SLAC -PUB-2092 March 1978 (4

BADIATIOIJ PARAHETEBS OF ELECTBOEI LIlEAB ACCELERATORS*

Hilliaa P. Swanson

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

P. 0, Box 43129, Stanford, California 94305

narch 3, 1978

ABSTRACT

Parameters of electron linear accelerators used in

radiation therapy, industrial radiography, and for re-

search and special purposes are compiled. Trends in

accelerator developaent and iaplications far radiologi-

cal safety are briefly discussed.

(Submitted for publication)

4 Work supported by the Department of Energy.

-2-

During the preparation of a aanual on radiological

safety aspects of the operation of electron linear

accelerators,(l) a worldwide survey vas made to determine

the relevant characteristics of these devices. After the

results were compiled it appeared that this information

would be generally useful in itself. These data provide an

overview of the present status of electron linac

development, as regards their uses, capabilities and

radiological significance. A comparison of radiation

parameters map provide a useful perspective on

radiation-protection needs, and trends in accelerator

devefopnent raav be noted. In the design of new facilities,

existing accelerator isrstallatious of comparable

characteristics xtap be identified and their experience drawn

upon.(2)

Table 1 shows data ou electron linear accelerators

introduced during the past decade for radiation

therapV.(3,4) These are listed in the approximate order of

introduction, but the pararaeters shown reflect recent

specifications, if these are different from the original.

Useful energies appear to be in the range 4 - 25 !!IV for

photon treatment and 4 - 32 HeV for electron irradiation.

There is a remarkable coaasistency among the paralseters

offered, reflecting a general consensus among manufacturers

and users.

-3-

The uaxiana field sizes at 1 meter SSD or TAD are

(30 x 30) to (40 x 40) cu2 for recent rodels. Even when

physically achievable (as in electron therapy), dose rates

higher than 500 rad uin-1 m2 are not normally used for

either photon or electron treatments because of regard for

patient safety. The lowest dose rates reported are about

200 rad 85.~1 ~2, still significantly higher than 6OCo or

137Cs units normally provide, The amount of leakage

radiation, as regards room shielding, seems standardized at

about 0.1% of the useful beau at the same distance from the

target, but is less than this in many cases. The leakage

radiation in the patient plane is specified separately in

some cases. Isocentric treatment capability is clearly

desired. With some models, an unatteauated electron beam

can be extracted for research or isotope production. The

use of standing-wave accelerators has allowed ecoraonies in

space utilization for some installations, and the

possibility exists of installing higher-energy,

higher-output units in room originally designed for less

powerful equipment, In such cases and in cases where

stationary field equipment is replaced by equipment capable

of rotational therapy* the adequacy of existing radiation

barriers must be evaluated. If equipment of energy above

about 15 l!eV is installed, the question of neutron streaming

through the door and other penetrations should be

considered, and adequacy of the labyrinth and door assessed.

-4-

Table 2 shows data on electron linear accelerators used

in industrial radiography. Output for the standard models

tabulated shous considerable variation (1.5 - 15000 rad

main-1 m2). Leakage radiation, expressed as a percentage of

useful beam at the same distance from the target, is higher

in many cases than for the medical accelerators. In

addition to the standard models, there are a number of

custom-fabricated accelerators of higher energy and output

which are not tabulated.

The high output of some of these models and the variety

of physical accommodations in which they are employed mean

that operating personnel must be carefully trained in their

proper use. This is particularly true because these unfts

are usually mounted to permit considerable freedom in

positioning and beam direction. Because of the number of

degrees of freedom available, limit svitches sometimes

cannot prevent irradiation in all unwanted directions, and

careful administrative control must be exercised:

Table 3 shows parameters of research and spec%al-purpose

electron linacs,[5) Every installation known to the author

has been listed, even though some information is incomplete,

owing to lack of response at the time of writing. The data

given should be considered %oainal;" several of the

parameters can usually be varied over a considerable range.

Some characteristics that distinguish research acceler-

ator facilities are uniqueness of design, high energy, high

-5-

power , and variability in experimental setups and modes of

operation. Radiation protection needs for this category of

facility can most simply be portrayed in terms of electron

beam energy and maximum beam power developed, The

parameters given in the right-hand portion of Table 3 are

intended to form a consistent, simultaneouslp achievable

set, giving the highest electron beam power under continuous

operation. Although many of such facilities operate at a

greatly reduced beam power (sap, for single-pulse

operation), it would be conservative practice to plan the

radiation protection needs for new facilities assuming that

the highest values of both energy and beam power are

simultaneously used, Figure 1 is a scatter diagram in which

maximum continuously achievable beam power is plotted

VS. nominal maximum beam energy, Accelerators used --

exclusively as injectors or for aindustrial* purposes such

as radiation processing or sterilization are omitted from

this plot. From this figure, one may estimate the median

energy and power to be around 50 HeB and 10 ku,

respectirely, but with great variation in both directions.

That they tend to be grouped about the line reflects the

fact that each increase in accelerator length or field

gradient tends to augment the energy proportionately but may

not affect the beam current significantly.

-6-

A great majority of the installations of Table 3 must

have provision for handling activated components, and in

some cases, actfvated cooling water. Some activftp will be

present at about 10 Hev; above about 20 flev, the magnitude

of these problems scales approximately as beam power.

Radiolytic decomposition of cooling water map be a

problem where high-power beams are used, Uhere electron

beams are transported in air, ozone production may also be a

safety problem.

Units operating well above the pion production

threshold fabout 140 MeB) may present the problem of

high-energy neutron production. This neutron component

dominates the radiation field outsfde of the shielding and,

via "skyshine, * is the major contributor to the population

dose beyond the site boumdarp, At a fev installations

[above about 1 GeV), muon production must also be

considered.

A recent trend in the area of research accelerators(6,f)

is the use of short, intense pulses (on the order of 10

nanoseconds or less) for pulse radiolysis or for secondary

particle energy determination bp time-of-flight. Another

trend is the development of high duty-factor machines

(Amsterdam, Los Alamos EPA [standing wave), HIT. Saclay II).

Superconducting technology (as exemplified by the Stanford

SC Bark III accelerator) may offer the possibility of 100%

-7-

duty factor. In contrast to its popularity for medical

accelerators, standing-wave technology is used bp only two

research facilities (Los Alamos EPA, now being installed in

Ljubliana, and Gee1 BCBN). Klystrons of up to 40 MW peak

power have been developed and some facilities with

conventional facilities may choose to fncrease energy and

power by upgrading their BP source. Another means of

increasing beam energy is the SLAC Energy Doubler SLED, an

arrangement by which energy can be approximately doubled

while the duty factor is halved (yielding about the same

average beam power). Such a system is cnrrentlp being

installed at SLAC,

New facilities are now under construction or undergoing

major improvement for nuclear physics research (such as IKCB

in Amsterdam and Bates at MIT). Hovever, in the realm of

elementary particle research, the emphasis has shifted to

the construction of new storage rings fed by existing a

accelerators (e. g., Cornell, DESY, Prascati, Novosibirsk,

Orsay. SLAC). Interesting uses developed in the Soviet

Union are the use of electron linear accelerators for

mineral assay and bulk disinfestatation of grain.

Important trends not revealed by the data presented

here are in the number of new facilities in the three

categories being installed or planned. At the present time,

there are about 600 medical linear accelerators and their

number is increasing at an annual rate of about 15%,(U) The

number of industrial radiographic installations is presently

- 0-

a small fraction of the medical installations fat most about

10%) bat is also grouing proportionately as applications of

non-destructive testing are developed. The growth in the

number of research and special-purpose electron linacs has

definitely slowed, compared to the rate of construction

during the preceding decade.

The author gratefully acknowledges the help of many

individuals in providing the informatfon summarized here.

The manufacturers of electron linear accelerators were all

extremely cooperatfve, as were fUdi.QfdUUlS at the varfous

installations contacted, f particularly wish to thank J. H.

BlY, E, G. Fuller, T, F, Godlove, C, J. Karzmark, M, 6.

Kelliher, In. P. Vakhrnshin, G, A, Loew, 8, Mecklenburg, C.

gunan and J, Tanaka for providing information on

installations or accelerator types which helped make the

present tabulation significantly more complete.

-9-

BEFERENCES

1. Iit, l?. Swanson, Radiological Safety Aspects of the

Operation of Electron Linear Accelerators, International

Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1978, in preparation).

2. A list of addresses of manufacturers and research linac

installations nap be obtained from the author.

3. Also see the useful paper by C. J. Karzmark and 1, C,

Pering, Electron linear accelerators for radiation

therapy: History, principles and contemporary devel-

opments, Phps. Bed, Biol. l8, 273 [1973).

4. See, for example, Bureau of Radiological Eealth (1975).

The Use of Linear Accelerators in Eledical Radiation

Therapy@ Overview Report No. 2, Harket and Use Charact-

eristics: Current Status and Future Trends, N.T.I.S.

Report No. PB-246-226, Bashington, D. C, (January,

1975).

5. J. S. Praser and S. 0. Schriber, Compendium of Linear

Accelerators 1976, Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., Report

No. AECL- 5615, Chalk River, Ontario (Sept., 1976).

7. See, for example, papers in: Proceedings of the 1975

Particle Accelerator Conference: Accelerator Engineering

and Technology, held in Rashington, D. C.. EIarch 12-14,

1974, IEEB Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol, NS-22

7.

- 10 -

(1975). Report lo. PB-246-226, Uashiugton, D. C.

(January,

See, for example, papers in: Proceedings of the IXth

International Conference on High Energy Accelerators,

held at Stanford Lfuear Accelerator Center, Bay 2-7,

1974, X.T,I,S. Beport Xo. COIW 740522,

UC-28-Accelerators (TID-4500, 60th Ed.), Springfield,

Virginia (1974).

FIGUBE CAPTION

1. Beam power (kg) of represeutative research electron

linacs plotted against maximum beam energy (HeV). The

line represents the typical but otherwise arbitrary

average current of 100 uA (corresponding to, e, g-,

I (peak1 = 100 rA, DF = 0.1%).

‘964 L”E 5 F.fre..m 5

1965 S‘ 7,110 Philips 7 - 10 IIEL

,967 L”E 25 Efremo” 10. 15

7 - ,Z Isocentric tlO5 6.0 TU 9 H” +37, -37. (40) 105 cm SAD (370 2 sections Klystron +37.-1-L,

600 30 x 30 O.’ 0.3 k” electrons at 8 He” Cd’

1000 18 x 18 zo x 20(b) ,O.O’

1967 Therae 40 CO?.-Me” 10, 25 saggitaire AECI.

400 38 x ,B (1000) ;::w 2 k~ electron beam(d)

,967 LHR 13 Toshiba 10

1968 Clinac 4 “aria” 4

L9b9 Mevatron Applied 6 “I Radiation

1969 “evatroll Applied 8. 10 XII Radiation

1970 ML-15”IIB Hitsubishi 12

1970 Therapi 4 SH” Nuclear 4

L.6

0.3

1.0

1.3

1.7

0.35

400 30 x 30 0.1

--_ 1socentric 360 80 em S&O

-_- ISOCentric 370 100 em SAD

5 - 11 1socenrric 370 100 cm SAD

8 - I5 I*oCe"Lr*e 390 100 CR SAO

7 - 28 1socentric 360 100 ca SAD

300 40 x 40 0.02

300 40 x 40 0.1

500 30 x 30 0.1

220 40 x 40 0.1

2.25

0.75

1.1

2.3

0.3

1.7

2.3

2.5

0.3

1.4

2.3

0.25

1.2

0.3

1.25

1.z

1.0

2.6

+57. -90

--- *socentric 370 100 cm SAD

--- loocentric 370 100 C” ShO

3 - 10 IBOCe”triC 370 100 cm SliO

___ *socencric 420 80/100 cm SAD

300 30 x 30 0.I

250 40 x 40 0.1

300 35 x 35 0.1

27.5 40 x 40 0.05

350 30 x 30 0.1

400 40 7. 40 0.1

LO - 16 *socentric 420 100 cm SAD

6 - 20 IsOCe”triC 370 100 cm SAD

5 - 20 Isoceniric 360 LOO cm SAO

--_ *socentric 380 80 cm SAD

6 - LB IBOeenrriC 360 100 cm SAO

5 - 18 *socentric 370 100 cm SAD

___ 1socentric 380 80 cm SAO

6 - 17. I80Ce”triC 360 (4 - 9) 100 cm SAD

--- 1socentric 360 80 cm SAD

--- IsocenCric 420 100 cm SAD

6 - 10 isocentric 370 100 cm SAD

___ Iaaeentrie 370 100 cm St.0

10 - 20 1socentric *,*o 100 cm SAD

1973

,973

,974

1974

1974

,975

1975

1975

,976

1976

1976

400 30 x 30 0.9 LV e- at 10-15 k:(d)

224 3” x 30 0.1

500 35 x 35 0.1

350 ‘5 x 35 0.1

100 30 x 30 0.1

350 35 x 35 0.1

192 40 x 40 0.1

350 40 x 40 0.1

300 40 x 40 0.1

300 35 x 35 0.1

merac 10 CGR-He” 9 Neptune AECL

Oynaray 6 Radiation 6 oynamies

L”E 15M Efremo” 15

95

300 30 x 30 20 x 20(b) i::(c)

1.5 kU e1ectroa beam(d)

3 - 18 IBoCeRtriC 370 100 cm SAD

___ 1socentric 360 100 cm SAD

1.3

0.3

1.6

0.3

0.3

0.6

300 40 x 40 0.1

200 40 x 40 0.1

,977 c1inac 20 “aria” 15

1977 WI FOUR EHI Therapy 4

1977 EHI SIX EM1 Therapy 6

,978 L.“E 5H Ef retno” 4 - 5

,918 SL 75/14 Philips 8, 10 "EL

6 - 20 ISoCentTiC 360 100 cm SAD

--- IBOce”tr.lC 360 100 cm SAD

___ *socentric 360 100 CD SAD

4-5 1aocenrric t120 100 cm SAD

500 35 x 35 0.1

220 40 x 40 0.1

220 40 x 40 0.1

200 :; f; :;(b)

35” 40 x 40 0.L 4 - 14 Isoeentric 360 2.25 TV 2 HW 95 LOO C" SAD htagnerron

-12-

Table 2. Radiation characteristics of electron linear accelerators for industrial radiography.

Manufacturer Model Nominal Beam RF Power Source Maximum X-Ray Maximum Nominal Photon Energy (MeV) (Magnetron output Field Size Leakage Radiation

or klystron) (unflattened) (at 1 m) (per cent of useful

(rad min-1 m2) (cd beam at 1 m)

CGR MeV

CGR MeV

Efremov

Efremov

Efremov

Efremov

Efremov

EMI Therapy

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi

Radiation Dynamics

Radiation Dynamics

Radiation Dynamics

Varian

Varian

Varian

Varian

Neptune 6

Neptune 10

LUE-15-1.5

LUE-lo-1D

LUE-lo-2D

LUE-15-15000D

LUE-5-500D

Radiograf 4

ML-1 RI1

M-l RI11

ML-3R

ML-5R

ML-5 RI1

ML-1OR

ML-15 RI1

Super X 600

Super X 2000

Super XX

Linatron 200

Linatron 400

Linatron 2000

Linatron 6000

6

10

15

10

10

15

5

4

0.95

0.45 0.95

1.5

3

4

8

12

4

8

12

2

4

8

15

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

K

M

M

K

M

M

M

K

750

2000

10 000

1800

5000

15 000

500

500

20

1.5 15

50

300

350

2000

7000

600

2000

175

400

2000

6000

50 (diam)

50 (diam)

30 (diam)

22 (diam)

25 (diam)

40 (diam)

35 (diam)

26 x 35

30 (diam)

30 (diam)

30 (diam)

30 (diam)

30 (diam)

30 (diam)

30 (diam)

30 (diam)

30 (diam)

30 (diam)

77 x 77

39 x 39

55 (diam)

27 (diam)

0.1

0.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.2

0.5

0.1

0.1 0.1

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.02

0.1

0.1

0.1

-13-

Table 3. Radiation Parameters of Research and special-mrpose Slectron ~lnesr kcesleeqtors. -___----------l_l---~ -____

lbt o- RI so*rce

Nominal Typleql Iligk-Power 0perat10n (kpprox.,

(al ---------- ___--_------_-------------------_-_ Installation Peat aachine Purpose Special rambar and Immber Peak Peak lznerq, T PII a1ectron

FXllXq, Dot,

qpe Of .Lld PO.OC crrrrent *ate s-actor PO.*= LOCLtiOll In*", Description Capabilities SeCtiOU Type WS) IIA, (M*V, IEZ, 1%) IkW

--_-------------- ----- -- --

(d, 1 Imstardam IKO 500

2 Irgoilne 22

3 Bariloche 30

q Bedford RADC 12

5 aerun SlB 35

6 Berlin Ii11 18

7 Bethesda ,llRI 55

8 Boeing (Seattle) 30

9 m109na 12

10 nom 35

11 corm11 246

12 Daresbury L3

(3 Dqrqstadt DlLIlbC 70

IO DLSI II 400

15 I 50

16 rrascati CW" 450

17 Gee1 BCRY 150

18

19

20

WI 21

22

23

24

25

t*, 26

alent 90

oiessen GIL6 65

Glssgor I 130

Glaa9or II 30

Aamnersmitb SBC 0

name11 I 55

II 136

Usbrer Dnirersity 8 (Jerusaleq,

Hokaido 45

27 Karlsrqhe 22

(e, 2.0 Kharkov I 500

29 II 2000

J$, 30 .aorgan 0

31 K,oto (Osaka) 46

(e) 32 Leningrad 0

nuclear physics nac1ear cheqistry

unclear physics liuc1ear chemistry

Iletltron physics Badiatloq research

Radiation research

rctirstian aaa1ysis lleutrcm radiography Radiation protection

Pulse radlolysis

Radiation research

Radiation research

Radiation chemistry Radiation biology Radiation physics

SpEhrotron Injector

spchrotron injector

Synchrotron injector

wnc1ear physics

Synchrotron injector

Second injector

Ill0 - 500 I¶*,, Large duty factor

a12 - 20 aer, 250 * In 35 ps at 800 112

10-100 ns pulses at 100 B1

Sanosecond pulses

Sigh current

Selectable pulse width nigh CUrrent 11 *.ps in 10 ns pulse

lee', resolution 30 Ire,

*+I250 - 380 "ev, DOBIS storage rings PETRI storage rings(d)

Storage ring injector e*(60 - 320 "ev, ADOMS storage rings

Nuclear physics 10 I.p* in 3 ns pulse

Uuclaar physics e+(l" - It0 aer,

loclear ph~slcs "ono-E photoas(S-35 Be,)

nuclear pllrsics n,o - 10 ma.)

Nuclear physics Comqon beam dlstribntlon

Radiation ph,slcs

Roclear physics n,o - 10 aer,

lluclear physics 010 - 30 aer,

Poise radlolysis Wa'nosecond pulses

Hentrm diffraction Fulse Radiolysis

Pood preservation

Nuclear physics

Particle physics

Product sterilization aaqnetic scannioq system

lieUtroll production Xx(0 - ta aev,

Radiation chemistry lagoetlc scanning s,ste. Product sterilization

25 TS (S,

2 TS (I.,

1 TY (S,

1 TY IL,

2 ru IS)

1 TY (1,

6 ?Y IS)

3 TY IS,

1 TY (L,

1 TY

6 TY

4 rn

2 TY IS,

1" 'LY

5 ZY

12 TY (5,

1 SY (S, 2 TV (S,

2 TY IS)

2 TY (5,

12 TY IS)

2 TS IS,

1 *Y

7 TY ,s,

e TY (I.,

1 TY

3 TY IS,

1 TW

49 TY

1 TY IS,

2 TY IL,

2 TY IS)

12 K (14)

2 K (20,

1 K

10

2500

300

1 K (IO,

IK

550

180

1 K (10)

u K

1 K

1 K (10,

1 K (25)

3K

2 K (30,

1x

14 K (25,

5K (6, 6 K (20,

3K

000

1000

1100

1400

25D 50

l@ 10

25 1.2

10 9.3

30 u

12 5

30 1.0

11.5 5

6 5

800 20 1 50 0.005 0.B 10

100 IS0 2.5 60 0.015 2.3 11

500 113 0.73 53 0.004 0.8 12

60 70 5.5 IS0 0.08 a.0 13

200 500 2 so 0.01 10 14

70 50 1 so 0.005 0.2 15

100 voo 3.2 250 0.06 10 16

1500 90

2 K (20, 250 10

IK 200 65

3 K (25, 300 93

1 K IZO, PO0 19

I I( I.3 25 1

7K 10, 500 30

9 K (20) 1000 60

1 !I 1400 0

100

100

20

so0

45

1 K

51 R (20,

1 I 19,

* It (10'

I u (9,

16

300

1600

0

25

0

0.1

2.5

2

3.5

3.5

2

2.0

5.0

0.01

3

4

1.2

$

2500

120

10. 200

0.12 #5

1

2

200 0.024 1.8 3

100 0.08 5.0 4

300 0.12 6.5 5

so 0.025 2.5 6

,000 0.1 30 7

30 0.015 1.9 8

300 0.15 12 9

900 0.009 12 17

300 0.075 13 16

250 0.05 6.0 19

150 0.05 19 20

2llo 0.00 6 21

300 0.06 0.1 22

200 0.04 5 23

300 0.15 90 24

#60 0.0005 1 25

200

300

so

180

0.06 5 26

0.1 2

0.006 2

S

0.07 10

5

27

26

29

30

3,

32

-14-

----- -------- -- lb) o--

PI sonrce Typical nigh-Power operation ,.ppraz., noe:rd Cl) _-------_-- ---- -.-- -----------------------------

Installation Peak nac+Jine Pnrpose SpeCiSkl Number and Number Peat Peak merg, T PU1.W D-a, Electroa !&erg* end Ro.er cerrellt Nate mctor POWX

Loce.tion Description Trpe Of

IneW Capabilities S.SCt.iOUS rrpe fW (=I) (a=T) ,.:, IN=) W WI -------- -- -I- -------_

33 Lirerwore LLL 100 e-(10 - 180 la.) "0110-L photonsl5-?0 aer) ll(D - 30 aer,

5 ?ll (S, 5 K (15)

21:

650 75 3

20 500

300 0.1 95 33

SW IS)

8 -rY ,s,

1 TY

22 TY (S,

3 TY

1 TY (5)

1 7" (S,

2 TY (S)

1 TY (S,

6 TY

1 TM (3

1 1" (S,

TM (9

9 *Y (I,

3 t"

1 *Y

17 120

8 K (25)

1 K 120)

IO K (4,

150 270 3 150

500 10 5 50

10 400 15 1250

3K

1 I (1.8)

18 (9)

1 I (9)

i !I (9)

30 105

5

8

8

1 60

22

611 1000 60 5.5 150

1 " 330

900

3.5

I(

PO0

400

6 K (25)

2 K (15)

2 K 15)

1 lJ (9)

111 (9)

I2 K

5.5 50 0.027

500

10

11

30

60

30

10 5 100

250 5 360

1 K (20) 750

1 K 250

3X 950

llK 15000

1 I 325

0

15

too

15

35

50

3.2 2@0

3.2 180

1 360

140 0.024 K 1000

6 0.01 550

2000 1.5 50

6 20 38

0.01 15 35

0.025 1.3 36

1.6 60 37

0.006 0.2 38

0.7 39

5 (10

5 &l-Ii3

1.5 44

Prototype for protons Large duty factor Standing-rare

Noclear physics 80110-* phtns(lO-100 aer, S(5 - 150 me.1 Kaaosecond pulses

Radiation biology 6 Ieps in 10-11s pulse Radiation chemietry

35 aainz 320

36 Kenchester 12 (Paterson Labs)

37 KIT Bate6 900

Noclear physics

Radiation cheeistry Magnetic defocusing lens

Product sterilization Kaqaetic scanning s,ere.

Radiation chemistq magnetic scannieg s,ste. Product sterilization

1ctlration aee1Rei.a Righ-inteasitr bre.s. Recirculated bea.

(e) 94 22

45 "oscoe Knrchato. 60 Nuclear physics Kentfoe prodoction 50 n8 pulses at 900 Bz

0.1 55

0.15 5

0.09 5

7 52-53

1

0.16 10

58

55

0.07 N 56

0.06 5 57

0.04 10 56

0.0024 50 59

0.0006 60

O.OOR- 9 61

10 6 200 0.1 10 62

85 9.5 720 0.32 50 63

(e) 46 "osl~ow LIIRI D-27 10

I=) 07 D-26 11

(e) qii U-17 30

(a) 09 Niosco" BTI I 60

w 50 II 30

51 l&tick NINLDCO~~ 15

"eotron production

(e)52-53 daroi 6 (2 acceleratorsl

Nuclear physics

We"trOn spectroscop,

Rood preservation Radiation cheeistq

1ctiration aaalysis

I=) 56 15

55 dBS (Kashington) 160

56 KRL (London) 22

57 nnc (Otto".?, 35

58 SBL (mashington) 60

59 Oak Ridge OBKLl 178

(e) 60 Ohio State 6

61 Orsa, 2300

activation aealRsis

Nuclear physics Radiation standards

Radiation l etrology

suc1ear phRsics

Radiation research.

Nuclear physics

Pulse radiolRsis

Particle phReics

62 Baychee 17 (Copenhagen)

Product irradiation

63 Rensselaer 100 Badiation research

64 Rio de Janeiro 30 Nuclear phyaica

65 NIS,T (SoetUde) 14 Radiation research

101 in 10 II* pe1ee

Keltiple bean ports

25000 rad min-1 brew.

25000 red ein-1 brew.

n(0 - 20 *ev, e+y10 - 110 *or,

5 *.ps in 5-ns poise

Neutron production

Neotron prodndion

Nanosecond palses

Nanosecond pulses

e+ I - 1.3 Gev, storage rings ICO, DC1

High current

19 K(20.25) 60

1 I[ 1100

9 K (10) 300

1 I, 1 K 100

1 K (171 1100

a,0 - 30 ser, 6 Leps in ehort pnlse

28 3.3 360 0.1 2.6 64

10 4 200 O.OR N.8 65 Naa0~ecor.d poises High CUrrent

-15- - --

lb) ICI PI Sonme

romlnsl Typical nigh-Power Operation (Ipprox.1

(a) -_-____-_ ------------------I-______I__ Im8tallatlon Peak Iacblne Pmrporre specim1 Iunbar and Umber Peak Peak magy ? Pulse

Energy Duty Electron

*na Poeer Carrent Pate R.¶ctOl Dome= Lc-xtion (ael) De6crlptlon Capabilities

Type of Sectloos TYP= wm IW Ideal I.:, (82) II) (W

- -

67 II 600

100

2s

70

100

750 15

700 60

500 20

10 50

300 200

100 260

30 1200

0.1 2000

70 20000

2 500 0.1 7 66

20 1000 2.0 200 67

5 100 0.05 6 60

1.5 180 0.08 35 69

1.5 180 0.001 0.1 70

1 120 0.01 0.05 71

1.2 600 0.05 30 72

3.3 300 0.1 20 73

1.3 120 0.016 6

CE 100. 200 75

1.6 360 0.06 000 76

2

4

1.2

1)

3.5

3

10

4.5

4.5

8

150

300

0.03 11

0.12 7

77

78

21.5

200

0.0026 0.07 79

0.08 6 BO

2eo o.oll* 12 81

300 0.09 9 82

120 0.12 35

200 0.09 2.5

250 0.11 30

100 0.08 ieo

ato - 2 aer) 8080-1 pkotomm (I-60 Her)

q ?‘I (5, I K

1000-B phtns (2D-120 aor) 30 ?I (S) b3r-p aOty factor

15 K (12)

nigh-tes. spectro.eter# (t-0) 11non, ploa beaws (M-100 60,)

2 ?S IS) 1 K (20)

e 21 (L) 4 K (@O)

3 Tll IL) 2 K

2 ril 2K

6 T5I (S) 2 K (18)

5 I!* IS) 5 K (20)

31 T’s 31 K (20)

I S" (I) 8 K(O.015)

960 Tll (S) 2115 K(2040)

66 St. Bartholomew 15 Radiation physlcm (London) Radiation hlology

69 Sam Diego IPT 100 Radiation reaearcb Ienomxond pulses e*(3 - 75 aor) llono-B pboton8(3-75 Her)

Radiation research 50-pa pulses 70 J. 6arbara IGW 30

71 sao pall10 USP 50

72 Sa#katcheran 250

73 Sendal (Tohokn) 280

IJuclear physics

Nuclear phyalca

Paclear physics

n,o - 150 I(eV)

ri(O - 20 a..,

Stamford Onlr.: 74 BPPL Bark III 1200 Particle physics e+ I - 1 Gev)

Plon therapy studlee Plom coadenser

(a) 75 BBPL Supercdg 2000 Particle phydca Supercondwting llnac Plon therapy studies Duty factor - lOOI me4 electron lager Becirculated beam

76 SLLC 22800 Particle phydcs =+I - 15 OH) Interlaced boano SPEAP *tong* rings loom and .(uo. beams Picosecond pulses lone-I, polarized photons Polarized electrons llnergies to 27735 Gey (SLED) (d) PEP stbrage rings(d)

B(O - 20 Be,) 5 ?Y IS)

lEO0 spectrometer 3 tu 1st

1 !?Y IS)

20 ps single pulse 2 tu (S)

e+(lO - 25 aev) II ?ll (5) 1110 - 20 l.3,')

Nanosecond pulses 2 T@

nanosecond pulses 2 *iI IS,

1 T" IS)

O(0 - 20 aev) 5 TY IL)

2 T" (S)

Itaratlre acceleration I) TY (S) =* I - 200 aer)

77 Wk.1 JASBI 190

76 Tokyo BTL 33

Pucle*r physics

Puclear Physics Solid-&ate physics

symchrotron injector

neutron Phyalcs Pulse raai0i+s

anclear physics

Pulse radlolysls Radiation research

Nuclear effects

Radiation research

Nuclear physics

Synchrotron injector

Nuclear physics Solid state physics Synchrotron radiation

5 K (20)

2 K (7)

1 K (6) 2 K (6.5)

2 K (20)

1 K

2 K (20)

1 K (10)

2 K (20)

4 K (20)

350

200

200

200

@DO

000

600

200

700

200

1500

100

30

13

35

35

13

48

14

40

120

79 Tokyo 115 15

80 Tokpo IlSL 35

81 Toronto 50

82 mlxa(1 13

63 White Sande "SlR 46

66 alnfrlth &BE 15

85 Tale 70

fe) 86 Yere1an I 50

87 II 480

- ---- ---_--_-_ -------- --

(a) ZY = traveling rare, SW = standing ware, S = S-band, L = L-hand operating frequency. lb) .m.ber of klystrons (K) , .agaetrons Ia) or anp11trons (1,. Peak power rating per unit fl!Pl given la parentheses. fc) Parameters simnltaneonsly achievable giving hlqheet electron beam power under contlanoos operation.

.(d) Dndee constcoctloo or design parameters not yet achieved at time of preparation of table. (e) Unconfirmed or incomplete information at tine of preparation of table. (f) Being installed at Josef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, at time of prepar-atloo of table.

U/27/78)

ZI

9 X

0 0 0 0 rd

0 CJJ

0 P 0 u-l

MAX

IMU

M

BEAM

PO

WER

w

w

0 I

0 0

0 0

0 0

- 0

- l-u

w

P

u-l

0

0 0