI. 3.5, figs.

1-9, PI. 34, figs. 1 s, .5 z, 9 s, &c. These can also be

found at the other Palestinian sites of Jericho, Tell el

Mutesellim, Tell Ta'annek.

' For the high foot in Jewish times, see Excavations in

Palestine, PI. 52, figs. 1, 2, PI. 53, fig. 1 j.

* H. Schmidt, Trojanisclie Altertiimer, nos. 413, 415,

448, 501, 537, 659, G67, 691-700, &c. Often the vase

itself, instead of being merely flattened, is actually hollowed

out underneath. See nos. 739-741, 751, &c.

' We only know it in connection with the plate-like

tables of offering made of alabaster, which belong to the

proto-dynastic period (as Garstang, Mahdsna and Bet

Ehallaf, xxix), and the pottery dishe-s, whicli latter iu all

ages are often provided with a high stand (as for instance

Engelbach, Biqqeh and Memphis VI, PI. xxxiii, 90 b, 1, q,

s, x). The frequency with which this occurs leads one to

suppose that the stand does not merely represent the

common Egyptian ring-stand ; for, apart from these possible

exceptions, the Egyptians never fastened their ring-stands

to the vessels, but kept the two separate throughout the

course of their long civilization. Now on turning once

more to North Syria we find published two dishes on high

stands, though it is not apparent whether these are hollow

or not {L.A.A.A., vi, PI. xix, a). These are early, being

of the first Bronze Period. On expanding the search from

this centre it is found that both to the East and "West—

in Susa (de Morgan, Delegation in Pcrsc, xiii, p. 31,

Pis. xi, 4, xii, 1), Thessaly (Wage and Thompson, Pre-

historic Thessaly, "fruit-stands," pp. 16, 17, 22, types B 3,

P, y, (, belonging to the Second Neolithic Period, and

pp. 20, 112, 114, 237, type r3 $, belonging to the end of

the Neolithic and beginning of the Chalcolithic Age), and

Moldavia (Idem, p. 257)—dishes mounted on fixed stands

occur in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods. It there-

FOREIGN POTTERY.

as a regular feature is only known to us on tlie

stand vases of tubular or globular shape of the

early pre-dynastic age.^

Besides the connections already observed

between ditierent members of our group of

foreign vases, a large number of them contained

ointment ; that is to say, five pilgrim-flasks,

fore seems as if these Egyptian dishes do not prove to be

an exception, but themselves belong to a very characteristic,

widespread, and early northern type.

1 Such as P., N.B., PI. ix, .58, 61, 65, 72, &c. Can it

be, then, that these stand vases of the intrusive Early Pre-

dynastic civilization are in some way connected with Syria ?

nos. .3, 46 (two vases), and two others similar to

no. 3 (from groups B 49, 159); two black polished

jugs, no. 59, and another from group B 64

;

two false-necked amphorae, nos. 86, 87. Twoof the types did not contain ointment, viz.

the liilbils (no. 79 and other specimens from

groups B38 and 173), and the spindle-shaped

bottle no. 81. It is strange that the hllhih,

which seem likely to be Syrian, do not retain

signs of ointment, for in later times Syria was

the great land for such substances.^

- See above, pp. 14 if.

( 71 )

APPENDIX.

PRESENT LOCATION OF THE OBJECTS FOUND AT BALABISH.

N.B.—The uumber is tliat of tlie tomb in whieli objects were foimd. Where no details are

given it is to be understood that all the objects from tlie tomb in question are to

be found in the Museum.

University of PEmsrsYLVANiA, Philadelphia.

226, except some of the leather and one

pottery vase.

101, all except the pottery and marbles.

228, large situla vase only.

212, all except the shells.

38, 12G, 209, 225.

Also samples of leather-work, and a bag of

giraffe's or elephant's hair.

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences,

Brooklyn, N.Y.

34, vase, knife-blade and shell bracelet.

115, beads and amulets.

128, beads and amulets.

180, all except the leather.

86, 54, 90, 119, 144, 220, 231, 239, 243.

Also large Ijowl of black-topped pottery, and

divining horn and stones.

Cincinnati Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio.

157, pottery only.

50, 75, 181.

Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

39, except one ushahti.

107, less two situla vases.

129, vase with handle, and ivory gaming reeds.

153, less beads and one black-topped vase.

212, shells only.

15, 51, 58, GO, 93, 94, 103, 108, 113, 117,

131, 141, 150, 162, 182, 212, 221, 230, 233,

235, 241.

Public Library, Brattleboro, Vt.

115, situla vase and small pilgrim-bottle.

153, beads and black-topped vase.

228, white discoid beads only.

32, 40, 80, 81, 98, 118, 125.

Specimens of leather-work.

Philadelphia Museum, Philadelphia, Penn.

34, two kohl -pots, one of alabaster, one of

mud.

213, fragments of pierced leather apron

sandal.

226, fine leather and piece of pottery

227, coarse leather.

33, 37, 41, 46, 92, 124, 127, 151, 158, 159,

173, 174, 190, 202, 205, 218, 219.

Also copper axe with binding, diorite mace-

head, red vase with white spotted ornament, and

set of divining pebbles.

Louisville Museum, Louisville, Kentucky.

16, 111.

72 BALABISH.

University of Illinois, Ijbana, Illinois.

134, 152.

Cornell University Museum, Ithaca, N.Y.

101, pottery and marbles only.

128, carnelian necklace and amulets.

180, fragments of leather.

213, portion of pierced leather apron.

226, fragments of leather.

227, beads only.

23, 49, 64, 1.54.

Also set of divining pebbles and bone hair

ornaments.

The Toledo ]\Iuseum of Art, Toledo,

Ohio.

38, small vase with handle.

39, large ushahfi.

107, two situla vases.

129, fine white vase with incised decoration.

157, very small vase only.

228, pottery only.

8, 9, 27, 28, 36, 71, 72.

Also sandal and specimens of leather-work.

Yale University.

Specimens of leather-work.

INDEX.

INDEX.

Aalimes, town of, 1 7.

Aamu, 26.

Abadiyeh, 43, 4i.

Absha, 2G.

AbuTisht, 1.

Abydos, 1, 17, 19, 35, 43.

Abyssinia, 11.

Adze, copper, 38.

Adzes, 39 note.

Aegaean, 39 note, 63, 65.

Ahmose I, 6, 7, 32.

Akhenaton, 59 note.

Alabaster, 10, 33, 56, 57, 59, 68 note.

Aleppo, 38 note.

Amanus, 39 note.

Amenhotep I, 6, 7 note.

Amenhotep II, 30.

Amorgos, 39 note.

Ararah, El, 19.

Amulets, 19, 22, 44, 51.

Ankle-straps, 53.

Anklets, 5.

Armenia, 39 note.

Arrow-head amulet, 19.

Arrows, 49.

Ashes in burials, 46, 47, 57..

Asia, 38.

Asia Minor, 55.

Assyria, 38 note, 64.

Aswan, 38 note.

Awlad Yahia, 2.

Awls, 28.

Axe-head amulet, 19.

Axes, 5, 10, 12, 13, 32, 44, 49.

Aziziyeh, 38 note.

Babylon, 38, note.

Babylonia, 38.

Bag of elephant's (?) hair, 12, 46.

Baliana, 1.

Ballas, 14.

Balldx ware, 44.

Balm of Gilead, lo note.

Balsam, 14.

BalsamodeDdron opobalsamum, 15 note.

Balsamum, 14 note.

Baltizik, 38 note.

Barabra, 7.

Base-ring pottery, 67.

Bead-cloth, 50.

Beads, .5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 27, 28, 29.

Beads, ball, 21.

Beads, barrel, 10, 20, 21, 50.

Beads, cylindrical, 21, 23, 51.

Beads, discoid, 6, 13, 14, 20, 21, 29, 59.

Beads, drop-shaped, 22.

Beads, melon, 10, 21, 22, 23, 33, 59.

Beads sewn on to leather, 5, 14, 20, 28, 29, 49.

Beads, tubular, 13, 57.

Beetles, burials of, 42, 44.

Beni Hasan, 22, 27, 66 note.

Bilbik, 61-2, 64, 66.

Bird-vase, 55, 56.

Black-topped ware, 35.

Black-topped cups of bell-shape, 42-4, 52.

Boeotia, 65 note.

Bolus, 55.

Bone, 11, 17, 50.

Bone awls, 9, 11, 50,

Book of the Dead, 57.

Borers of bone, 17, 50.

Bosem, 15.

Bow, 30, 31, 51.

Bow-string, 10, 49.

Bracelets, 10, 14, 23, 31, 49, 51.

Bracers, 10, 12, 28, 30, 49.

Bronze, 8, 11, 59.

Bucrania, 46, 50.

Buff ware, 14, 35, 37, 40.

Bugelkannen, 65.

Buhen, 44.

L 2

76 INDEX.

Button-seals, 5, 50.

Buttons (?), 50.

Calcite crystals, 13.

Carnelian, 10, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 50, 55.

C-group civilization, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 19, 29, 32, 36, 41, 42,

43, 44, 46, 47, 52, 59.

Chalcedony (?), 55.

Chamois leather, 27.

Charms, 18.

Cilicia, 39 note.

Coffin, wooden, 58.

Colouring of bones, 9.

Contracted burial, 3, 10.

Conus shells, 18, 23.

Copper, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 32, 49, 50.

Coptic cemetery, 2.

Cowrie shells, 19, 50.

Crete, 15, 39 note, 65 note.

Crystal, glazed, 19, 22, 49, 50.

Cylinder-seals, 15.

Ci/praea shells, 12.

Cyprus, 38, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65 note.

Daggers, 32, 38 note, 43, 44.

Dead Sea, 14 note.

Deir el Babri, 24.

Deir el Ballas, 5.

Dendereh, 19.

Diodorus Siculus, 14 note.

Diospolis Parva, 1, 5, 20, 42.

Dogs, burials of, 42.

Doll of pottery, 56.

Earrings, 6, 13, 3S, 50, 55, 57.

Ear-stud, 13, 59.

Elephant's (?) hair, 12, 46, 52.

Emery, 38.

Ephesus, 38 note.

Ericus, 15 note.

Faras, 4, 9, 12, 22.

Feathers in grave, 12.

FeLspar, green, 13, 23.

Figure vases, 58.

Fish, vertebrae of, 22.

Flint, 11, 50.

Fly ornaments, 7, 19, 43, 44.

Frit, blue, 23.

Frogs, 57.

Galena, 44.

Gaul, 15.

Gebel Moya, 46.

Gezer, 55, 56, 61, 62, 63. 65.

Giraffe's (?) hair, 46.

Glass beads, 6, 19, 20, 23.

Glaze, 13, 19, 21, 22, 49, 5.5, 56, 57, 58.

Glaze, black, 50.

Gold, 23.

Gold beads, 5, 23.

Gold collar-beads, 20, 21, 45, 50.

Gold foil, 59.

Gold shells, 18, 45.

Gold wire, 23.

Gournia, 56, 62.

Gozo, 35.

Haematite, 11.

Hair-pins, 11.

Hair-pins of bone, 17.

Hair, plaited, 11, 12, 46, 56.

flaZ/a-grass, 57.

Hatched ware, 36, 42.

Henna, 4.

Herodotus, 27.

Hierakonpolis, 22, 24.

Hieratic script, 54.

Hittites, 39 note.

Horn, 10, 12, 13, 14, 31, 32, 49.

Horn-protectors for rams, 42, 43, 44.

Horn, ram's, 9, 42.

Horus, 25.

Hu, 3, 9, 22, 37, 42, 43, 44.

Hyksos, 6, 7, 9, 15, 39.

Incised black pottery, 42.

Incised pottery, 49.

India, 15.

Indian Ocean shells, 18, 19.

Ivory, 59.

Jasper, 59.

Jasper shells, 18.

Jericho, 14 note, 15 note, 62, 63, 65.

Josephus, 15 note.

Judea, 14, 15 note.

Kaffirs, 17.

Kahun, 62.

Kamose, 7.

Keftiu, 39 note.

INDEX. 77

Keftiuans, 62, 68.

Kerma, 7, IS, 24, 42, 43, 46, .52.

Khata'neh, 59 note.

Khizam, El, 5, 7.

Kilts, leather, 12, 29.

Eoljl, 50.

Eohl--pots, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 33, 44, 56, 59.

Kom-el-maganin, 2.

Koptos, 18, 45.

Kordofan, 46.

Kubban, 43.

Lachish, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65.

Lapis-lazuli, 15, 38.

Laureion, 39 note.

Lead, 59.

Leather, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 26-29.

Leather cords, 5, 13, 20, 28, 31, 52.

Leather dyed red, 26, 27, 46, 51.

Leather, fringed, 28, 46, 49.

Leather, pierced, 5, 12, 28, 29, 51.

Leather straps, 31.

Leather threads, 18.

Libyans, 12, 20, 27.

Lip-stud, 13, 49, 52.

Lotus ornament, 12.

Macedonia, 39 note.

Mace-heads, 15.

Mahasna, El, 19, 22, 23.

Malachite, 11, 44.

Marble, blue, 3, 9, 33.

Mats, 4, 5, 13, 49, 50.

Medinet Habu, 59 note.

Mediterranean shells, 18, 19.

Meir, 30.

Melos, 39 note, 62.

Menkheperresenl) fresco, 62.

Merenptah, 59 note.

Mesopotamia, 39 note.

Min, statues of, 18, 45.

Minoans, 66.

Mirrors, 50.

Mitanni, 38 note.

Mochlos, 56.

Model pots, 50.

Mother of pearl, 18, 20.

Moulded rims on pottery, 36.

Mycenae, 63.

Naqada, 14.

Nard, 14.

Narmer, 24, 25, 45, 54.

Kaxos, 38 note.

Needles, 50.

Nerd, 15.

New Year vases, 64.

Nile shells, 18, 19.

Nine-pins, 57.

Nubia, 4, .-,, 12, 15, 19, 22, 27, 29, 35, 38, 42, 44, 4-5, 46.

Obsidian, 38, 39, 39 note.

Ointment, 8, 10, 14, 40, 44, 49, 56, 58, 66.

Opobalsamum, l-") note.

Orientation, 4, 46, 51.

Osiris temple at Abydos, 17.

Ostrich-egg shell, beads of, 6, 22.

Ox-skulls, 9.

Paint, 34, 44.

Paint on bones, 46.

Palestine, 55, 62, 63, 68.

Palettes, slate, 19.

Palettes, stone, 8, lo, 34, 44, 49, 52.

Pebbles, 12, 13, 14.

Pectorals, 18.

Pepi I, 59 note.

Persia, 38 note.

Phylakopi, 62.

Piankhy, 7.

Pigments, 11.

Pilgrim l)ottles, 54, 57, 62-5.

Pinna sheUs, 18.

Plaque, glazed 58, 59.

Pliny, 15.

Porphyry beads, 50.

Potter's marks, 62.

Pottery, 6, 47-48.

Pottery, borrowed, 41.

Pottery, foreign, 61.

Pottery, pan-grave, 35-41.

Pottery, pre-dynastic, 1, 2, 8, 41, 44.

Pre-dyuastic civilization, 19, 22, 44, 58, 64.

Qulleh ware, 11, 13, 55, 58, 57, 60.

Qurneh, 43.

Ram, copper, 10.

Rame.ses II, 30.

Rameses III, 59 note, 65.

Razor, bronze, 59.

Red dyed leather, 10.

Red polished ware, 35.

Rekhmire, 11, 54, 62.

Retenu, 39 note.

78 INDEX.

Rhytons, 5G.

Rifeh, 3, ->, 9, 35, 42.

Rings, .59.

Rings, finger, .50, 57.

Roseires, 46.

Samhoud, 1.

Sandals, 10, \i, 13, 24, 2.5, 51, 53-4.

Sandal-strap, 25.

Sandstone, 11.

Santa Verna, 35.

Saqqara, 35.

Sawamah, 9.

Scarab, heart, 57.

Scarabs, 59.

Scrabble pattern, 3G.

Senaar, 46.

Senmiit fresco, 66.

Senusert, 18.

Senusert II, 33.

Senusert III, 39 note.

Seqenenre, 6, 7.

Serpentine, 10.

Seti I, 59.

Seti II, 59 note.

Shalmaneser II, 39 note.

Shell heads, 50.

Shellal, 43.

Shells, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 18, 33, 45, 19, 59.

Shell-strip bracelets, 10, 20, 43, 46.

Sheshy, King, 6.

Shubbiluliuma, 39 note.

Silver, 38, 39, 39 note.

Sinai, 68.

Sinews, 10.

Singara, 38 note.

Sinuhe, 39 note.

Sitnlii vase, 58.

Skulls of animals, 45, 50.

Slate, 57.

Smyrna, 38 note.

Somaliland, 31.

Spatulae of bone, 11, 17.

Spear-head amulet, 19.

Spheroid beads, 20, 21, 50, 59.

Spindle-shaped bottle, 62.

Steatite, glazed, 57.

Steatopygous dolls, 50.

Strabo, 14 note.

Straw in pottery, 35, 36, 37, 47, 49.

Strigils, 5, 10, 13, 14, 31, 49.

Suazenre, 32.

Sudan, 46, 52.

Susa, 39 note, 55.

Syria, 9, 14, 39 note, 68.

Syrians, 62, 68.

Syrian pottery, 38, 39.

Syrianizing pottery, 55, 56, 68.

Ta'annek, 62.

Tabal, 39 note.

Tarkhan, 14.

Tarshish, 39 note.

Taur't amulet, 19.

Tell-el-Mutesellim, 55, 62, 65.

Tell-el-Yahudiyeh, 13, 59 note.

Theodore, King, 11, 12.

Theophrastus, 15 note.

Tiles for inlay, 59 note.

Tirhakah, 7.

Toggles (?), 59.

Tombos, 7.

Tortoise-shell, 10, 31, 32, 51.

Toshkeh, 7 note.

Triton shells, 18.

Troy, 63, 68.

Trumpet-foot pottery, 67, 68.

Tuthmosis I, 7, 11.

Tuthmosis III, 11, 38 note, 39 note, 40.

Tuthmosis IV, 40.

Tweezers, 12, 33, 44.

Tyrus,'38 note.

Uronarti, 7 note.

Ushahtis, 54, 56, 58.

Uzat eye, 57.

Wady Alaqi, 43.

AVady Haifa, 43.

Wood, 11, 13.

Wrist-guards, 10, 12, 28, 30.

Zer, 38 note.

Zeser-ka-ra, 6.

PLATES.

±S3M

fii

3oCO

IOT

CO<_J<DQ

I-<LU

CO

LLl

I

<Oz<Q.

XSV3

BALABISH. TOMB GROUPS. Plate II

TOMB GROUP B 110

2. TOMB GROUP B 208.

BALABISH. TOMB GROUPS Plate III

I. TOMB GROUP B185.



BALABISH. TOMB GROUPS. Plate IV.



BALABISH. TYPES OF POTTERY. Plate V.

1. BUFF, RED-POLISHED. AND HATCHED WARE.

2. BLACK-TOPPED AND HATCHED WARE.

BALABISH. TOMB GROUPS. Plate VI.



BALABISH. TOMB GROUPS AND BONE IMPLEMENTS. Plate VI



4. TYPES OF BONE BORERS AND SPATULAE.

7. TOMB GROU? B 239.

BALABISH. TYPES OF BEADS AND SHELLS. Plate VIIL

1. BEADS.

2. SHELLS.

BALABISH. SANDALS AND SKIRT. Plate IX.

TYPE 1. B 22S. TYPE 2. B 218. TYPE 3. B 234, 243.

2. LEATHERN SKIRT. B 216.

BALABISH. TYPES OF LEATHER. Plate >

'i'J^

1. TYPES OF FRINGED LEATHER. BEADS SEWN INTO SEAMS, AND CORDAGE.

2 TYPES OF PIERCED LEATHER.

BALABISH. TYPES OF LEATHER. Plate XI

1. STITCHED LEATHER. B 179.

2. LEATHER BUNDLE WITH BEADS IN THE SEAMS. B 235.

Scale 2:3 BALABISH. BRACERS, BRACELETS, STRIGILS, ETC. Plate XII

B l\0 B.wiiiiE

2082122 3^ *i;wn.Ek* WARE

BALABISH. BRONZES, AMULETS, KOHL-POTS, AND PALETTES. Plate XIII.

Bno

Scale 1:6 BALABISH. TYPES OF POTTERY. PAN-GRAVES. Plate XIV.

b:u?B2kO

RED POLISHED WARE P.

B 1821k

BLACK-TOPPED WARE B,

B2I1.

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HATCHED WARE H.

BUFF WARE.

5208 3212

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2-

BORROWED POTTERY.

BALABISH. TYPES OF BURIALS. Plate XV.

maXX

£.2233.208

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b- -2

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B189B.20I

BALABISH. SYNOPSIS OF TOMBS AND CONTENTS. Plate XVI.

Note.—The Numbers are the Type Numbers, in the case of Beads on Plate VIII, Amulets Plate XIII,

Shells Plate VIII, Pottery Plate XIV, Horn Plate XII, Kohl-pots Plate XIII, Sandals Plate IX.

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I wAiiTci/heD Miot

PLUNEXCipTFOR

WWtH n«,TERl»V,.

IP STUD Clku^fTt .

MUT. Types.

HyU E H" w»R.t IfBhTO

lilTBiR mtnUFT'

SCENT OljOintMEWT

4E POT.B^'fW.

CO«D =5 PLMTED uEfcTHER/lWTWiST.

HMAOhTiiC lmthek,

?aBBl.9 -•» fcÂtCTB ?

HMt OWtHiaKTiiEd.

OVAL GRAVES.-CONTRACTED BURIALS.'

qb150

2oq

210

211

213

223

232

23U.

2LI

L£Ni;T>lBfiekDTH

130 -80 ILO

200 100 100

120 -90 180

ikO 130 ikS

IU.0 no 100

130 -55 125

11.0 -80 130

i-\5 125 ll»0

150 120 110

NONE

NONE320° NONE320* NONE300 SSvj

300* NONE320' F320° NONE310° M

I

BALABISH. SYNOPSIS OF TOMBS AND CONTENTS-con;/«</er/ Plate XVII

For explanation of refereiKe numbers see Plate XVI.

LONG GRAVES-EXTENDED BURIALS.

UJoqrz

BALABISH. SANDALS. LATE XVIIIth DYNASTY. Plate XVIM.

1. TWO VIEWS OF A SANDAL. B 170.

2. FOREPART OF A SHOE-SANDAL. B 15.

BALABISH. OBJECTS OF THE LATE XVIIIth DYNASTY. Plate XIX.

1. POT WITH PIERCED PROTUBERANCES.

2. PENANNULAR EARRING IN POSITION. B 66.


BALABISH. GROUP B101 AND THREE VIEWS OF THE FIGURE VASE.

Plate XX.

LATE XVIIlTH DYNASTY.

BALABISH. FIGURE VASES, ETC. LATE XVIIIth DYNASTY. Plate XXI.

1, TOMB GROUP B 50. TWO POTS WITH HUMAN HEADS.

2. TOMB GROUP B 36. FIGURE VASE. CANDPIC JAR COVERS? USHABTIS?

BALABISH. OBJECTS OF THE LATE XVIIIth DYNASTY. Plate XXII

• oooo

U^iM^9^m^ «•

"Will

1. TOMB GROUP B 90.


BALABISH. NEW KINGDOM POTTERY, ETC. Plate XXI II

Scale of Vases 1:6

I,, „ Scarab I :l

B170

t /^/l •^;s>

X//WJTMrpiA.^

The figure at the foot of a pot indicates the number of that type found in the grave.

BALABISH. TOMB GROUP B 50. Plate XXIV

Scale of Vases 1:6

,, .. Scarabs I; I

The figure at the foot of a pot indicates the number of that type found in the grave.

BALABISH. NEW KINGDOM POTTERY, ETC. Plate XX\

Scale: Pottery I • 6

Other Objects 2:3

IGJ=»0''(gj-rr.'-'i-rr^

FOREIGN potteryB 157

The figure at the foot of a put indicates the uumbor of that type fouud in the grave.

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