BacteriaBacteriaChapter 23Chapter 23

Intro To Ba

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Bacterial Bacterial ClassificationClassification

Section 23.1Section 23.1

REVIEWREVIEW: All Bacteria : All Bacteria are Prokaryotesare Prokaryotes

ProkaryotesProkaryotes::

““Before nucleus”Before nucleus”

No nucleusNo nucleus

No membrane No membrane bound organellesbound organelles

EukaryotesEukaryotes::

““True nucleus”True nucleus”

Have nucleusHave nucleus

Have membrane Have membrane bound organellesbound organelles

Two Domains of BacteriaTwo Domains of Bacteria1.1. DIFFERENCES BASED UPON RNA DIFFERENCES BASED UPON RNA

MAKEUPMAKEUP

1.1. Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

2.2. Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria More related to eukaryotes More related to eukaryotes

based upon rRNA & gene comparisonbased upon rRNA & gene comparison

1. Domain Archaea1. Domain Archaea Lack Lack peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan (protein- (protein-

carbohydrate compound) in cell wallcarbohydrate compound) in cell wall

Usually located in Usually located in extreme conditionsextreme conditions like: swamps, salt lakes, and hot like: swamps, salt lakes, and hot springssprings

Three main types:Three main types: A. MethanogensA. Methanogens B. Extreme halophliesB. Extreme halophlies C. ThermoacidophilesC. Thermoacidophiles

Pyrodictium occultum is a  marine organism commonly found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents.

A. MethanogensA. Methanogens

Energy source: Energy source: from converting Hfrom converting H2 2

and COand CO22 into methane gas. into methane gas.

Live in areas Live in areas absent of oxygen absent of oxygen like like swamps, sewage, and intestinal tractswamps, sewage, and intestinal tract

Gas build up is released as a fartGas build up is released as a fart

B. Extreme HalophilesB. Extreme Halophiles

Salt loving bacteriaSalt loving bacteria

LocationLocation:: anywhere there is a high salt anywhere there is a high salt concentrations like the Great Salt Lake concentrations like the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea.and the Dead Sea.

Energy sourceEnergy source:: salt need for them to salt need for them to make ATPmake ATP

C. ThermoacidophilesC. Thermoacidophiles As their name As their name

suggests, these suggests, these like it like it hot and hot and acidic acidic

They are found in They are found in such places as such places as acidic acidic sulfur sulfur springssprings , ,undersea undersea vents vents (smokers) (smokers) and and volcanoesvolcanoes..

2. Domain Bacteria2. Domain Bacteria

Most abundant domain!Most abundant domain!

Examples ofExamples of eubacteria eubacteria are:are: salmonellasalmonella Escherichia coli (E. Escherichia coli (E.

coli)coli) treponema (syphilis)treponema (syphilis) borrelia (lyme borrelia (lyme

disease) disease)

Cell phone

bacterial

video

Identifying Bacteria:Identifying Bacteria:

1.1. ShapeShapeA.A. Bacilla (rod-shaped)Bacilla (rod-shaped)

B.B. Spirilla (spiral-shaped)Spirilla (spiral-shaped)

C.C. Cocci (sphere-shaped)Cocci (sphere-shaped)

Are they always alone? Are they always alone?

Nope!Nope!

coccicocci are known are known for living in for living in groups:groups:

• StreptoStreptococci cocci

(cocci in chains)(cocci in chains)

• StaphyloStaphylococci cocci

(cocci in clusters)(cocci in clusters)

1.1. ShapeShape

2.2. Gram Stains:Gram Stains:Bacteria turn red or purple depending Bacteria turn red or purple depending on the make-up of their cell walls.on the make-up of their cell walls.

+ Gram-positive: (purple)+ Gram-positive: (purple)

(Simple cell wall with (Simple cell wall with

lots of peptoglycan)lots of peptoglycan)

- Gram-negative: (red)- Gram-negative: (red)

(Complex cell wall with (Complex cell wall with

little peptoglycan)little peptoglycan)

3. 3. Classifying bacteria by Classifying bacteria by

what they needwhat they need……1. 1. Energy:Energy:

Phototrophs – energy from sun Phototrophs – energy from sun

Chemotrophs – energy from other organismsChemotrophs – energy from other organisms

2. 2. Carbon:Carbon:

Heterotrophs – gets carbon from other Heterotrophs – gets carbon from other sourcessources

Autotrophs – carbon from CO2 or other Autotrophs – carbon from CO2 or other gassesgasses

Ridiculously Long Words:

Photoheterotroph

Chemoheterotroph

Photoautotroph

Chemoautotroph

4. Oxygen or not?4. Oxygen or not?

ObligateObligate FacultativeFacultative ObligateObligate

Aerobes Aerobes AnAnaerobeaerobess AnAnaerobesaerobes

O2 O2 idc.

THINK OBLIGATION

Practice…Practice… Please classify these specimens Please classify these specimens according to:according to:

1. Shape1. Shape2. Gram-Stain2. Gram-Stain3. Energy/Carbon needs3. Energy/Carbon needs4. Oxygen Preference4. Oxygen Preference

Specimen A:Specimen A:

• This bacteria is rod-This bacteria is rod-shaped, colored shaped, colored

purple purple when Gram-stained, when Gram-stained, gets both its energy gets both its energy

andandCarbon from a host Carbon from a host

organism organism that it infects, andthat it infects, andcannot live in the cannot live in the presence of oxygen.presence of oxygen.

Specimen B:Specimen B: This bacteria is This bacteria is

round, but found round, but found in chains. It turns in chains. It turns red in a Gram-red in a Gram-stain, and gets its stain, and gets its energy from the energy from the sun, and carbon sun, and carbon from gas in the from gas in the atmosphere. It atmosphere. It cannot live cannot live without oxygen.without oxygen.

Bacterial Groups Bacterial Groups (that you DO (that you DO need to know!)need to know!)

1.1. ProteobacteriaProteobacteria

2.2. Gram-Positive Gram-Positive BacteriaBacteria

3.3. CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria

4.4. SpriochetesSpriochetes

5.5. ChlamydiaChlamydia

1. Proteobacteria1. Proteobacteria

Largest and most diverse groupLargest and most diverse group Many live symbiotically with other Many live symbiotically with other

organismsorganisms Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Some cause diseasesSome cause diseases Rocky Mountain spotted feverRocky Mountain spotted fever Stomach ulcersStomach ulcers Foodborne illnessesFoodborne illnesses

2. Gram-Positive 2. Gram-Positive BacteriaBacteria

Some cause diseasesSome cause diseases Strep throatStrep throat Botulism (Botox)Botulism (Botox) AnthraxAnthrax TBTB LeprosyLeprosy

A few make A few make antibioticsantibiotics that kill that kill other bacteriaother bacteria

3. Cyanobacteria3. Cyanobacteria

Undergo Undergo photosynthesisphotosynthesis for for energyenergy

Simplest life requirementsSimplest life requirements

First oxygen-producing First oxygen-producing organisms on Earth!organisms on Earth!

4. Spirochetes4. Spirochetes

Gram-negativeGram-negative

Spiral-shaped bacteriaSpiral-shaped bacteria

ExamplesExamples: syphilis & Lyme disease: syphilis & Lyme disease

5. Chlamydia5. Chlamydia

Gram-negativeGram-negative Coccoid shaped, no peptidoglycan Coccoid shaped, no peptidoglycan

Causes a STD that lives inside Causes a STD that lives inside animalsanimals

Biology of Biology of ProkaryotesProkaryotes

Section 23.2Section 23.2

Bacterial StructuresBacterial Structures

Most bacteria are composed of the Most bacteria are composed of the following parts:following parts: Outer cell wallOuter cell wall Cell membraneCell membrane

Internal foldings = thylakoids (photosynthesis)Internal foldings = thylakoids (photosynthesis) CytoplasmCytoplasm RibosomesRibosomes DNADNA Small molecules and ionsSmall molecules and ions

EndosporesEndospores

Can form in gram + bacteriaCan form in gram + bacteria Thick-coated, resistant structuresThick-coated, resistant structures Form when environmental Form when environmental

conditions are poorconditions are poor Resistant to high temp, strong Resistant to high temp, strong

chemicals, radiation, drying, etc.chemicals, radiation, drying, etc.

Prokaryotic MovementProkaryotic Movement TaxisTaxis:: movement toward or away movement toward or away

from stimulifrom stimuli ChemotaxisChemotaxis: chemical stimuli: chemical stimuli

Physical movement aided by Physical movement aided by flagellaflagella or or slimeslime

Patterns of movement: Patterns of movement: wave-like wave-like contractions or corkscrew rotationcontractions or corkscrew rotation

How do bacteria How do bacteria reproduce?reproduce?

AsexuallyAsexually via…. via…. Binary fissionBinary fission BuddingBudding

permits the permits the development of development of more complex more complex colonial structurescolonial structures Binary

fission

Buddin

g

Genetic Genetic RecombinationRecombination

ThreeThree ways that bacteria can ways that bacteria can exchange and acquire exchange and acquire new new combinations of DNAcombinations of DNA

1. 1. TransformationTransformation 2. Conjugation2. Conjugation

3. Transduction3. Transduction

1. Transformation1. Transformation

When a bacteria When a bacteria takes on DNA from takes on DNA from its its external external environment. environment. Then this new Then this new

DNA is DNA is substituted into substituted into the the bacterial DNAbacterial DNA

2. Conjugation2. Conjugation When two When two

bacterium bind bacterium bind together and one together and one bacterium bacterium transfers genetic transfers genetic information to the information to the other.other. DNA channeled DNA channeled

through the through the sex sex piluspilus

3. Transduction3. TransductionSteps:Steps:

1. Virus obtains a 1. Virus obtains a fragment of bacteria fragment of bacteria DNA from its hostDNA from its host

2. Virus multiplies 2. Virus multiplies inside host (replicating inside host (replicating the bacterial DNA as the bacterial DNA as well)well)

3. Virus breaks out of 3. Virus breaks out of host cell and invades host cell and invades new bacterianew bacteria

4. New bacterial host 4. New bacterial host will get old host’s DNA will get old host’s DNA via the virusvia the virus

Know these parts of the Know these parts of the bacteria!bacteria!

Cell WallCell Wall Outer MembraneOuter Membrane Cell MembraneCell Membrane

CytoplasmCytoplasm ChromosomeChromosome

PlasmidPlasmid Capsule & Slime LayerCapsule & Slime Layer

EndosporeEndospore PilusPilus

FlagellumFlagellum

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Bacteria and Bacteria and HumansHumans

Section 23.3Section 23.3

Bacterial DiseasesBacterial Diseases

PathologyPathology – The study of diseases– The study of diseases

PathogensPathogens – anything that causes – anything that causes diseasedisease BacteriaBacteria VirusesViruses FungiFungi ProtistsProtists

Cholera attacking a cell

Bacterial PoisonsBacterial Poisons

ToxinsToxins – bacterial poisons that cause – bacterial poisons that cause diseasedisease1.1. ExotoxinsExotoxins – – made up of proteinsmade up of proteins

Secreted by the gram + bacteria to surroundingsSecreted by the gram + bacteria to surroundings Example: tetanusExample: tetanus

2.2. EndotoxinsEndotoxins – – made up of lipids and carbs.made up of lipids and carbs. Released by Released by dead dead gram – bacteria gram – bacteria Cause fever, body ache, weakness, and damage Cause fever, body ache, weakness, and damage

How to treat diseases…How to treat diseases… AntibioticsAntibiotics – fungi or – fungi or

bacteria that combat bacteria that combat infection by interfering infection by interfering with various cellular with various cellular functionsfunctions

May lead to May lead to Antibiotic Antibiotic ResistanceResistance

Caused by not Caused by not taking full dose of taking full dose of

antibioticsantibiotics

After 1 day

w/ antibiotics

After 3 days

w/ antibiotics

= 1 day to die= 2 days to die

= 4 days to die

= 6 days to die

Initial

infection

Emerging Infection Emerging Infection DiseasesDiseases

ZoonosisZoonosis:: a disease that passes a disease that passes from wild animals to humansfrom wild animals to humans Increase due to global travel of humans Increase due to global travel of humans

& destruction of natural habitat& destruction of natural habitat Example: Lyme diseaseExample: Lyme disease

Other examplesOther examples

Useful Bacteria to Useful Bacteria to HumansHumans

Break down wastesBreak down wastes Recycle compounds from dead Recycle compounds from dead

organismsorganisms Create organic compoundsCreate organic compounds Food production (buttermilk, sour Food production (buttermilk, sour

cream, yogurt, cottage cheese, cream, yogurt, cottage cheese, sauerkraut, pickles)sauerkraut, pickles)

Produce fuelsProduce fuels In insecticidesIn insecticides BioremdiationBioremdiation:: break down pollutants break down pollutants

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