BACTERIA The Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Achaea
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Transcript of BACTERIA The Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Achaea
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BACTERIAThe Prokaryotes:Eubacteria and Achaea
SBI3U BiologyDr. Oz (4:37 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CljhLb1Ar9U
Toilet germs (1:53 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6nGgS6ADoI&feature=related
Cell Phones! (3:01 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lmwbBzClAc&feature=related
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Learning Objectives: Learning Goals Minds ON Bacteria PowerPoint Micro viewers lab Exit card
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Learning GoalsWe are / will be learning to… Analyze the risks and benefits of human intervention (e.g. pesticide
use, fish stocking, tree planting, etc.) Analyze how climate change could impact the diversity of living things
(e.g. Global warming, increase in precipitation) Become familiar with terms such as: species diversity, structural
diversity, bacteria, fungi, binomial nomenclature, morphology Classify, apply, and draw dichotomous keys to identify and classify
organisms according to kingdom Explain concepts of taxonomic rank such as genus, species and taxon Compare/contrast characteristics of prokaryotes, eukaryotes and
viruses Compare/contrast anatomical and physiological characteristics of
organisms representative of each kingdom Explain structural and functional changes of organisms as they have
evolved over time Explain why biodiversity is important for maintaining viable
ecosystems
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Minds ON Read from Bill Bryson’s “A Short
History of Nearly Everything”
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Yesterday’s RecapDichotomous Keys: A tool used to classify organisms based on structural characteristics (≠ colour, where an organism lives, etc.)
Refresher: a prokaryote = Kingdom Archaebacteria and Eubacteria = all bacteria * Can we think of a mental reminder for this?
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Bacteria CellSee Fig. 6 on page 48 in text.
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Important Structures: Capsule Cell wall – made of peptidoglycan and
outer membrane Plasma membrane Nucleoid region – condensed DNA
molecule Ribosomes in the cytoplasm Pili (Singular = Pilus) Flagellum
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Pilus (pili)
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Characteristics of BacteriaProkaryotic Cells:
unicellular (single-celled)
no nuclear membrane or other membranes around organelles
small—less than 2 µm (micrometers)
only 1 circular chromosome (plasmid)
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Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Shape Cell Wall Movement
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Bacterium Shapes And Groupings
SHAPES Coccus~ Sphere shaped bacteria Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria Spirillium ~ Spiral shaped bacteriaGROUPINGS Mono - one Diplo - two Strepto - in a chain Staphylo - cluster
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Bacterium Cell Walls: Gram + and Gram –
http://virtuallab.nmsu.edu/stain.php
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Cell Walls cont’d Chemical nature of a cell wall can be determined
by Gram Staining.
By finding out what colour the cell produces when it is gram stained you can figure out the type of carbohydrates in the cell wall.
Why would this be helpful?
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Gram + vs. Gram - walls
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Movement
Flagellum ~ Tail like structure that whips around to propel the bacterium
Cilia ~ small hair-like projections surrounding the cell that help it to “swim”, moves back and forth in a synchronized movement
Non motile ~ Sticky cilia like structures that keep the bacterium from moving
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Flagellaperi = around
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OTHER TERMS USED TO CLASSIFY BACTERIA
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Bacterial Respiration Aerobic
Anaerobic
Obligate Aerobes
Obligate Anaerobes
Facultative Anaerobes
Grows in the presence of oxygen
Grows in the absence of oxygen
Must have oxygen
Must have NO oxygen
Can grow with or without oxygen
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Bacteria and Metabolism Autotrophs Heterotrophs Chemotrophs
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Autotrophs make their own
energy use solar energy
(or other chemical compounds) to ‘fix’ carbon dioxide
eg. Cyanobacteria uses photosynthesis to make glucose
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Example: Cyanobacteria Photosynthet
ic Bluish-
greenish color
Contain membranes that carry out p/s
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Example: Cyanobacteria Do not contain
the same type of chloroplasts as plants do
This bluish-greenish algae can be found nearly everywhere on earth.
Can survive in extremely hot and cold environments
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Why are Cyanobacteria not in the Plant Kingdom??
• Can exist unicellularly
• Prokaryotic (no nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
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Heterotrophs Obtain energy
from eating other organisms
Eg. E. coli
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Chemotrophs
makes own energy from chemicals like sulfur or hydrogen sulfide
Eg. Archaebacteria living in deep sea vents
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Other Archaea- Terms Chemotrophs/Methanogens –
convert chemical compounds into methane gas
Halophiles – like salt water (oceans)
Extreme Thermophiles – like warm environments (hot springs)
Psychrophiles – cold-loving organisms (Arctic soil)
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Bacterial Reproduction
Binary Fission Conjugation Spore Formation
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Cellular organism copies its genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells.
1) 2) 3)
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Conjugation
Sexy time! 1 bacterial cell
passes a copy of a plasmid through a hollow pilus
For example, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin
1)
3)
2)
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Spore Formation: Endospore
A type of dormant cell (sometimes for years)
Exhibit no signs of life
Highly resistant structure that forms around the chromosome when cell is under some sort of environmental stress such as:
-High temperatures-Irradiation-Strong acids-Disinfectants
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Archaebacteria or Archaea
Lack important carbohydrate found in cell walls (Gram -) Different lipids in their cell membrane Different types of ribosomes Very different gene sequences Do not cause disease Can live in extremely harsh environments Do not require oxygen (anaerobic)
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Eubacteria
Make up the larger of the two prokaryote kingdoms
Generally are surrounded by a cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates
Gram + and – Can cause disease Live nearly everywhere
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MICROVIEWER ACTIVITY
HELPFUL BACTERIA
Why Helpful? HARMFUL BACTERIA
Why Harmful?
• make a chart similar to this one • use the microviewers provided to list examples of
helpful bacteria and for each, why they are helpful• do the same for harmful bacteria• practice naming the type of shape and groupings
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This powerpoint was modified by Mrs. S. Kerr, Mrs. S.Y. Chen-Allen and Mrs. N. Brannan from www.worldofteaching.com
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Exit CardDraw what you think the following look like (refer to your notes):
Streptobacilli
Staphylococci