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Baitapvatlieudien



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PublishedonNov17,2014

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1.MCLCMCLC......................................................................................................................1CHNG1:VTLIUDNIN.........................................................................3Cu1............................................................................................................................3Thnolvtliudnin,hyphnloivtliudnin?Tchobitctnhcachng?Phmvingdngcavtliudnin?.................................................3Cu2............................................................................................................................3Trnhbycutocakimloivhpkim?Tnutnhchtcakimloivhpkim?..............................................................................................................................3CHNG2:LNGKIMLOI..............................................................................8Cu3............................................................................................................................8Trnhbykhinimcavtliulngkim?Nungdngcavtliulngkim?8Cu4............................................................................................................................9Trnhbyccphngphpbcng(hocnhm)dythpcadydn?................9CHNG3:VTLIUDNGLMINTR................................................11Cu5..........................................................................................................................11Thnolvtliudnglmintr?Phnloivtliudnglmintr?..........11Cu6..........................................................................................................................11Hpkimdnglmintrchnhxcvlmbintrbaogmnhngloino?Trnhbythnhphncaccvtliu?.................................................................11Cu7..........................................................................................................................13Hpkimdnglmintrsinngvnungnngbaogmnhngloino?Trnhbythnhphncaccvtliu?...........................................................................13Cu8..........................................................................................................................15Ccyucucavtliulmtipim?Nutnccloivtliudnglmtipim?..........................................................................................................................15CHNG4:VTLIUBNDN.........................................................................18Cu9..........................................................................................................................18Thnolvtliubndn?Vtliubndnctnhchtg?Nuccchtchnhclmvtliubndnin..................................................................................18Cu10........................................................................................................................19TnhchtvtlvhohccaCacbon?snxutvtmkimcacbonnhthno?



....................................................................................................................................192.Cu11........................................................................................................................22Nutnhchtvtl,tnhchthohc,snxutvphmvingdngcasilc...22Cu12........................................................................................................................23NutnhchtvtlvtnhchthohcvphmvingdngcaGecmani?.......23CHNG5:VTLIUCCHIN....................................................................25Cu13........................................................................................................................25Ccyucucavtliucchinlg?Giithchcchintng?.......................25Cu14........................................................................................................................26Bmttipgiplg?Nutnhchtincabmttipgip?..............................26Cu15........................................................................................................................27Vtliucchinlg?Cmydngvtliucchin?Tnutmttcctnhchtcachngvphmvisdng?.........................................................................273.CHNG1:VTLIUDNINCu1Thnolvtliudnin,hyphnloivtliudnin?Tchobitctnhcachng?Phmvingdngcavtliudnin?*Vtliudninlvtchtmtrngthibnhthngcccintchtdo.Nutnhngvtliunyvotrongmtintrngccintchschuyndchtheomthngnhtnhcatrngvtothnhdnginngitagilvtliudnin.Vtdnincthlnhngvtrn,lngvtrongnhngiukinnhtnhcthlchtkh.VtliudninthrnlccKimloivcchpkim*PhnloiVtdnincphnralmhailoi:Vtliuvitnhdninthayvtdnloi1(chtdnkimloi).Vtliuvitnhdninionhayvtdnloi2vtdninphn.a,Vtdnvitnhdnint:Lvtchtmshotngcaccintchkhnglmbinithcthlmlnvtliu.Viiunytathybaogmnhngkimloitrngthirnhaylnghpkimvmtschtkhngphilkimloi(than).kimloivhpkimctnhdninttcchtothnhdydninnhdycp,ccloidyqunmyinvkhcin.kimloivhpkimcintrlnocsdngcckhcindngsinng,tnngccnchiusngvccbintr.b,Vtdnvitnhion:Lvtdnmdnginiquastonnsbinihohciukinnychngtathythngthnglccdungdchccstncaxtkimvmi.Cmtsvtrnctnhionhonhinuabckhvhicngintrnglnctnhdnintvtnhdnion.Cu2Trnhbycutocakimloivhpkim?Tnutnhchtcakimloivhpkim?*Cutocakimloivhpkim4.a.CutovnguyntcakimloiKimloiccctnhchtkhcnhauldotchcbntrongcachngkhcnhau(ccnguynttathnhkimloi).Vtchtdonguynttothnh.Minguyntldomththngtothnhphctpbaogmhtnhnmangindnggiavccintmangintchmbaoxungquanhhtnhnhtnhnbaogmprtnvntrngkhilngnguynttpchungchyuvohtnhn.Slngintcaminguyntbngsprtnhtnhncanslngintkhcnhaututheomichtvslnglsthtxptrongbnghthngtunhon.Ccnguyntquayxungquanhhtnhnvitcrtlnvtheoqudohnhelpquoquayngoicngcnhhngrtlnntnhchtcamichtsquongoicngnycslngkhcnhaut0n8int.ivikimloi,quongoicngthngc12int,ccintnydikhiquochonguynttrthnhiondng,vchnhlchkhcnhaugiakimloivphikim.Vykimloiccutonhiondng,cccinttdochyxungquanhvccintnydbtrakhiquocan.Ccinttdonylnguynnhntonnchtdninvdnnhitvsdodaicakimloavmthohckimloinoctnhhotngmnhthkimloidmtinttdotrthnhiondng.b.Cutotinhthcakimloi.Kimloitrngthirnccutobntrongtheomtmngtinhth,nghalcctinhthcancxpxptrongkhnggiantheomtvtrhnhhcnhtnhckhnghnnnhccvtphikimloikhc,hnhtrnbiudinmtphncamngtinhthlpphngngin,trongnhngtinhthcbiudinbngnhngvngtrnnhnmccmpcahnhlpphngmtagilntmng.Phnnhnhtvctrngchomt



loitinhthnocgilcbn.Nuxplintipcccbntacmngtinhthvdmngtinhthlpphngnginhnh2algmvsnhnglpphng.5.c.CutocahpkimHpkimlsnphmcasnuchycahaihaynhiunguyntmnguyntchyulkimloivhpkimctnhchtcakimloi.trongthnhphncakimloicthcmtlngnhccnguyntkimvdthplhpkimcastvccbon.Hpkimcchtochyubngcchnuchy,ngoiracncthbngphngphpinphn.Trongcngnghipcckimloinguynchttcdngvnrtdolicbnvcngthp.Nhiukimloicdnincaonhngnhitcaolicdninthp,intrcakimloinguynchtrtnhdokhngthdngtrongnhngchtdnincngthihsginncakimloinguynchtrtlnkhicsthayinhitdoccumychnhxckhngthlmbngkimloinguynchtc.cngvbncakimloinguynchtcnggimxungkhinhittng.Tnhcngnghcakimloinguynchtrtkm:khc,khgiacng,khctgt,khinhitluynthcngvbncngkhngtngcnhiu.Vvytrongthctccchititmauclmbnghpkim*Tnhchtchungcakimloivhpkim.Khisdngvtliutaphihiurcctnhchtcachngcpngcccyucuthctcngvicchaykhng.Vd:lmdngcctkimloiphicnvtliucbncaocng,chunhit,chumimn.lmdydninphicvtliucdnintthaytrongmtstrnghptalicnvtliukhngbnhimt,khngg.lmvmybaythvtliuphivabnvchc,vaphinh,...1.TnhchtvtlTnhchtvtlcakimloilvsngbnngoi,mttinhchylong,tnhginndikhitnng,tnhdnnhit,dnin,cnhimt.Theovsngbngoithchailoilloienvloimu.Kimloienlgmhpkimcastlthpvgang.6.Kimloimulttckimloivhpkimcnli.Kimloikhngtrongsutmikimloicphnchiunhsngringtheomtmumtaquengillmucakimloi.VD:ngcmu,thicmutrngbc,kmmuxmngthimtngoicakimloisaukhigiacngcmusckhcvimubanunhvngxanhtmlmungoibphmtlpxtdoctgtnhitcao.Nhsbinimusccabmtngoicathpmtaphnbitcnhittnngcathpkhinhitluyn.1.2.Tnhnngchy:Kimloictnhnngchy,hayblongkhitnngvcckhilmngui.Nhitchuyntthcsangthlnghontongilnhitnngchy.Tnhnngchyltnhchtrtquantrngtrongqutrnhc.Chrngimnngchycanhiuhpkimkhcvitngkimloitonnn.1.3.Tnhdnnhit:Kimloictnhdnnhitttlkimloikhibtnnghoclmlnhthcngdtnngnhanh,nguvcngdngui.Ccvtctnhdnnhitkmmuntnnghontoncncthigianluvnulmnguiqunhanhcthgyntv.1.4.Tnhginnvnhit:khitnngkimloiginra,khilmnguikimloicoli.Sginnnycbitchtrongnhiutrnghpcth.olngchiudimtcchchnhxcngitathngdngdngcobnghpkiminvalhpkimcast0,3cacbonv3537niken.Hpkiminvagnnhcginnbngkhngkhongnhitt80100.1.5.Tnhnhimt:chcmtskimloictnhnhimt:FevhpkimcaFe.Chngbthosaukhittrongmtttrng.Nikenvcbanctnhnhimtcgilchtstt1.6.TnhchthohcTnhchthohcbiuthkhnngcakimloivhpkimchnglitcdnghohccaccmitrngchottnhkhcnhau,tnhchtnycbiuthhaidngchyuTnhchngnmn:lkhnngchnglisnmncahinchayxykhngkhnhitthngvnhitcao.Tnhchuaxt:lkhnngchnglitcdngcaccmitrngaxt.7.3.Tnhchc.Tnhchtchccakimloihaycngiltnhc,lkhnngchnglitcdngcalcbnngoi.Baogm:nhi,do,cng,daivachm,chumi.4.Tnhchtcngngh.Khilachonkimloivhpkimchtoccchititmy,taphichdntnhcngngh.Tnhcngnghcakimloilkhnngmkimloicththchincccphngphpcngnghsnsutccsnphm.Baogmtnhctgt,tnhhn,tnhc.Tnh



nhitluynlkhnnglmthayicng,bn,docakimloibngcchnungnngkimloinnhitnhtnhvginhittrongmtthigianrilmnguikimloitheomtchnhtnh.8.CHNG2:LNGKIMLOICu3Trnhbykhinimcavtliulngkim?Nungdngcavtliulngkim?*Khinim:Vtliulngkimloilnhngsnphmkthutcchtothnhmtkhilinhchtchcahaikimloi.*Ccngdngcavtliulngkim:Dydnthpng.Quanhgiaintrdnginxoaychiuvitnsf=5000Hzvintrdnginmtchiuividydnngcngknh5mml:3,9RmcRxcDnginchyqualpbmtngoicchiudy0,50,6mm,cntrungtmcatitdintrthnhmttcdngtrongvicdnin.Ktquchothylicadycthlmcbngdythp,nhvystitkimngmvnkhngnhhnggnintrdngxoaychiu.iunyslbinphpttlmtngscbnckhcadyvlpngbnngoicngstoramtlpvbcbnngoichnglisnmn.Dongitathchindydnbngvtliulngkimthpngivingdythngtinlinlccngknh14mm.Dydnbngvtliulngkimloitrongmtstrnghpcdnglmdydnintrongmchnhthtns50Hzvcdnglmccthanhgptrongcctrangthitbdngni.Thanhgpthpng.Thanhgplphnktnigiaccthanhdn,phntdy,bidytrongmtphadycamyinquay(myinkhngngbrotodyqun)lmnhimvdninnccphntdytrongtrngthingdophichucclcmastmimnlcp,lcnn,vvythanhgpthpngphisdngccvtliuchuccciukinlmvicDydnlngkimngnhm.9.Thplngkimngnhmcchtocbitdidngcctmcmtmthocchaimtvdngtrongcccutrcphnchiu,lsiinhocccchititdngni.Cctmlngkimngnhm.Dothunlilcthddnghndnhbnghpkimchcdatrnvtliucbnlthic.Vtliulngkimnycncthdngchtoccchitittrongthitbthuphtthanhnhlmcundyngten,bcmbin.vvNhitlngkimlsghpnithaidibnghpccngchiudybngnhngkimloihayhpkimchsginntheonhitrtkhcnhau.Chngcchtobngphngphpdtmngkhinungtlgiatrnglngcclpl1:1.Khinungnng,lngkimloiscong,vdostcnglnccchititmrlenhit,haynhngthitbtng.Vicuncongnhngtmlngkimkhinungnngphthucvochiudycathanhvclpvichiurngcathanh.trnhngsutccbththanhlngkimphicxlnhittrc.ivihpkimcohsginnvichiudit(kimloitbnhhngnhit)ngitadnghpkimcaniken(3646%).Hpkimcdngnhiunhthinnaylhpkiminva(36,1%niken+63,1%Fe+0,4%Mn+0,4%Cu)ivihpkimchsginntheochiudinhiu,ngitadnghpkimngkm,thphpkimvicrmvniken,hpkimnikenvimlipenCu4Trnhbyccphngphpbcng(hocnhm)dythpcadydn?Vicbcdythpcadydncthcbctheoccphngphp:Phngphpbckhinung.Phngphpinphn.Phngphpbckhinung.Thanhthpclmschoxitbngcchchschhocbngcchthict.Ngitatthpvogiakhuncmu,xungquanhthanhthpngitasrtngnngchy(12001800oC)vokhnggiangialithpvb10.tngcakhun.Lithpcngknh8085mmvchiudi770800mm.Nhvykhilngkimloithucscnguivsaudtmngthnhsitheocckchcnhmongmun.Lpngbmvolithpsrnli,phutrnbmttipxcvilithp.Quanghincukimtnghcngitanhnthychaikimloiutomtlptrunggianhpthnhsthotanrngiastvngvmbocscbnckhtt.Phngphpbctheocchinphn:ngsbmvodythptrongbgavancsulfatngmbocmtlpbcngnhtsongkhngchomtsdnhchthonton.ngthiphngphpnycnphitiuthmtlnginnhiu.Tiuchuncamtsncthchinl:Trnglngcangchimtl50%trnglngtonbdy.Dydninvitl30%ngchsdngtrongnhngiukin



truyntikhkhnnh:ihikhongcchgiaccctinln,bngginhiu,gimnhvv..Scbnkokhitcadydnlngkimcnphimbot5570kG/mm2ivitonbtitdin,cnskodi2%,ividydntrongthngtinlinlcbngthpmkmtheotiuchuncamtsncl40kg/mm2vskodi10%.11.CHNG3:VTLIUDNGLMINTRCu5Thnolvtliudnglmintr?Phnloivtliudnglmintr?1.Khiqut:Vtliudnglmintrphimbocccyucusau:Phicintrsutln.Hsbiniintrsuttheonhitphinhmbosnnhcaintrsutivisbinicanhit.2.Phnloi:*Phnloitheomcchsdng:Vtliudnglmintrchnhxccsdngnhngdngcolngvintrchun.Vtliudnglmbbintrkhing(mmyngc).Vtliudnglmkhcinsinngvunnng.Nhngvtliucaloivtliuthnhtcnphicmtscnhitngnhsovinhngvtliukhcvctnhkhngcthayitheothigiannkhngnhhngnssaistrongccphpo.Nhngvtliucanhmth2cnphicscbnkhidng,scbniviqutrnhnmnkhiunnngvphicgithnhthp.Nhngvtliunhmth3cnphicscbnithigiankodinhitcao(khngcnngchyvkhngcxtho)chngphicgiacngddngphicscbntheoquanimchcnhitlmvicvkhngrtngnchiudi.Cu6Hpkimdnglmintrchnhxcvlmbintrbaogmnhngloino?Trnhbythnhphncaccvtliu?a.PhnloiNgitaphnloitheoccloisau:HpkimloiMangannin.12.HpkimloiconstantanvNiken.HpkimngkmvngNikenKm.b.HpkimMangan(86%Cu,2%Ni,12%Mn):cmucfnhtngitakothnhbngvdymnhrtd.Ncscnhitngsovingrtnh(12V/).Ngitasdngchtoccintrchnhxcdogitrintrtbnhhngkhicccgitrdnginkhcnhauiquavkhilmvicnhitkhcnhau.Yuculcnmbotnhbtbinvgitrintrkhilmvicthigiandivkhngcvtqu60oCnusdngvtliulmintrmucnivibintrthkhngcvtqu300oC.MunvythphixlgihahpkimMnbngcch:Xlnhit100140oCtrongchnkhnghaytrongmitrngtrungtnh(tr)richschbngdungdchK2CO3,Na2CO3,H2SO4,lmnguitt(nguitrongkhngkh)saubovludinhiuthngnhittrongphngkhong20oC.c.Hpkimconstantanvniken.*Constantan:Cha60%Cuv40%niken.Ngitagiacngddngkhinguihaykhinngvcthkothnhsimnhnngknh0,02mm,cngcthdtmngthnhdibngcchiudy0,02mm.Constantandhnddnhcht,hsbiniintrsuttheonhitthpvthhpkimnyctnlconstantancnghalhngsvchsthayiintrsuttheonhitnhhnkhng.Trongtrnghpnungnngtrongthigianngn(khong3giy)nhit900OC,vnguitrongkhngkhkhtrnbmtcaconstantanstothnhmtmngmngoxtngncch,dundovcscbnckh.ConstantancscnhitinnglnsoviCu(43V/)nnconstantancdngchtoccngunhitinCuconstantanvFeconstantanonhitn700oC.*Niken:Cha2535%Ni,23%Mn,67%Cunnrtinhnconstantan.Ncgiacngrtd,cintrsutnhhnvhsbiniintrsutvinhitlnhnconstantan.ngitadnglmbintrkhing13.viuchnh.d.HpkimtrncskimloiquLhpkimcAuCr20%,AgMnThic.AgNi.Chngcintrsutln,hsbiniintrsuttheonhitb,tythucvovicxlgiha.Ngitadnghpkimnylmintrchnhxc.Saukhixlgihan270oC,intrsutbng0,46mm2/m,hsbiniintrsuttheonhit0ScnhitinnglnsoviCu2V/e.HpkimCuZn,CuNiZnlngtrngalpaca,reotan,argentan,packfonglnhnghpkimrtin,csdngtrongdngcolngthngdngvlmbbintrividnginln.intrsutcahpkimny0,30,4mm2/mhsbiniintrsuttheonhit0,000270,00036/Cu7Hpkimdnglmintrsinngvnungnngbaogmnhngloino?Trnhbythnhphncaccvtliu?



a.PhnloiHpkimtrncsNiCrNiFeCr.HpkimtrncsFeCrAlHpkimtrncsCrSiFeHpkimtrncsCacbuaSilicb.HpkimtrncsNiCrHpkimthngcdngsnxutintrnhitcao(tmax=1000oC),intrsutln,hsbiniintrsuttheonhitnh.HpkimNiCrthngdnglmccdymnh(ngknh0,010,3mm)cha20%lCr,dydnvdybngcchiudyhn1,5mmcha30%lCr.Nhnghpkimnycthmvo12%Mnnhlchtkhoxit,ngip14.tngthmkhnnggiacngrnvdtmng.Nuavothm58%Mnthintrsutcantnglnrtnhiu.HpkimNiCrtboxyhavtcoxyhacaNivCrrtbngaycakhinhitcao.ldolpoxittothnhbmthpkimkhngbbayhntiutnimnlidnhvo,llpbovbmthpkim,ngncnkhngchokhngkhtiptcisuvohpkim.c.HpkimtrncsNiCrFeHpkimferonicromcha6070%Ni,1520%Cr,1525%Fe.Ngitacthchothm12%Mnlmchtkhoxy.intrcahpkimkhong1mm2/mvthayitytheoccthnhphncutonn.Hpkimferonicromtrncintrsutllnnht.HpkimtboxyhahnsovihpkimCrNivFectcoxyhalnnhit900oC.NhnghpkimctlphntrmFelnthcgithnhrhn.Hpkimckothnhdymnhcngknhnhn0,02mmvkothnhdybngvititdin0,1x1mm2Ngoinhnghpkimtrnthngitacnsdngccvtliukhclmtipimtrtnhpalai,ri.d.HpkimtrncsFeAlCrHpkimnykhttin,ngitasnxutnhnghpkimcscbnnhitcaotrncsFelthnhphnchyu.GiacchpkimthFecralvcromell2hpkimkhquantrng.Fecrallhpkimcha86%Fe,1012%Cr,24%Al.ChtthmvolAlvCrlmtngintrsutcahpkimvhsbinicaintrsuttheonhitsgim.VCrvAlclpoxitbovbmchcvobmtvtliunnhpkimtboxyhannvtliulmvicn800850oCFecral=1,21,4mm2/mtrnglngringcafecralbng7,68,2kg/dm3vtliubtkhikol70kg/mm2.Fecralcngvdgyhnnicromnnkhcthkodilmdyvdybng(chlmdycngknhvchiudyc0,31,2mm).VicthmvohpkimccchtCuvMnlmtngintrsutvgimh15.sbiniintrsuttheonhit.NhcimcaFecrallsaukhilmvicnhitquynhtrong20hthgitrcaintrsutcthgimn20%.KanthallhpkimtrncsFe,Cr,AlvCban.nhitlmviccthlnn11501325oC,intrsut=1,31,45mm2/m,=0,000060,00009/Hpkimnycuimlrtbnnhitlmvic.Soxyhacangimnhiusovicckimloikhcdnglmintr.Khiqu1000oCthKanthaldrn,dv.Cromel:64%Fe,30%Cr,4,5%Al,1,5%C,Mn,Si,S,P.Ngitasdngdidngdyctitdinlnnhnglincngnghipcnhitlnn1300oC.e.DylmintrtrncsCacbuasilicChngcdngccthanhhocng,viccuckimloiha.ngknhccthanhhayngl450mm,chiudit601500mm.Nhngthanhhayngnycunthnhvngxonchovotronglincnhit10001400oC.intrsutbng8636000mm2/mtytheotitdin



mn,phichuctcngckhkhivachmdolnhiukhinngvm.+tbnhhngdohquangin.+Khngbhncht.TipimccngsutlnNgitathngdngkimloigm,tonnthnhpkimloikhnngchyvikimloidnintt:mtkimloicindnsutlnddninmtkimloicbnckhlnchucti.Nhngvtliutnghphaydngnhthinnay:AgVonfram(vonframcscbnvihquang)AgMolipden(Molipdenccngcao)AgNiCuVonframCuMolipden.Cctipimnycchtodidngvinmngdnhchclntrnbmttipxccatipimctcakhcin.Tipimtrt:trongmyct,daocchly,vngcgpcamyin.Yucutbnmnckhdomast.Ngitathngdng:Cucgpmyinvnhngtipimcamyctin,daocchly.17.nngcaoscbnckh,ngitathngtohpkimvicactmi.mtsmyct,ngitambctipim.CchpkimcaCu:Cuthanh,Cuthanhantimon,CuBerili,Cucactmi,CuCacbon,...tbmimnvnmnthngdnglmcgp.Alcdnglmccchitittipxcculyincaccphngtinvntibngin.Cacboningraphitcdngtrongkhcin,lmccchitittipxccaccphngtinvntibnginvtmimndydninvtuithcao.18.CHNG4:VTLIUBNDNCu9Thnolvtliubndn?Vtliubndnctnhchtg?NuccchtchnhclmvtliubndninChtbndninchimvtrtrunggiangiachtdninvchtcchin,intrsutcankhonggia106v108m.Trongkthutcachtbndncngsut,ngitahaydngccnguynthohccxptrongnhmIVcabnghthngtunhonccnguyntD.IMendeleepchnglgicmanivsilic,cctrngbicutrctinhthngitachdngchtbndntnhdnint,tclccchtbndnmdnginchyquanlbisrichuyncaccint.Hinnaychtbndnhaydngnhtlchtbndnsilic.Chngtacngthyrngsiliccrtnhiuvchim28%tronglpvqutnhngkthutsnxutsilictinhkhitlirtphctpchnhvthmcclinhkinsdungchtbndnsilictrnnrttsovisdngchtbndngiecmani,chodgiecmanilnguynthim.Nguyntsiliccbalpint.Lpngoicngchabninthotr,trongkhislngcaintcthchabngtm,iunycnghallpintngoicnglchahonthinccinthatrsthamdtcnglnnhaugiaccnguyntchngtothnhtinhthsilichayccphnthpchthahccasilicviccchtkhc.NukhitinhthSihontonnguynchtthttcccinthatrcanguyntlinhvinhauvkhngcinttdo,dovytinhthkhngdnin.Nutaemtnnghocchiuchmtiaphngxvomngtinhthnycthlmtngmcnnglngccint,thccintnycthphvmilinkt,chngthatravtrthnhinttdo.milinktvabphv,intsthatralimtltrng,lnydbmilinktkhcnhyvolpltrng,dovyxuthinmtlmichintvarikhi.Cnhth,trnghpnyltnhdninbngltrng.Tathyrngchtbndnnguynchtmtinttdobngmtltrng,tnhdnincabndnphthucvocctc19.nhnbnngoikchthchccintthatkhimilinktvinguynt.Visilictathmvomtlngnhphtpho(P)hayantimon(Sb)lnguyntthucnhmV.Ccintcaccchtnycnminthatrtrongbninttothnhmilinktnghatrvibnnguyntnmcnhcatinhthbndncnintthnmtdonmtinhth.Ngitanibndnctpchtsaochomtintnhiuhnmtltrnglbndninthaycngilbndnloin.Cngvisilictathmmtlngnhnhm(Al)gali(Ga)lccnguyntnhmIII.Chnglccnguynthatrcba.Minguynttpchtthiumtmtinttothnhmilinktnghatrvibnnguyntnmcnhcachtbndn,nhvycnghalthnhmtltrng.chtbndnctpchttonngilbndnltrnghaycngibndnloip.Nhvychngtacthktlunrngkhiatpchtvomttinhthbndntinhkhitthstonnsbinicutrccan,lmxuthinslnglnccintchmang



in.Tuthucvocctpchtavomintchmngcthldnghaym.Cu10TnhchtvtlvhohccaCacbon?snxutvtmkimcacbonnhthno?Snxutvchto.Cacbonc3dng:kimcnggraphitcacbonvnhhnh.Kimcngvgraphitcsnxuttccmtnhin.Graphitcthsnxuttantraxithaythancc.Ccbonvnhhnhcthsnxuttheoccphngphpkhcnhau(thant,encakhi,thanccvv..)Graphitccungcpdidngsau:Graphitth,chahchugiacngckh.Graphitcc,lloichugiacngckh.Theotinhkhitdnght,graphitccliphnra3loiA,B,C.LoiCgmcloibivloiht.Graphitvitlphntrmlnhn99%sthucthngquaxlhacht,hocthngquaphngphpinnhittantraxithaytthancc20.cxaythnhbtvimtschtthmvo22002300oClnhitmcctpchtsbayhi.Graphitlloihtcsdngtngindnxut,khichtovtchtkhcabnhcquykhtronghnhpbioxutmangantnhinvnhntothcnphicccthnhphnsauy:Ccbon,tithiu90%Fe2O31%Vtchthayhi1%Cu,Pb,Co,As,Ni:0,001%*Cabonvnhhnhcsdngtrongkthutincnhngdngsau:Antrocit:Snxuttccm,csdnglmbtmicrohaygraphittnghp.Thancc:Baogm7478%C,thucthngquaphngphpchngctkhthantronglcthaytdum.Cacboncalct.encakhi:nhncthngquastchykhnghontondumazthaysnphmctrongdumnng,thngquastchycahcn,than,caantraxitthvv..Tngtngitacththucsnphnencakhithngquatchydugraphintrongncbc,thngquatchydulongno,haythngquatchykhtnhin(mtanvv..)Snphmencakhinhncthngquastchykhnghontonhaythngquaphngiivtchykhnghontoncakhmtan.Ncdngmn.1.Hngslho.Kimcnglvtliucchin.Hsbinicaintrsutivinhitcacbonlm.Chngtathyintrsutgimt46xungdi38khinhittngtOon2000oC.2.ngdng.Cacbondngchtoslngkhlnccsnphmtrongkthutinnh:21.incccabon.Chithan.Tipiminbngcacbon.Dytcbngcacbonccnchiusng.intrbngcacbonchoccbphntnngbngin.intrbngcacbuasilic.*inccCacbon:VD:incctronginphn.trongcclinhquangvlintr.Tronghnbnghquangin.Trongnhquangvnchiu.Trongccphntganvanic.Trongnhnganotbnggraphitivichnhluthyngn.Ccincccahaingdngulsnxutcacbuacalci,cacbuasilic,nhm,thp.Nhnginccdnginphnvtchttrngthinngchycphnthnh:incctcacbonvnhhnhinccgraphitinccingraphitincckimloicacbon.*ChithanChithandngchomyintothnhtipxcnggiaphncnhvphnmyquaycamyin,tcldngancgphayvngtipxccamyin.Theocchchto,chithancchiathnhnhiuloi:Chithancacboncng(vnhhnh).ChithaningraphitChithangraphitChithankimloigraphit22.*TipimbngcacbonCacboncscbnckhcao,dnin,dnnhittt,khngnngchy,khngbhndnhvkhngtonnccl,trnbmtctialainhayhquangin.Cu11Nutnhchtvtl,tnhchthohc,snxutvphmvingdngcasilc1.Snxut.SiliclmttrongnhngnguyntrtphbintrongthinnhinngitatmthyndidngsilicSiO2trongccmkhcnhauhocdidngsiliccat.nhngcngnghsnxutSiliihikthutcaonnkht.BinphpkthutthucsilicdavotnghptronglinmthnhpctthchanhvthancchocctvcacbuacanciCaC2.Silictinhkhitcha0,011%tpcht.2.Hngsvtl.Trnglngring(20oC):2,37kg/dm3intrsutcaGiecmani20oCbng100.cmhsbiniintrsuttheonhit:=1,81,7oC1Hngsvtlchnhcasilictnhnghpchtcan(SiO2)nhshtrcakimloi(manh,nhm)cbimusmtivlchtdninkm.Silictinhththucthngquanngchyfluosilicatbttvinhmhayvikm.indnsutcanbinitronggiihnrngt7.



1021cm1n1021cm1(silictinhkhit),cnhsbinicaintrtheonhitlmtrongtrnghpsilicatinhthvldngtrongtrnghpsiliclntinhth.3.ctnh.Siliccthhindidngvtchttinhth,cmutroxmgingnhthpviphnchiuhitrng.Nrtdbbvnvkhngcphpgiacngdidngplc.Silicvnhhnhkhboxuthotrongkhngkh,songrtddngchy23.700oC800oC.Silictinhthkhngtantrongaxit.4.ngdngHpkim(4%Si,Fe)dnglmlithp.HpkimcaSivFecchtotheoccthnhphn,nhitkhcnhauthtothnhcchpkimkhcnhauvicctnhchtmongmun.Siliccdngnhchtkhoxytrongluynkim.Silictinhthcsdngchtocclinhkintrongccloimytchsng,mykhuchi.Cu12NutnhchtvtlvtnhchthohcvphmvingdngcaGecmani?1.Snxut.Giecmanitmthytrongthinnhindidngccmcgirit(GeS24Ag2S),canfinit(4Ag2(GeSn)S2),giecmani(Cu3GeS).Nctmthyvislngrtttrongmtsmkm,ngthitrongtrovtrongchtcncahcn,canhngnhmythanccha.SnxutGiecmanikimloithucthngquacccchsau:KhoxycaoxitGeO2haysulfua(Ges2)bngcacbon,hydro.GeO2+2H2Ge+2H2OinphnmuiK2(GeFe)nngchyhayhotan.HatanGeO2trongcriolit.2.Hngsvtl.Trnglngring(20oC):5,36kg/dm3intrsutcaGiecmani20oCbng0,01178.cmhsbiniintrsuttheonhit:=0,0014oC1Nhitnngchy:958,5oCHsginntrongbnh0100oC:6.106oC1intrsutcagiecmanituthucvonhit.Ngitanhnthyrng,trongkhongnhitnhtnhhsthayiintrcagiecmanitheonhitlm.24.3.ctnh.Muxmtrosng.Khngboxyhatrongkhngkh,khnghatantrongnc.BoxyhatrongmitrngOxytothnhGeO2.Gebhatantrongnccngtoan.(nccngtoanlchtnmnmnh,dnglng,khngmunhngtrongkhngkhvigiylbchuynsangmuvng,dbayhi.Nccngtoan:HNO3+H2O,tl1:3)GekhngtcdngviHClvH2SO4long.Gehatanchmtrongkimnhittrn200250oC,GephnngmnhviHalogen(F2,Cl2,Br2,I).4.ngdng.Gecmanicdngchtoccbtchnng,ccbchnhluphng,cctransistovccbkhuchivv25.CHNG5:VTLIUCCHINCu13Ccyucucavtliucchinlg?Giithchcchintng?Mcchcacchinlduytrkhnngcchincavtliucchintrongintrng.Munvykhngthxyracchintngsau:Phngintrongvtliucchin.nhthngtonphnhocbntrongvtliucchin.Phnginbmtbntronghocgiamttipxc.*PhngintrongvtliucchinHintngphnginxyranuinptlnvtliucchinlnhninplnnhtmvtliuccincthchucmchaxyraphngin.Trsnygilinpphngin.inpmbtucphngingilinpngngcaphngin.*nhthngvphnginbmtBtrthnghimnhhnhv:tgia2inccl1tmvtliuinmcnhbincannhrangoiinccrtnhiu.Tatnginpgiahaiinccmtcchtt.Cthc2hintngsxyra:nhthng:Tmcchinkhngchuniinp,vmthochaich.intchchytinccnysangincckiaxuynquatmcchin.Hintngnygilhintngbnhthng.Phnginbmt:Khiinptngnmttrsno,thcnhmpcainccxuthinvngquanginvphttrinthnhnhngtialainblongngongtrnbmttmcchin.inpcngtngthtialaincngdisaunilinvinhau.Hintngnygilphnginbmt.Trongtrnghptrnnulvtliucchinlthkhhocthlngth26.chcthxyrahintngngthng.Nulcchinthrncthxyrahintngnhthnghocphnginbmt.nhthnglmchocchinbxuynthng.Vtliucchinthlnghocthkhthchbnhthngtronggiyltriphchilikhinguynnhngyphnginktthc.Cnvtliucchinthrnthbnhthngvnhvinkhngthsdngli,cnthaythbphncchinthrnnyngaylptc.Hintngphnginbmtkhnggyrahuqunghimtrngnhnhthng.Nhitcahquanginbmtcthlm



mnbmtcchin,nhngkhngnmckhngsdungc,saumtthigiansdngsckkimtra,thnghimnhkvtliucchinnynuvnmbohsantonthtavncthtiptcsdngvngcli.Xtvtnhlintctrongvnhnhthgiangthngvphnginbmtcskhcnhaucbn:+nhthngihiphisachangaydovnhnhbginon.+Phnginkhikhngcntntitiptcthvntiptclmvictrli.inpnhthngbmtlinplmchobdycchinnhtnhbnhthngUP.Cu14Bmttipgiplg?Nutnhchtincabmttipgip?Cccloibmttipgiplgia:chtkhchtlngchtlngchtrnchtrnchtkh.Nutrnbmttipgipcmtthnhphnintrngsongsongvimmttipgipthcthhnhthnhdngintrn.Nuintrnglnthdnginln,cthgyphnginbmt.Thctchothyrngdctheobmttipgipcmtlptipgipvibdynhtnhmtnhchtcankhcvitnhchtcahaiinmitipgipvinhautheoqualpny.Nhngbmttipgipquantrngnhtltipgipgiakhngkhvcchinthrntipgipgiaduvcchinthrn.Bmttipgipgiakhngkhvcchinthrnphthucvom,bi,chtbntrnbmttipgipquytnh.Nulpbibndy,27.mcaothkhnngdnincngtngln,inpnhthngcnggimvngcli.Nucdnginrtrnbmtcchinthtrnbmtbchy,hathan,tacthnhnthyvtchynymtcchrrng.didu,dngindkhrhnhthnhhnsovikhngkh,vtliugmsnichungckhnngchudngttivitcdngcadnginrrchkhinocnhiuchtbnbmtrnbmtvinplnthmicdnginrr.Cu15Vtliucchinlg?Cmydngvtliucchin?Tnutmttcctnhchtcachngvphmvisdng?*Phnloivtliucchin.a.Phnloitheotrngthivtl:Vtliucchintntidiccdngnhthkhi,lng,rn.vtliucchinthkhvthlnglunphisdngvtliucchinthrnthmihnhthnhccchinvccphntkimloikhngthgichttrongkhngkh.Vtliucchinthrncnphnloithnhccnhmnh:cng,nhi,csi,bng,mngmng.giathlngvthrncncmtthtrunggian,gilmmnhonh,ccvtliuctnhchtbitrn,ccloisntm.b.Phnloitheothnhphnhohc:Vtliucchinhucvvtliucchinvc.+Vtliucchinhuc:Chialm2nhm,nhmcngungcttnhinvnhmcngungctnhnto.nhmtnhinsdngcchpchtcbncsntrongthinnhinhocgnguynthnhphnhohcnh:visi,giy,snvecni,..hocbinithnhphnhohcnh:caosu,php,la,Nhmnhntothngcgilnhanhnto.+Vtliucchinvc:gmccchtkhchtlngkhngchy,ccloivtliurnnhgms,thutinh,mica,aming.c.Phnloivtliutheotnhchunhit:lsphnloirtcbn.Khilachnvtliucchin,utinphibitvtliuchunhitcpno.*Ccnhmcchincbn:a.Nhmvtliucchinvc.28.Khinimvvtliuvc.Vtliuvccrtnhiutrongtnhincthlnchthayhpchttrongthnhphnphntcainmivckhngc,thnhphnccbonsekhaithcgiathnhhcsdngrtrngritrongkthutinvcccvtliucbnsau:+Micavsnphmgcmica.+Gms.+ThutinhMicaK2O3AL2O36SiO2:cmutrnghochixanh.=10131014cm.to=180o900oC.ctnhchungcamicalchuunchunntt,nunngqunhitchophpthmicasbphhunhit125o1350oC.nhitnymicabnngchyvcngcchinbgimst,ngoimicatnhinngitacnchtoramicanhnto,cthnhphnnhmicatnhincngmboc,l,hotnhvcngcchin.Snphmgcmica.Snphmgcmicactrngtrnthutinhvvisithutinh.Gms.Khinimvgms.ivigmsthnhphnchyultstcnhochnvincvimtdonhtnhvcchtotheokhunmunhhnhtheomunemsykh,emvollungluyntrongqutrnhholphctpvctnhchtkhchnvitnhchtbanu.lskthpgiatst,thchanh,nhamthach,cngvincthanhchtdo.Thnhphnchnhcagmscchin:ivigmscchinngitathngchtotccchtt



st,thchanh,xuytsilicchnvinctrthnhmthnhpdo,cchtotheokhunmu,sykhavolnungluynviiukincngnghkhcnhau(psut,nhit,thigian.)tasthucgmscotnhchtkhcnhaungdngcciukinkthutkhcnhau.ngoigmsngitacntolnmtlpmenslloidungdchnngchyctrngmentrnbmtcagmsmc29.chchnhlgichotinhachtbntrongcninhbmttngthmbngmtkhngbmkhngbdnhkt.Thigiannungcagmscchinhpti2070hviukinnhit1350oC.Thigiannungcagmscaoplt2080hviiukinpsutvnhitl1410oC.Sauthigiannungccchititbcongtn20%vvykhichtophitnhncongtkchthccasnphmnhmongmun.Trongqutrnhnungluynhnhpgmsssyraqutrnhholrtphctpdnnsthayiktcucahnhptothnhmtlpngnht.ngdngcasnphmlmnhngvtliucchinmtsthitbincchingiadyinvictvccdyphakhctrongngdytruynti.Thutinh.thnhphnchnhcathutinhlxitsilicclungnngvchtotheokhunmunhhnh,khinhitcaothdovdnhcnnhitthpthcngvrn,nngchynhitcao.ThnhphnchyucathutinhdngtrongKTlxitsilic,xtphtpho,xitbaz,lccthnhphnxtchyu.Tutheoiukinkthutyucumngitacthchoccthnhphnkhcnhau,emvolungluyntheocchnhdngnhtnh.Phnloi:tutheoquanimphnloimccloithutinhdngtrongKTccctngikhcnhaunhngquanimchunglphnloitheoquannim.Thutinhtin(dngthutinhlminmitrongtin)Thutinhlmn.Thutinhdngtrongccthitbin.Menthutinh.lloithutinhrnngchyctinhkhitcao,cbngcaodngtrngtrnbmtthutinhhoctrnbmtkimloilmtngcngbmtcchinchngsxmthccamitrngbnngoivotrongkimloi.30.*Sithytinh.Thutinhngoichtonhhnhcnsnsutthnhsitheotngiukinkhcnhaucthdtthnhbnghaythnhtmloinythngcngdnglmvtliucchinccngsutlnvccthitblmvicnhitcao.Aming.lloivtliucchincnhiuuimthngtnticcmnmthnhccbsditngnhamthch,cintrsut.=10121013cm.cbnchccaocngdngchtovtliucchindngssi,dy,bng,bactmthmchtdohuchocngitacthdngchtoximngaming.Thnhphnchnhlsiamingcngvichtktdnhsnsutthnhccnghocccngtheonhhnhloinycngdngchngcctialainchunhitcaonhbngphnphiinnhngvchngncacudaocngsutln.b.Nhmvtliucchinhuc.Vtliuhuclmthnhpt2haynhiuchttonnphnttrongcthnhphncacbuahir.Cctrngthitnti:trngthikhnhtilentrngthilngnhdu.trngthirnnhnha.Cthlhuctnhinhochucnhntochngcnhiuloivcngdngvokthutin.Ktcuvphnloi:ivivtliuhucchngcktcubngnhnglinktngvdnhtilen.cimcalinktngtrngthivinhhnhloinycnhcimvctnhlhtm,tloinhalinktkhnggianvdtilenngitacthtrnghplmchsllnn1001000.Llchsphnccloinylktcuixnghayvtliutrungtnhccloivtliunydotnghpthchslscaocnnhatrongtnhinchslthpcimloinylbncgiicaokhnghtnchotantrongccdungmitngng.Ngitacthdngmtcngnghtrnghpnonguynthirbng31.mtnguyntclohayphtphothngitacngcmtloinhalinktkhnggiankhngixnghaycngilnhatrungtnh.Phnloitutngquanimmngitaphnloihuckhcnhaunhngquanimngnhtlavothnhphnccchttrongphntvcncvothnhphncccht.cimchungcanhalktcuvnhhnhnhitthpthrnvcngnhitcaothdovdnhvtintihonng.NhatrongKTlnhakhnghotantrongncmchhotantrngdungmitngngvcdnhnhtnhtacth



phnloinhatheongungc.Nhacngungcttnhin:nhacnhkin,nhathng,nhacbanNhacngungctnhnto.cimcanhanhntolcaophnttrongcnhanhitcng(ktcukhnggian)nhanhitdoktcungngitacngcthphnloinhatheotnhaocainmicaccloinhadngtrongKT

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