Bacteria and Viruses 1 1. Eubacteria ________________________________ Cell wall contains...
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Transcript of Bacteria and Viruses 1 1. Eubacteria ________________________________ Cell wall contains...
Eubacteria
• ________________________________
• Cell wall contains peptidoglycan (carbohydrate)
• The cell wall protects them from injury and defines their shape
______________________
• Lack the peptidoglycan found in eubacteria
• DNA found in archaebacteria are more like those found in eukaryotes
• ________________________________
Identifying Prokaryotes
• ____________________
• Chemical nature of their cell walls (peptidoglycan)
• ____________________
• The way they obtain nutrients
_____________• Bacilli: Rod shaped bacteria
• Cocci: Round shaped bacteria
• Spirilla: Spiral shaped bacteria
Bacilli
Spirilla 7000X
Cocci
Spirilla 400X
Autotrophs
• ________________: use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen
• Chemoautotrophs: make organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide
Metabolic Diversity: ______________________
• Chemoheterotroph: take in organic molecules for both energy and a supply of carbon
• Photoheterotroph: photosynthetic but also must take in organic compounds as a carbon source
Oxygen Supply
• Obligate aerobes: Requires a constant supply of oxygen to live
• Obligate anaerobes: _____________
_______________________________
• Facultative anaerobes: Can survive with or without oxygen
___________________________• Binary fission: This is a type of reproduction in
which the bacterium doubles in size. Once it doubles in size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half.
• Conjugation: Two bacterial cells exchanges DNA through a hollow bridge called pili.
• Endospore: Spore that can remain dormant until favorable conditions for growth arise– Encloses its DNA and cytoplam
– Used to survive
harsh conditions
Conjugation Binary Fission
Importance of Bacteria• Decomposers: _______________________.
• Nitrogen fixers: Nitrogen makes up 80% of the atmosphere. Plants can’t use nitrogen gas directly. Nitrogen is used to make amino acids.
• Human Uses: Used in industry (wine, cheese, make drugs,etc.). – Symbiotic relationship with the intestine.
Disease Bacterium Effect on Body
Strep Throat Streptococcus pyogenes
Fever, sore throat, swollen glands
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Fatigue, weight loss, mild fever, night sweats, chronic cough
Tetanus Clostridium tetani Server muscle spasms, paralysis, death
Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi “Bulls-eye” rash at site of tick bite, fever, fatigue, headaches, muscle aches, joint aches
Tooth Decay Streptococcus mutans Destruction of tooth enamel
Diseases caused by Bacteria
Virus: What is a virus 1
• ________________
• Particles of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
• Protein capsid
• ____________
T4 Bacteriophage
Influenza virus
Tobacco mosaic virus
_______________________
• Host cell DIES in the lytic cycle
1. Virus injects its DNA into the cell2. The cell then makes mRNA from the
genes of the virus3. The viral mRNA is translated into viral
proteins4. The virus uses the materials of the host
cell to make thousands of copies of itself
Lytic (Cont.)5. DNA produces new virus particles
6. Infected cell bursts
7. Releases hundreds of virus particles
8. These particles infect other cells
Lysogenic Cycle
• _________________________________
• Prophage: Viral DNA is embedded in the host’s DNA
• The prophage may remain part of the DNA for years
• Prophage may be activated which removes itself from the host and can produce particles
Lysogenic cycle cont.
Retrovirus
• Retrovirus: Virus that contains RNA instead of DNA
• Genetic material is copied backwards
– RNA to DNA
• _________________
AIDS Virus
Disease Effect on Body Transmission
Influenza body aches, fever, sore throat, fatigue, headache, dry cough
Contact w/ contaminated objects; droplet inhalation
Aids Helper T cells, which are needed for normal immune system, are destroyed
Contact w/ contaminated blood or bodily fluids
Warts Non-cancerous growths on the skin
Contact w/ warts
Polio Fever, headache, muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing
Droplet inhalation
Hepatitis A Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, joint pain
Human wastes, contaminated water and food
Diseases caused by Viruses