Baitingand’HoundingBears:’ A’Case’Study’from’Washington ... ·...

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Baiting and Hounding Bears: A Case Study from Washington State Lessons Learned for Maine Photo credit: PAWS Wildlife Center of Lynnwood, WA By Gary M. Koehler, Ph.D. Prepared for Mainers for Fair Bear Hunting May 29, 2014

Transcript of Baitingand’HoundingBears:’ A’Case’Study’from’Washington ... ·...

Page 1: Baitingand’HoundingBears:’ A’Case’Study’from’Washington ... · Paidfor!withregulatedfunds!by!Mainers!for!Fair!Bear!Hunting!PO!Box!15367,!Portland,!ME!04112! 5! 24,032(a!97%increase!fortheyears1997to2012).!The!numbers!of!bear

     

Baiting  and  Hounding  Bears:  A  Case  Study  from  Washington  State  

Lessons  Learned  for  Maine      

 Photo  credit:  PAWS  Wildlife  Center  of  Lynnwood,  WA  

       

By  Gary  M.  Koehler,  Ph.D.  

Prepared  for  Mainers  for  Fair  Bear  Hunting  

May  29,  2014  

 

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Paid  for  with  regulated  funds  by  Mainers  for  Fair  Bear  Hunting  PO  Box  15367,  Portland,  ME  04112   2  

Gary  M.  Koehler  retired  as  Research  Scientist  for  Large  Carnivore  Investigations  with  Washington  Department  of  Fish  and  Wildlife.  He  received  a  Ph.D.  from  the  University  of  Idaho  and  has  spent  the  past  30  years  conducting  research  on  a  variety  of  carnivores:  including  pine  marten,  wolverine,  bobcat,  lynx,  cougars  and  American  black  bears  in  North  America,  to  lions  in  Africa  and  tigers  in  China  and  India  and  snow  leopards  in  Mongolia  and  Nepal.  He  has  published  findings  of  these  studies  in  scientific  journals  as  well  as  in  the  popular  press.  Prior  to  returning  to  his  native  Washington  state,  he  spent  3  years  in  Kenya,  where  he  taught  and  helped  develop  a  wildlife  management  program  at  one  of  that  country's  leading  universities.      

Page 3: Baitingand’HoundingBears:’ A’Case’Study’from’Washington ... · Paidfor!withregulatedfunds!by!Mainers!for!Fair!Bear!Hunting!PO!Box!15367,!Portland,!ME!04112! 5! 24,032(a!97%increase!fortheyears1997to2012).!The!numbers!of!bear

Paid  for  with  regulated  funds  by  Mainers  for  Fair  Bear  Hunting  PO  Box  15367,  Portland,  ME  04112   3  

Introduction:    In  1996,  63%  of  the  Washington  voters  passed  Initiative  655.  The  initiative  prohibited  hounding  and  baiting  as  means  to  hunt  black  bears  and  cougars.  The  following  hunting  season  after  its  passage,  the  Washington  Department  of  Fish  and  Wildlife  (DFW)  sold  bear  licenses  at  a  reduced  rate  because  of  perceptions  that  large  carnivore  populations  would  grow  out  of  control.  Bear  licenses  sold  by  DFW  had  their  prices  reduced,  from  $18  to  $10,  to  encourage  more  hunters.  Also  bear  and  cougar  tags  were  packaged  with  big-­‐game  permits  for  elk  and  deer  as  another  incentive  to  maintain  harvest  (Koehler  and  Pierce  2005).  DFW  also  lengthened  the  bear  season,  and  increased  the  bag  limit  on  bears  from  one  to  two  per  person  (Koehler  and  Pierce  2005).      Eighteen  years  after  the  passage  of  Initiative  655,  prohibiting  of  hounds  and  bait,  the  numbers  of  bears  harvested  increased  by  16%.  Figure  1.  Because  of  Washington’s  incentives  to  increase  hunter  participation,  hunters  and  harvest  increased  dramatically.      

   

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No.  of  Bears  Hunted  

Figure  1  

Hunter  Harvest  of  Black  Bears  in  Washington,  1991  to  2012  

Hunter  Harvest  

1997,  ban  on  hounds  &  bait  implemented  

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Bear-­Hunting  Mortality  Increased  After  Initiative  655:    Before  the  ban  on  hounding  and  baiting,  and  using  data  from  the  years  between  1991  and  1996,  the  average  number  of  male  bears  harvested  was  873.  In  the  post  post-­‐ban  period,  for  the  years  1997  to  2012,  the  average  number  of  males  in  the  hunter  harvest  was  1,011,  a  16%  increase  from  the  pre-­‐ban  period.  Figure  2.      The  average  number  of  females  in  the  hunter  harvest  in  the  period  before  the  ban,  for  the  years  1991  to  1996,  was  449.  After  Initiative  655  passed,  the  average  number  of  females  in  the  hunter  harvest  was  521  (for  the  years  between  1997  and  2012).  This  is  also  a  16%  increase  in  hunter  harvest.  Figure  2.      In  three  study  areas  of  Washington,  bear  population  and  survival  remained  stable  after  the  passage  of  Initiative  655  (Koehler  and  Pierce  2005).  Our  study  showed  that  males  are  much  more  vulnerable  to  hunter  harvest  than  females.  Overall  mortality,  which  included  hunter  harvest,  poacher  kills,  wounding  losses,  depredation  controls,  and  natural  causes,  was  greater  for  males  too  (Koehler  and  Pierce  2005).  We  showed  a  27%  mortality  rate  for  males  each  year,  compared  to  7%  for  females  (Koehler  and  Pierce  2005).  Surprisingly,  we  found  that  about  20%  of  hunters  did  not  report  their  bear  kills  to  the  state  (Koehler  and  Pierce  2005).      

     The  Numbers  of  Hunters  Doubled  Following  the  Baiting  and  Hounding  Prohibition:    Prior  to  passage  of  Initiative  655,  the  numbers  of  bear  hunters  averaged  12,174  for  the  years  1991  to  1996.  After  the  ban  on  hounds  and  bait,  the  average  number  of  hunters  nearly  doubled  to  

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Figure  2  

Average  of  Hunter  Black  Bear  Harvest    Before  &  After  Baiting  and  Hounding  

Ban  

Pre-­‐Ban  (1991-­‐1996)   Post-­‐Ban  (1997-­‐2012)  

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24,032  (a  97%  increase  for  the  years  1997  to  2012).  The  numbers  of  bear-­‐hunting  licenses  sold  jumped  by  an  average  of  343%  for  resident  hunters,  from  approximately  13,000  to  57,000.  DFW  also  sold,  using  an  average  of  the  numbers  for  the  pre-­‐  and  post-­‐initiative  periods,  97%  more  bear-­‐hunting  licenses  to  non-­‐residents  after  the  ban.    Conclusion:    This  Washington  case  study  has  important  implications  for  wildlife  managers  in  Maine.  Eighteen  years  after  hounds  and  bait  were  prohibited  in  Washington,  the  numbers  of  bears  harvested  increased  by  16%,  the  numbers  of  hunters  participating  in  bear  hunts  increased  by  97%,  and  the  numbers  of  licenses  sold  increased  by  343%  for  residents  and  by  97%  for  non-­‐residents.      In  short,  discontinuing  baiting  and  hounding  in  Washington  did  not  result  in  a  lower  harvest  of  bears.  The  agency  has  learned  through  biological  studies,  including  mine,  that  bears  (and  cougars)  are  limited  by  their  environments  and  behaviors,  and  not  just  reliant  on  human  hunters  to  manage  their  populations.      Also  important  for  Maine  wildlife  managers’  consideration,  we  found  that  in  Washington,  during  our  study,  which  included  a  period  both  before  and  after  the  Initiative,  that  almost  20%  of  hunters  failed  to  report  bears  they  killed.  This  high  number  of  unreported  kills  was  a  surprise  to  the  agency.      References:    Koehler,  G.  M.  and  D.  J.  Pierce.  2005.  Survival,  cause-­‐specific  mortality,  sex,  and  ages  of  American  

black  bears  in  Washington  state,  USA.  Ursus  16:157-­‐166.