Badjao

Badjao means “fisherfolk”(Llamzon 1978)

Boat dwellers or “seagypsies”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sulu_archipelago.p

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Religion: ancestor worship, albeit with Islamic

influences.

Identical to Samal group but considered as two

distinct groups

Tausugs call Badjao Luwaan (outsiders/outcasts) and

Palau (floating people)

Palau variant of Paraw (boat).

Samal refer them as kuto dagat or kuto tahik (lice of

the sea)

Badjao call themselves as Samal (Nimmo1968)

Total population: 24, 330 as of 1986 (RR’s Philippine

Almanac 1990)

May be divided into two groups:

o Southern Badjao – located on the islands of

Tawi-Tawi, Sibutu, and Semporna (Sabah)

o Northern Badjao – located on Siasi, Jolo,

Basilan and Zamboanga.

The Southern Badjaos call themselves as bangsa

(people/nation) before the Moro National Liberation

Front (MNLF) secessionist movement.

Tawi-tawi have six Badjao villages

o Tungkalang

(“place of coral heads”) or tung

(pony/in) kalang (sandbar)

located at the Southern tip of

Sanga-Sanga

largest village of Badjao in Tawi-

Tawi

consists of 85% houseboats and

15% stilt houses

o Luuk-Tulai

o Bnadulan

o Lamiun

o Tungbangka

o Lioboran

Sibutu has the villages of Badjao:

o Sitangkai

o Tungnehat

o Tandowak

o Omapoi

Seporna have the two villages:

o Bangau-Bangau

o Labuanghadji

The Badjao living on Sibutu and Seporna are house

dwellers and use their houseboats only on long

fishing trips

On Siasi islands, on northern side, have five Badjao

villages:

o Sisangat

o Kud-Kud

o Musu

o Tuhog-Tuhog

o Laminusa

Language: Sinama

o A dialect of Samal language.

o Other’s call it Bajau/Badjaw/Badjao for the

distinction of the language spoken by the

land-based Samal

3 types of Badjao based on residences

o Sedentary – with commercial pursuits and

permanent homes, such as Sitangkai

o Semi-sedentary – spends periods

alternately between their houseboats and

their village homes in Sisangat on Siasi

Island

o Sea gypsies – live on houseboats as

itinerant fisherfolk on search of rich fishing

grounds

HISTORY

The origin of the Badjao are uncertain

According to a legend, they came from the shores of

Johore, Indonesia where they live in cluster boats

already.

Badjao were originally a land-based Samal grouop

but branched off into boat dwellers as a result of

their jobs as fishers, according to anthropologist H.

Arlo Nimmo(1968)/

According to a historian, Najeeb Saleeby (1980),

before the Islam came they migrated to the

Philippines in the early 14th century.

Another theory says that the Badjao were already

boat dwellers who gradually built stilt houses near

fishing grounds.

Due to its territory Muslim Filipinos, least influenced

by Islam and itinerant travellers the influences of

Spaniards and Americans became nothing.

Some Badjao groups travelled as far as Manila in

search for livelihood, because the fishing grounds

around Sulu archipelago is no longer sufficient.

Economy

Panggi(cassava) and fish – the staple food of

Badjaos

Rice is served only for dessert or on special

occasions.

They have no regular meal like breakfast, lunch and

supper.

For subsistence and commerce, the men engage in

fishing, pearl diving, boat building, fish trap making,

and fishnet weaving.

Fishing methods requires group work.

The women engage in mat weaving, gathering clams,

snails, seaweed, and so forth at low tide

Tukang – boat maker

The paraw or vinta is made of casco (timber or log)

cut in various sizes.

They interact with Samal only when they go to the

village market to sell or barter their cathch of fish for

cassava and matches.

Some Badjao villages evolved a sedentary lifestyle

with the arrival of fish buyers on their islands.

Political System

A Badjao settlement consists of a kawman, panglima

Kawman – the equivalent of the land-based purok

Panglima

o the head of kawman

o Its main function is to settle disputes,

collect fines, and officiate at weddings.

o The position is usually inherited, but the

title is conferred by the sultan.

Although at present, the presence of panglima is

weakening because of the presence of the municipal

mayor or the barangay captain, he is still consulted

on matter of marriage and divorce and on the

schedule of fishing boats to cast off.

The moorage is composed of several nuclear families

jointly organized to work as a team.

The leader of the Badjao in a group is considered if

one is expert in a specific occupation such as boat

building or fishing.

Social Organization and Customs

The kinship system if the Badjao is central to their

life and is shown in the various terms they have for

different types of blood relationship.

Dakampungan – the generic term for “relative” but

it may also mean the alliance of related families

“who regularly tie up together at a moorage"( Theo

1989:41).

Dakau-man – means “of the same group or

moorage.”

Magdaudanakan – means all siblings

Magtau tai-anaak – means the family, including the

offspring down to the great grandchildren

Dalahah – means “of the same blood”.

Dapu-unan – means “ of the same descendants”

Magdanakan – nuclear family

The magdanakan may not include any other close

relative if its members live in cramped quarters.

A houseboat typically measures 305m long, 1.7m

wide and 1.3m deep.

If they live in a stilt house , the parents and

grandparents of the married couple may stay with

them.

They marry at a very young age 13 or 14 – and soon

after the wedding they’ll live independently.

When the woman becomes pregnant, fern are

forbidden in the dwelling because they belied to

cause poor health in an infant.

When the moon is out, the pregnant woman bathes

on a fishnet or on a paddle, so that the child will be

brave and strong and know his own way to the sea,

During childbirth, the father keeps a torch burning at

the door to drive away evil spirits attracted to the

blood expelled during delivery. The placenta is

places in a coconut shell and, as a man takes it to the

shore, the people in the house call to him. He is not

supposed to heed them, for if he looks back, the

baby’s head will face backward all its life. The

placenta is buried deep enough in the sand so that

animals cannot dig it up. The placenta is considered

the infant’s twin; throwing it away will distress the

infant.

The infant is names after a place, event or anything

related to the circumstances of birth.

The children usually wear no clothes until they are

about 10 years old.

Panday – the medicine man or woman

Architecture and Community Planning

Samboang – the Badjao metaphor for “mooring

place”

o Literally, “a stake to which they tie their

houseboats”

Palaw - native term for the place where they

permanently settle or their “traditional mooring

age.”

Kawman – considered as a a place of hometown

which they where raised, whether they are nomadic

or settled

A kawman consists of several related nuclear

families, with a male elder as the panglima.

A larger moorage consists of several clans, with

panglima of the original kin group serving as the

overall head.

The biggest house in the kawman belongs to

panglima,

On the rooftop, a white pennant, measuring 70 cm x

1 m, proclaims panglima’s position

Stilt houses are connected through footbridges or

catwalks, made of loosely nailed boards

The village structure wherein stilt houses are

connected through footbridges or catwalks, made of

loosely nailed boards has been described as a

“cluster of stilt huts woven around . . . like a

cobweb: (De Henning 1973).

Lepa/Lipa – houseboats that are used as a

temporary lodging for fishing trips

There are three types of dwellings

o Luma

stilt house

a house standing in the seashore

o It

made of sturdier material than the stilt

house

posts are made from tree trunks that can

withstand seawater

harun – (ladder) a log into which

notches are carved to serve as steps.

One end is buried in the sand and roses

about three notches above water; the

other end leans on the footbridge,

which serves as the landing leading to

an open doorway.

The house has a long frame about 4m wide.

The roof is made of tin sheet, nipa or

coconut leaves.

The walls and floors are made of wooden

boards sawn from logs floating on the sea,

lying on the seashore, or felled in the inland

forests.

Two window openings are cut out of the

front wall and a third window, out of

another wall.

The living room also serves as the sleeping

area, toilet and storage space for household

possesions.

On the inner walls are attaches as many

mirrors as there are children in the family.

Mirrors are believed to drive away evil

spirits.

A roof beam holds the fishnets.

A second doorways leads to the kitchen,

which is a separate structure from the main

house and connected with a footbridge.

The kitchen contains the stove, consisting of

three rocks arranged in a triangle and set

atop a round metal sheet. Other kitchen

paraphernalia are water jar, kerosene can,

coconut grater, and a flat-bottomed basket

containing fruits, cassava and coconuts.

Pantan – an extension where fish is dried.

Clothes are hung to dry from poles

stretched across the landing.

o Stilt houses

also built along the shores

made of lighter materials, such as bamboo

posts and nipa, which are free or the cost is

very little

Labour too is free, because relatives and

neighbors help build the house.

o palaw

The Badjao have two kinds of boats, the

hulls which are made of single tree trunks:

dapang or vinta – used for short fishing

trips

palaw – which maybe either a permanent

dwelling place or temporary lodging during

fishing trips

The vinta is a speedy and sleek sailboat with

bamboo outriggers and a sail is attached to

a tripod mast made of bamboo

The palaw has two types:

o Pidlas/lepi/lipa - the lighter and

speedier

Has no outriggers

The hull is a log that is

hollowed out, called dugout,

about 20m long with a beam

2m tall

Planks are laid across the hull

to serve as the foundation on

which the palaw (nipa hut) is

constructed

These planks are not securely

fastened so that they can be

raised to allow storage of

household objects in the hull

Sticking out above the roof

may be the owner’s fishing

spears and harpoon gun

Has a framework of poles over

which thatched nipa palm is

rolled to form a curved gable.

The structure is about 1m

high, just for a seated person.

Mats are stretched from end

to end between the bow and

stern to keep out the rain.

Living in th epalaw has curved

the posture of the Badjao,

who stand or walk with

protruding buttocks, especially

the women who are more

house bound.

o Djenging – the bigger and heavier

has been describes as a

“floating Sulu barong-barong”

(shanty) (Folk Architecture

1989).

Observed that the djenging

was found only in Tawi-Tawi

by Nimmo, 1968.

Has outriggers

Its hull measures 13-17m long

and 2m wide

Its house structure, a wooden

cabin, is meant to last longer

than that of the lepa

Walls are made of wooden

boards fasten with nails

The roof us made of

galvanized iron sheets

There windows and a

doorway.

Its sizes varies according to

economic status

The kitchen is at the bow,

which is the front part of the

boat. It consists of a clay stove

set atop a tin sheet on a plank,

and a rack for dishes, pots,

and pans.

Clothes, fishing nets, sails, and

drinking water are stored at

stern. Hanging from the posts

are burlap bags containing

food and condiments.

Visual Arts and Crafts

Ukkil/Okil/Okir – refers to either the art of wood

carving or the particular design which characterizes

the textile, wood carvings, mats and metal engraving

in Sulu and Lanao.

o The ukkil design is a “combination of

stylized scroll, leaf, and vine elements in a

seemingly infinite range of abstract

variations”(Szanton 1973:33)

Badjao wood carving is distinctive for its more

massive, bold, and unrestrained designs.

The prows if the houseboats are carved in

combinations of dragon and sarimanok designs, or

curvilinear designs such as rising leaves and flowers.

The bows feature shafts imitating a crocodile’s

gaping mouth. When the head of the family dies, this

carved part of the boat may be sawed off to serve as

his grave marker

Sundok – (grave marker) may also be especially

fashioned from a separate piece of wood. It may

carry the same designs as those on the boat.

o It is 60 cm high and stands on a heavy

wooden base placed over the grave.

o It is carved into an animal form, such as

dragon, serpent, seahorse or bird, which

will carry the spirit afterlife.