Bagaimanamengenalpasti

masalah kajian?

How to identify a research problem?

the topic you would like to address, investigate, or study, whether descriptively or experimentally.

It is the focus or reason for engaging in your research.

It is typically a topic, phenomenon, or challenge that you are interested in and with which you are at least somewhat familiar.

What Is a Research Problem?

This is an area of conflict, concern, or controversy (a gap between what is wanted and what is observed). Include the most relevant reference that supports the claim.

The Research Problem

Step to review in the future

Decide on the general area of study or investigation* Generally influenced by your own experiences or literature review. STEP 1

The Sources of the Problem

How do I find a research problem??

3 important

sources for

research problem

1. Experience2. Deduction

from theory3. Related

literature

experience

Experiences as educational practitioners

Teaching method??

Practices that have become

routine in school situation??

Programbeneficial/

evaluation? Problem for investigation?

New pedagogical?

Indigeneouspractices?

Improve educational

practice.

New teoriticalmodel?

Bla bla???

Deductions from theory

If “this” is true, then you should expect to make “this”

observation.

The researcher might also try to see if the theory holds or can be

applied in different situation?

Ex: understand the roots of youth violence?? --what theory? Erickson

personality development

theory??

Many deducation s to be made and

tested under classroom

conditions?

The application of an existing theory in a different setting or different context

An investigation into whether a particular early

theory still applies today

Exploration of a gap or

contradiction in existing theory/

research

Related literature

Literature in your own of interest

Review of previous research

• helps people formulate research questions that are the next logical step from previous investigation

• may stimulate a researcher to see whether the procedures employed can be adopted to solving other problems, or whether a similar study could be conducted in a different field or subject area or with different groups of subjects.

• May suggest the desirablity of replication to confirm previous finding

• Review research studies previously undertaken may raise the question of the applicablity of their findings in other cultures

• May result detecting inconsistencies and contradictions or disatisfaction with the conceptualization, methodology, measuring instruments and statistical analysis used

• May become aware of information gaps – plan research to help fill these gaps

Ex: Area - “Students can’t read (experience)(issue to investigate)

Issues – most of the students can’t read

NARROW THE AREA

STEP 2

“Students can’t read,” is not clear because many aspects

of reading, including discrete reading skills and strategies, may contribute to reading

difficulties.

Alternatively, “Students cannot find the main ideas in reading passages,” is much clearer and potentially much easier to measure and address, since one can define main idea and determine student performance related to this behavior in a number of ways.

So whether in the classroom, the physician’s office, or the mechanic’s shop, defining or diagnosing a problem is key to designing and implementing effective interventions to address it.

Area: commitment to environmental friendly lifestyle

Commitment

R 1

R 2

R 3

Gap

Indicator – c(research scope?)

Ideal commit-ment

Reality

Narrow –investigate the gap

Definition?

What model?

Attitude?

Afectivedomain –based on Bloom & Krathwohl

responding

Valuing

organising

Internalising values

Receiving

Definition/ scope

Factor

Internal self

Background

Family?

Bla bla

Model ??

After you have narrowed down your topic or problem, searching and reviewing existing literature may further clarify your research approach

by identifying where the

conclusions of previous research

are unclear or where gaps may

exist in the literature, you will be better prepared

to write good research questions.

NARROW

sources

Potential of the research

problem

Determining Whether a Problem Should Be Researched

• Can you study the problem?–Do you have access to the research site?–Do you have the time, resources, and skills to carry out the research?

• Should you study the problem?–Does it advance knowledge?–Does it contribute to practice?

• Will your study fill a gap or void in the existing literature?• Will your study replicate a past study but examine different

participants and different research sites?• Will your study extend past research or examine the topic more

thoroughly?• Will your study give voice to people not heard, silenced, or

rejected in society? • Will your study inform practice? • be significant enough to contribute to the existing body of

research

A "Problem Statement" is a description of a difficulty or lack that needs to be solved or at least researched to see whether a solution can be found. It can also be described as either a gap between the real and the desired or a contradiction between principle and practice

How to write a problem

statement??

What is the format (parts of a problem statement)?

A persuasive problem statement consists of three parts: 1) the ideal, 2) the reality, and 3) the consequences.

1. Part A- the ideal: Describes a desired goal or ideal situation; explains how things should be.

2. Part B €“ the reality: Describes a condition that prevents the goal, state, or value in Part A from being achieved or realized at this time; explains how the current situation falls short of the goal or ideal.

3. Part C €“ the consequences: Identifies the way you propose to improve the current situation and move it closer to the goal or ideal.

teoritradisional –semakin tinggipengetahuandan kemahirantentang alamsekitar akansemakin tinggikomitmenterhadap alamsekitar

Realiti – Namun, masih banyak kajian yang menunjukkan bahawa walaupun seseorang itu mempunyai pengetahuan yang tinggi terhadap alam sekitar dan menyedari akan kepentingan Pendidikan Alam Sekitar ianya tidak semestinya akan reflek kepada tindakan terhadap alam sekitar dalam kehidupan harian mereka. (Nisbet, 2005; Lim Siaw Fong, 2005; Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin, 2003; Kaplan dan Moore, 2001; Winter, 2000; Kaplan, 2000; Pooley dan O’Connor, 2000; Roszak, et al., 1995 dan Schahn dan Holzer,1990).

Di satu aspek, banyak kajian menunjukkan bahawa puncautama kepada kewujudanfenomena ini ialah pemisahanspiritual dan psikologikalmanusia daripada alam sekitaryakni berkaitan dengankesihatan mental manusia(Canty, 2007; Miranda, 2007; Sevilla, 2006; Nisbet, 2005; Mayer & Frantz (2004), Shultz, et al. (2004), Fisher (1999), Metzner (1999), Fisher (1999), Fenwick, 1998; Macy dan Brown, 1998; Bradley, 1997; Pearson, 1997; Howard, 1997; Roszak et al., 1995; Merkl, 1995; Metzner, 1995; Roszak, 1992).

Here are your simple four steps to write a statement problem

Step 1 (statement 1)Construct statement 1 by describing a goal or desired state of a given situation, phenomenon etc. This will build the ideal situation (what should be, what is expected, desired)

Step 2 (statement 2)Describe a condition that prevents the goal, state, or value discussed in step 1 from being achieved or realized at the present time. This will build the reality, the situation as it is and establish a gap between what ought to be and what is

Step 3Connect steps 1 and 2 using a term such as "but," "however,""Unfortunately," or "in spite of";

Step 4 (statement 3)Using specific details show how the situation in step 2 contains little promise of improvement unless something is done. Then emphasize the benefits of research by projecting the consequences of possible solutions as well.

Five Elements of a

“Problem Statement”

Topic

Evidence for

the

Issue

Deficiencies

in the

Evidence

What

Remedying

the Deficiencies

will do for

Select

Audiences

FLOW OF IDEAS

Subject

Area

Educational

Issue

•A Concern

•A Problem

•Something

that needs a

solution

•Evidence from

the literature

•Evidence from

practical

experiences

•In this body of

evidence, what is

missing?

•What do we

need to know

more about?

How will

addressing

what we need to

know help:

– researchers

– educators

– policy makers

– individuals like

those in the study

How do I write a research problem?

Stating the Research Problem

• State the problem in the opening paragraph (i.e., something that needs a solution)

• Identify an issue –Research-based research problems–Practical problems

• Reference the problem using the literature

• Common pitfall: defining the problem based on the solution

How the Problem Differs From Other Parts of Research

•A research problemis an educational issue or problem in the study.•A research topicis the broad subject matter being addressed in a study.•A purposeis the major intent or objective of the study.•Research questionsare those that the researcher would like answered or addressed in the study.

Justifying the Importance of the Research Problem

Justification

Justification based on what other researchers have found

Justification based on personal or workplace experiences

Justification based on the experiences that others have had in the workplace

Locating the Research Problem

Read the opening paragraphs of existing studies for one or more of the following:-What is the issue or problem?–What controversy leads to the need for a study?

–What concern is being addressed behind the study?

–Is there a sentence such as, “The problem being addressed in this study is…”?

Elements of a Quantitative Purpose Statement

A quantitative purpose statementidentifies the variables, their relationships, and the participants and site for research •Guidelines for writing–Use a single sentence.–Use wording such as The purpose of this study . . . –If using a theory, state the theory you plan to test.–Use quantitative words (e.g., “relate,” “compare,” “describe”) to describe the relationships between variables.

Quantitavie

Elements of a Quantitative Purpose Statement (cont.)

Guidelines for writing (cont.)–Independent variable (1st position in sentence)–Dependent variable (2nd position in sentence)–Control and/or mediating variable (3rd position in sentence)–Research site–Participants

Designing QualitativePurpose Statements

• Understand how these statements and questions differ from quantitative research.

• Understand the role of a central phenomenon in qualitative research.

• Understand qualitative research as an emerging process.

Differences Between Quantitative and Qualitative Purpose Statements

Quantitative—more closed1.Probable cause/effect

(Why did it happen?)•Use of theories (Why did it happen in view of an explanation or theory?)•Assess differences and magnitude

(How much happened?) (How many times did it happen?)(What were the differences amonggroups in what happened?)

Qualitative—more open ended•Descriptive (What happened?)•Interpretive (What was the meaning to people of what happened?)•Process oriented (What happened over time?)

Thank you Tiwi Kamidin, JSS, IPG KBL