Bal Gangadhar TilakBorn: 23 July 1856

Passed Away: 1 August 1920

Contributions

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a social reformer and freedom fighter. He was one of the prime

architects of modern India and strongest advocates of Swaraj (Self Rule). He was

universally recognized as the "Father of Indian Movement". Tilak was a brilliant politician

as well as a profound scholar who believed that independence is the foremost necessity

for the well being of a nation.

Life: Bal Gangadhar Tilak was born on July 22, 1856 in a middle class family in Ratnagiri,

a small coastal town in southwestern Maharashtra. Tilak's father, Gangadhar Shastri, was

a noted Sanskrit scholar and school teacher at Ratnagiri. His mother's name was Paravti

Bai Gangadhar. In 1886, following his father's transfer, the entire family shifted to Poona.

Tilak was a brilliant student and also very good in mathematics. Since his childhood, Tilak

had an intolerant attitude towards injustice and he was truthful and straightforward in

nature. Though, he was among the India's first generation of youth to receive a modern,

college education Tilak was a critic of the educational system, the British had provided for

the Indians. According to him, the education was not at all adequate. After graduating from

Deccan College, Pune in 1877, Tilak also cleared the L.L.B. from the Elphinston College,

Mumbai. Later, he helped found a school that laid emphasis on nationalism.

Social Reforms

After completing his education, Tilak spurned the lucrative offers of government service

and decided to devote himself to the larger cause of national awakening. He was a great

reformer and throughout his life he emphasized on the concepts of women education and

women empowerment. Tilak educated all of his daughters and did not marry them till they

were over 16. To inspire a sense of unity, he introduced the festivals like 'Ganesh

Chaturthi' and Shivaji Jayanti'. Today, Ganesh Chaturthi is considered as the prime festival

of the Marathis. It is a sheer tragedy that for his allegiance towards extremism, Tilak and

his contribution were not given the recognition, he actually deserved.

Newspapers

Towards his goal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak launched two newspapers called 'Mahratta'

(English) and 'Kesari' (Marathi). Both the newspaper stressed on making the Indians

aware of the glorious past and empowered them to be self reliant. In other words, the

newspaper actively propagated the cause of national freedom.

In 1896, When the entire nation was gripped by the famine and plague, the British

government declared that there was no cause for anxiety. The government also rejected

the need to start a 'Famine Relief Fund'. The attitude of the government was severely

criticized by both the newspapers. Tilak fearlessly published reports about the havoc

caused by famine and plague and government's utter irresponsibility and indifference.

Extremism

Bal Gangadhar Tilak joined the Indian National Congress Party in 1890. Realizing that the

constitutional agitation in itself was futile against the British, Tilak opposed the moderate

views of the party. This subsequently made him stand against the prominent leaders like

Gopal Krishna Gokhale. He was waiting for an armed revolt to broom-away the British. His

movement was based on the principles of Swadeshi (Indigenous), Boycott and Education.

But his methods also raised bitter controversies within the Indian National Congress Party

and the movement itself.

As a result, Tilak formed the extremist wing of Indian National Congress Party. Tilak was

well supported by fellow nationalists Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai in

Punjab. The trio was referred to as the Lal-Bal-Pal. A massive trouble broke out between

the moderate and extremist factions of the Indian National Congress Party in the 1907

session of the Congress Party. As a result of which, the Congress split into two factions.

During 1908-1914, Bal Gangadhar Tilak spent six years rigorous imprisonment in

Mandalay Jail, Burma. He was deported because of his alleged support to the Indian

revolutionaries, who had killed some British people. Following his growing fame and

popularity, the British government also tried to stop the publication of his newspapers. His

wife died in Pune while he was languishing in Mandalay prison.

Tilak returned to India in 1915 when the political situation was fast changing under the

shadow of World War I. There was unprecedented jubilation in India after Tilak was free

and back in India. After seeing such a grand welcome, Tilak decided to re-unite with his

fellow nationalists and founded the All India Home Rule League in 1916 with Joseph

Baptista, Annie Besant and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Rajiv Gandhi

Born: 20 August 1944

Passed Away: 21 May 1991

Contribution

Rajiv Gandhi was one of the popular Prime Ministers of India. The developmental projects

launched by him include the national education policy and expansion of telecom sector.

Besides his achievement and subsequent popularity, Rajiv Gandhi also emerged as one of

India's controversial Prime Ministers. He was allegedly involved in the "Bofors scandal"

worth Rs 640 million.

Early Life

Rajiv Gandhi was born on 20 August 1944, into the country's eminent political dynasty -

the Nehru-Gandhi family. His mother Indira Gandhi was the first and the only woman

Prime Minister of India. Feroze, a key member of the Indian National Congress became

the editor of The National Herald newspaper founded by Motilal Nehru in Allahabad.

Rajiv Gandhi initially attended the Welham Boys' School and subsequently sent to the elite

Doon School in Dehradun. Later, he went to the United Kingdom to study at the

Cambridge University. It was here in Cambridge University, young Rajiv met Sonia Maino

(later Sonia Gandhi) from Italy. After his return from the United Kingdom, Rajiv Gandhi

exhibited least interest in the politics and focused onto becoming a professional pilot. He,

later, worked for Indian Airlines, as a pilot.

His Brother

Unlike Rajiv, his younger brother had developed an interest and knowledge in the subjects

of public administration and political developments. Although he had not been elected,

Sanjay began exercising his influence with police officers, high-level government officers

and even the Cabinet Ministers. Many senior ministers, as a protest against Sanjay

Gandhi, resigned from office. Sanjay, gradually promoted as a close political advisor to

Indira Gandhi. On June 23, 1980, Sanjay Gandhi died in an air crash in Delhi.

Entry into politics

After the death of his brother Sanjay, the senior members of the Indian National Congress

party approached Rajiv Gandhi, in order to persuade him joining politics. But, Rajiv was

reluctant about joining and said "no" to them. His wife, Sonia Gandhi, also stood by Rajiv's

stand of not entering into politics. But after constant request from his mother Indira Gandhi,

he decided to contest. His entry was criticized by many in the press, public and opposition

political parties. They saw the entry of Nehru-Gandhi scion into politics as a forced-

hereditary-participation. Within a few months of his election as a Member of Parliament,

Rajiv Gandhi acquired significant party influence and became an important political advisor

to his mother. He was also elected as the general secretary of the All-India Congress

Committee and subsequently became the president of the Youth Congress.

Assassination

Following the assassination of his mother, on 31 October 1984, the Congress leaders and

partisans favored Rajiv as the immediate successor to the coveted throne. The decision

was also supported by Zail Singh, the then President of India.

Achievements

As Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi endeavored to eliminate the corrupt and criminal faces

within the Indian National Congress party. To deal with the anti-Sikh agitation, that

followed the death of his mother, Rajiv Gandhi signed an accord with Akali Dal president

Sant Harchand Singh Longowal, on 24 July, 1985. The key points of the pact were:

Along with ex-gratia payment to those innocent killed in agitation or any action

after 1- 8-1982, compensation for property damaged will also be paid.

All citizens of the country have the right to enroll in the Army and merit will

remain the criterion for selection.

For all those discharged, efforts will be made to rehabilitate and provide gainful

employment.

Revived Policies

The economic policies adopted by Rajiv Gandhi were different from his precursors like

Indira Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Going, against the traditional socialism, Rajiv Gandhi

decided to improve the bilateral relationships with the United States of America and

subsequently expanded the economic and scientific cooperation with it. A revived foreign

policy, emphasizing on the economic liberalization and information and technology moved

India closer to the West.

His introductory measures to reduce the "Red Tapism" and allow business house to set up

their establishments was remarkable. In 1986, Rajiv Gandhi announced a "national

education policy" to modernize and expand higher education programs across India. Rajiv

Gandhi brought a revolution in the field of information technology and telecom. The idea

helped in originating the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, popularly known as MTNL.

Rajiv Gandhi was the man to transcend telecom services to the rural India or "India in true

sense".

Controversies

While commenting on the anti-Sikh riots, that followed the assassination of India Gandhi in

Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi said, "' When a giant tree falls, the earth below shakes". The statement

was widely criticized both within and outside the Congress Party. Many viewed the

statement as "provocative" and demanded an apology from him. Beside, Rajiv Gandhi's

name had also surfaced in the major controversies like Bofors and the formation of Indian

Peace Keeping Force.

Bofors Case

The infamous Bofors scandal that still haunts the political walls of the country was exposed

during Rajiv Gandhi's reign. A strong corruption racket involving many stalwarts of the

Congress Party was unearthed in the 1980s. Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India

and several others prominent leaders were accused of receiving kickbacks from Bofors for

winning a bid to supply India's 155 mm field howitzer (a type of artillery piece).

IPKF

In 1987, the Indian Peace Keeping Force was formed to end the Sri Lankan Civil War

between the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and the Sri Lankan military. The acts

of the military contingent was opposed by the Opposition parties of Sri Lanka and as well

as LTTE. But, Rajiv Gandhi refused to withdraw the IPKF. The idea also turned out to be

unpopular in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. The IPKF operation cost over 1100 Indian

soldiers lives and cost over 2000 crores.

Death

On 21 May, 1991, on his way towards the dais, Rajiv Gandhi was garlanded by many

Congress supporters and well wishers. At around 10 pm, the assassin greeted him and

bent down to touch his feet. She then exploded an RDX explosive laden belt attached to

her waist-belt. The act of violence was reportedly carried out by the Liberation Tigers of

Tamil Eelam, expressing their resentment over the formation Indian Peace-keeping Force.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Born: 14 November 1889

Passed Away: 27 May 1964

Contributions

Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of independent India. He was a member the

Congress Party that led the freedom movement against British Empire. Nehru was one of

the architects who had the opportunity to steer the newly freed-nation. He was also the

chief framer of domestic and international policies between 1947 and 1964. It was under

Nehru's supervision that India launched its first Five-Year Plan in 1951. Nehru's

predominant roles in substantiating India's role in the foundation of institutions like NAM

had surprised the then stalwarts of international politics. He advocated the policy of Non-

Alignment during the cold war and India, subsequently, kept itself aloof from being in the

process of "global bifurcation".

Life

Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889, to a wealthy Kashmiri Brahmin family

in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. His father Motilal Nehru was a renowned advocate and also

an influential politician.

The atmosphere in the Nehru family was different from that of other prominent families of

that society. English was spoken and encouraged. His father, Motilal Nehru had appointed

some English and Scottish teachers at home.

For higher education, young Nehru was sent to Harrow school and then later to Cambridge

University in England. After spending two years at the Inner Temple, London, he qualified

as a barrister. During his stay in London, Nehru was attracted by the ideas of liberalism,

socialism and nationalism. In 1912, he had returned to India and joined the Allahabad High

Court Bar.

Kamala, his wife

Upon his return to India, Nehru's marriage was arranged with Kamala on 8 February, 1916.

Brought up in a traditional Hindu Brahmin family, Kamala felt alienated amongst the

progressive Nehrus. During the Non Cooperation movement of 1921, Kamala played a

vital role. In Allahabad, she organized groups of women and picketed shops selling foreign

cloth and liquor. On19 November, 1917 she gave birth to Indira Priyadarshini, popularly

known as Indira Gandhi. Kamala died from tuberculosis in Switzerland while Jawaharlal

Nehru was languishing in Indian prison.

Freedom Struggle

In 1916, Nehru participated in the Lucknow Session of the Congress. There, after a very

long time, member of both the extremist and moderate factions of the Congress party had

come. All the members equivocally agreed to the demand for "swaraj" (self rule). Although

the means of the two sections were different, the motive was "common" - freedom.

In 1921 Nehru was imprisoned for participating in the first civil disobedience campaign as

general secretary of the United Provinces Congress Committee. The life in the jail helped

him in understanding the philosophy followed by Gandhi and others associated with the

movement. He was moved by Gandhi's approach of dealing with caste and

"untouchablity". With the passing of every minute, Nehru was emerging as a popular

leader, particularly in Northern India.

In 1922, some of the prominent members including his father Motilal Nehru had left the

congress and launched the "Swaraj Party". The decision, no doubt upset Jawahar but he

rejected the possibility of leaving the Congress party. He was also elected as the president

of the Allahabad municipal corporation in 1920.

European Tour

In 1926, he along with his wife Kamala and daughter India, traveled to the flourished

European nations like Germany, France and the Soviet Union. Here, Nehru got an

opportunity to meet various Communists, Socialists, and radical leaders from Asia and

Africa. Nehru was also impressed with the economic system of the communist Soviet

Union and wished to apply the same in his own country. In 1927, he became a member of

the League against Imperialism created in Brussels, the capital city of Belgium.

During the Guwahati Session in 1928, Mahatma Gandhi announced that the Congress

would launch a massive movement if the British authority did not grant dominion status of

India within next two years. It was believed that under the pressure of Nehru and Subhash

Chandra Bose, the deadline was reduced to one year. Jawaharlal Nehru criticized the

famous "Nehru Report" prepared by his father Motilal Nehru in 1928 that favored the

concept of a "dominion status for India within the British rule".

In 1930 Mahatma Gandhi advocated Nehru as the next president of the Congress. The

decision was also an attempt to abate the intensity of "communism" in the Congress. The

same year, Nehru was arrested for the violation of the Salt Law.

In 1936, Nehru was re-elected as the president of the Indian National Congress. Sources

suggest that a heated argument between the classical and young leaders had taken place

in the Lucknow Session of the party. The young and "new-gen" leaders of the party had

advocated for an ideology, based on the concepts of Socialism.

Nehru as PM

Fifteen years after the Guwahati Session, on 15 August, 1947, the congress succeeded to

overthrow the influential British Empire. Nehru was recognized as the first Prime Minister

of independent India. He was the first PM to hoist the national flag and make a speech

from the ramparts of Lal Quila (Red Fort). The time had come to implement his ideas and

construct a healthy nation.

Following Gandhi's assassination in 1948, Jawaharlal Nehru felt very much alone. All the

time he would contemplate over the issues pertaining to the economic sector of the

country. In the year 1949, Jawaharlal Nehru made his first visit to the United States,

seeking a solution to India's urgent food shortage. In 1951, Jawaharlal Nehru launched the

country's "First Five-Year Plan" emphasizing on the increase in the agricultural output.

Nehru's Foreign Policy

Jawaharlal Nehru was supporter of the anti-imperialist policy. He extended his support for

the liberation of small and colonized nations of the world. He was also one of the

prominent architects of the Non-Aligment Movement. Following the policies of NAM, India

decided stay away from being a part of the global bifurcation.

Controvery

In 1957, despite of the major victory attained the elections, the Nehru led central

government faced rising problems and criticism. The election of his daughter Indira as

Congress President in 1959 was viewed by many, as Nepotism.

Death

In 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru suffered a stroke and a heart attack. On 27 May 1964, Nehru

passed away. Nehru was cremated at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River,

Delhi.

Lal Bahadur Shastri

Born: 2 October 1904

Passed Away: 11 January 1966

Contributions

He devoted his life for the pride and honor of the country. Shastri was regarded as man of

principles. Lal Bahadur Shastri offered his resignation as Union Railway Minister; hours

after he was made aware of a train accident that killed around 150 people. He laid the

foundation stones of the well-productive schemes like Green Revolutions and White

Revolutions. He was the first person to be posthumously awarded the "Bharat Ratna".

Life

Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2, 1904, to Ramdulari Devi and Sharada Prasad

Shrivastava, in Moghalsarai, United Province (Uttar Pradesh). He shares his birthday with

Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation. Lal Bahadur was against the prevailing caste

system and therefore decided to drop his surname. The title "Shastri" was given after the

completion of his graduation at Kashi Vidyapeeth, Varanasi in 1925. The title "Shastri"

refers to a "scholar" or a person, adept in the "Holy Scriptures".

His father Sharada Prasad, a schoolteacher by profession, passed away when Lal

Bahadur was barely two years old. His mother Ramdulari Devi took him and his two sisters

to their maternal grandfather Hazari Lal's house. Lal Bahadur acquired virtues like

boldness, love of adventure, patience, self-control, courtesy, and selflessness in his

childhood. After completing his primary education at Mirzapur, Lal Bahadur was sent to

Varanasi, where he stayed with his maternal uncle.

Young Lal Bahadur, inspired with the stories and speeches of national leaders, developed

a desire to participate in the Indian nationalist movement. He would also spend time by

reading foreign authors like Marx, Russell and Lenin. In 1915, a speech of Mahatma

Gandhi changed the course of his life and decided to jump into the fire of Indian freedom

struggle.

In order to participate actively in the freedom movement, Lal Bahadur neglected his

studies. In 1921, during the non-cooperation movement, called by Mahatma Gandhi, Lal

Bahadur was arrested for demonstrating in defiance of the prohibitory order. Sine he was a

minor then, the authority had to release him. In 1928, Lal Bahadur Shastri married Lalita

Devi, the youngest daughter of Ganesh Prasad. He was against the prevailing "dowry

system" and so refused to accept dowry. However, on the repeated urging of his father-in-

law, he agreed to accept only five yards of khadi (cotton, usually handspun) cloth as

dowry.

Active Nationalist

In 1930, Lal Bahadur Shastri became the secretary of the Congress party and later the

president of the Allahabad Congress Committee. He played a crucial role during the "Salt

Movement". Lal Bahadur lead a door-to-door campaign, urging people not to pay land

revenue and taxes to the British authority. The leader was also sent to jail for the

campaign. During the long span of nine years he spent in jails, Lal Bahadur utilized the

time in reading the social reformers and western philosophers. He was one of the leading

and prominent faces that continued the Quit India movement, called by Mahatma Gandhi.

Lal Bahadur, in 1937, was elected to the UP Legislative Assembly.

Post Independence

Lal Bahadur Shastri had served in various positions before being elected as the Prime

Minister. After Independence, he became the Minister of police in the Ministry of Govind

Vallabh Panth in Uttar Pradesh. His recommendations included the introduction of "water-

jets" instead of sticks to disperse the unruly mob. Impressed with his efforts in reforming

the state police department, Jawaharlal Nehru, invited Shastri to join the Union cabinet as

a Minister for railways. He was a responsible man and known for his ethics and morality. In

1956, Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned from his post, following a train accident that killed

around 150 passengers near Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu. Nehru, had once said, "No one could

wish for a better comrade than Lal Bahadur, a man of the highest integrity and devoted to

ideas".

Lal Bahadur Shastri returned to the Cabinet in 1957, first as the Minister for Transport and

Communications, and then as the Minister of Commerce and Industry. In 1961, he became

Minister for Home and formed the "Committee on Prevention of Corruption" headed by of

K. Santhanam.

Prime Minister

Jawaharlal Nehru was succeeded by a mild-mannered and soft-spoken Lal Bahadur

Shastri on 9 June, 1964. He was a follower of Nehruvian socialism. Despite the strong

influence and desire of becoming the Prime Minister, of some party stalwarts Shastri

emerged as the consensus candidate.

Shastri tackled many elementary problems like food shortage, unemployment and poverty.

To overcome the acute food shortage, Shastri asked the experts to devise a long-term

strategy. This was the beginning of famous "Green Revolution". Apart from the Green

Revolution, he was also instrumental in promoting the White Revolution. The National

Dairy Development Board was formed in 1965 during Shastri as Prime Minister.

After the Chinese aggression, the major cross-border-problems Shastri faced was caused

by Pakistan. It sent her forces across the eastern border into the Rann of Kuch in Gujarat.

Shastri showing his mettle, made it very clear that India would not sit and watch. While

granting liberty to the Security Forces to retaliate He said, "Force will be met with force".

The Indo-Pak war ended on 23 September 1965 after the United Nations passed a

resolution demanding a ceasefire. The Russian Prime Minister, Kosygin, offered to

mediate and on 10 January 1966, Lal Bahadur Shastri and his Pakistan counterpart Ayub

Khan signed the Tashkent Declaration.

Death

Lal Bahadur Shastri, who had earlier suffered two heart attacks, died of the third cardiac

arrest on 11 January, 1966. He is the only Indian Prime Minister, to have died in office,

overseas. Lal Bahadur Shastri was the first person to be posthumously awarded the

Bharat Ratna, (India's highest civilian award).

Sarojini Naidu

Born: 13 February, 1879

Passed Away: 2 March, 1949

Contributions

Sarojini Naidu was truly one of the gems of the 20th century India. She was known by the

sobriquet "The Nightingale of India". Her contribution was not confined to the fields of

politics only but she was also a renowned poet. The play "Maher Muneer", written by

Naidu at an early age, fetched a scholarship to study abroad. She briefed the struggles of

freedom for independence to the political stalwarts of European nations, she had visited.

She married Dr. Muthyala Govindarajulu Naidu, a South India. The marriage took place at

a time when inter-caste marriage was not acceptable in the society. Her acts helped in

raising many eyebrows. In 1905, a collection of poems, she had composed, was published

under the title of "Golden Threshold".

Life

Sarojini Naidu was born on February 13, 1879 in Hyderabad. Her father, Dr. Aghornath

Chattopadhyaya was a scientist, philosopher, and educator. He founded the Nizam

College of Hyderabad. Her mother, Varada Sundari Devi was a Bengali poetess. Dr.

Aghornath Chattopadhyaya was the first member of the Indian National Congress in

Hyderabad. For his socio-political activities, Aghornath was dismissed from his position as

Principal.

Since childhood, Sarojini was a very bright and intelligent child. Though Aghornath wanted

his daughter to become a mathematician or scientist, young Sarojini was fond of poetry. At

an early age, she wrote a "thirteen-hundred-lines" long poem "The Lady of the Lake".

Impressed with her skills of expressing things with appropriate words, Aghornath

Chattopadhyaya encouraged her works. Few months later, Sarojini, with assistance from

her father, wrote the play "Maher Muneer" in the Persian language.

Sarojini's father Dr. Aghornath Chattopadhyaya distributed some copies of the play among

his friends and relatives. He also sent a copy to the Nizam of Hyderabad. Impressed with

the works of the little child, the Nizam granted her a scholarship to study overseas. At the

age of 16, she got admission in the King's College of England. There, she had the

opportunity to meet prominent English authors like Arthur Simon and Edmond Gausse. It

was Gausse who asked Sarojini Naidu to write on the Indian themes like great mountains,

rivers, temples, social milieu etc.

National Movement

Sarojini Naidu was moved by the partition of Bengal in 1905 and decided to join the Indian

freedom struggle. She met regularly with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who later introduced her

to the stalwarts of the Indian freedom movement. She met Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit

Jawaharlal Nehru, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. With such an

encouraging environment, Sarojini later moved on to become leader of the Indian National

Congress Party. She traveled extensively to the United States of America and many

European countries as the flag-bearer of the Indian Nationalist struggle.

During 1915, Sarojini Naidu traveled all over India and delivered speeches on welfare of

youth, dignity of labor, women's emancipation and nationalism. In 1916, she took up the

cause of the indigo workers of Champaran in the western district of Bihar.

In March 1919, the British government passed the Rowlatt Act by which the possession of

seditious documents was deemed illegal. Mahatma Gandhi organized the Non-

Cooperation Movement to protest and Naidu was the first to join the movement. Besides,

Sarojini Naidu also actively campaigned for the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, the Khilafat

issue, the Sabarmati Pact, the Satyagraha Pledge and the Civil Disobedience Movement.

In 1919, she went to England as a member of the all-India Home Rule Deputation. In

January 1924, she was one of the two delegates of the Indian National Congress Party to

attend the East African Indian Congress. In 1925, she was elected as the President of the

Indian National Congress Party.

Poet

Besides her role and sacrifices in the Indian Nationalist Movement, Sarojini Naidu is also

commended for her contribution in the field of poetry. Her works were so beautiful that

many were transformed into songs. In 1905, her collection of poems was published under

the title "Golden Threshold". Later, she also published two other collections called "The

Bird of Time", and "The Broken Wings".

Death

Sarojini Naidu was the first woman Governor of Uttar Pradesh. Her chairmanship of the

Asian Relations Conference in 1947 was highly-appraised. Two years later, on 02 March

1949, Sarojini Naidu died at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.