Impact of Entrepreneurial Curriculum and Co-Curricular activities on

Entrepreneurial Leadership Development among Female University

Students in Pakistanby

Dr.khalid RashidZaheer Asghar

Background of the study

• Education is taken as corporate enterprise

• Private sector shares the responsibility of education (policy 1998)

• Disciplines are market and need oriented• Women as a dynamic and prolific group

have started undertaking male dominant areas

Background of the study contd.

• An obligation to address 52% of the population• Concept of sustainable development is to be addressed by education• Millennium goal development is a challenge for education • Women rely less on government resources and opportunities• About 3% women are self employed • Women entrepreneurs are growing and were 15.7 (United Nation’s

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in Pakistan 2002-03)

• Entrepreneurship education within the United States has improved considerably over the last decade (Moutray, 2006).

• Entrepreneurship Education research shows a positive correlation between level of education and entrepreneurial orientations (Brush & Hisrich, 1991). Dolinsky, Caputo, Pasumarty, and Quazi (1993), (Dolinsky et al., 1993).

Research questions• Is there an impact of entrepreneurship education, on entrepreneurial

leadership development, amongst female university students in Pakistan?

• The major question is further subdivided into two questions

• Q1- Whether there exists an impact of entrepreneurship education on female entrepreneurs?

• Q2- What leadership style is being followed by women entrepreneurs

Method of attack

• Qualitative way adopted• Case study method was supposed to be the most

tangible • Female leaders of university entrepreneurship clubs

formed the population of the study• Sample comprised 4 female leaders and directors of

university, entrepreneurship clubs from Lahore, Punjab• Data collection methods included observations, analysis

of previous documents, interviews, and reflections upon activities and relations.

Theoretical Framework

• Islamic perspective taken as foundation stone The empowerment and the impetus and grit of the

women in Pakistan have been the result of the precedent and the Role Model of Prophet Muhammad’s (SAW) wife Khadija (RA).

“The most important point to mention is that there is nothing in the Qur’an or in the Hadith which prevents women from working outside the home

Theoretical Framework contd.

• In fact the Qur’an extols the leadership of Bilqis, the Queen of Sheba for her capacity to fulfill the requirements of the office, for her political skills, the purity of her faith and her independent judgement (Al Naml, 27:23-44).

Theoretical Framework

Hadith as the another footing of women entrepreneurship

• There is another hadith which states that 9/10 of our sustenance comes from business. For those who are able and are competent, Islamic society should encourage them to become entrepreneurs or get involved with other types of business activities.” (Hibri, 1982; Roomi, 2009)

Theoretical Framework

Social theories as a support to the concept of women entrepreneurship

• A correct interpretation of the perceptions of Islamic values have played a role in allowing spatial mobility, access to transport, and interaction with male members at school, college, university and office level, has helped them grow confident and to venture in business (Roomi: 2009)

Theoretical Framework

• Accepted statements of different scholars;• Mwasalwiba (2010) argues that impact

assessment in entrepreneurship education is currently receiving increasing attention from various stakeholders, i.e. donors, policy-makers, students and scholars. Effectiveness of entrepreneurial education can be measured in several ways. Barbosa, Kickul and Smith (2008)

Theoretical Framework

• Psychological theory of self efficacy;• entrepreneurial intent and its antecedents like

attitudes, self-efficacy or perceptions of control, applies theory of planned behaviour,

• findings of Fayolle and Degeorge (2006) indicate that although effectiveness can be measured also by the number of ventures created or by number of jobs generated it is not the most appropriate way as the simplest or most obvious indicators often fail.

Review of related literatureImpact of education on female entrepreneurs?• Weeks (2007) opines that female- led business can play a major

role for the economy development. • US statistics reveals that over the last twenty years female self

employment have been developed at a rate of near twice to one of other business and have made further vital effect on employment statistics.(Centre for Women’s Business Research, 2007).

• Allen, Langowitz, Elam and Dean (2007) proved impact of women entrepreneurship on economic growth as they distribute the benefits achieved through entrepreneurial activity with members of their family and the wider group of people. (Henry and Kennedy, 2003).

Review of related literature contd

Educational factors;• The women entrepreneurs well demonstrate a higher

educational level than their male counterpart (Madsen et al, 2003).

• Brush et al (1991) successful female entrepreneurs have a higher standard of education,

• Brush et al (1991) recognized the value of subject selection in improving the success of women new business creation.

• Watkins et al (1984) supposed subject selection makes a distinction between the male and female entrepreneurs.

Review of related literature contd

• Menzie et al (2003) and Madsen et al (2003) recognized that females were less inclined to study science and computer subjects and were more likely to major in social sciences.

• Women entrepreneurs were motivated to study non practical subjects with only a marginal holding degrees in business, sciences or technical discipline (McCelland et al, 2005).

• Watkins et al (1984) and McCelland et al (2005) approximately nothing that has been researched in the educational system per se by the female student was directly linked to the type of business they eventually started.

Review of related literature contd

• female commonly start businesses in what are seen as traditional women areas such as health, education. (Buttner et al, 1997; Fitzsimons et al, 2004; Still et al, 2006).

• Rae and Carswell (2000), entrepreneurial learning is taken by women as “a dynamic process of awareness, reflection, association and application that involves transforming experience and knowledge into functional learning outcomes” Rae (2006) (p. 42) ,”

• entrepreneurial learning is “ a dynamic and constant process of acquiring, assimilating, and organizing the new information and knowledge with pre-existing structures” (Cope, 2005; Harrison & Leitch, 2005; Minniti & Bygrave, 2001; Rae & Carswell, 2000).

Review of related literature contd

• Self efficacy;• Lack of self efficacy is main issue for women to run a new

business, Richards (2005), (Chaudhury & Endris, 2005). Brindlay supported deficiency of self efficacy showed a bad impact on female starting their business.

• Another author believed deficiency in self efficacy as female based, may impact basic venture creation performance for example reaching financing institution (Filden & Dawey, 2004).

• According to Williams deficiency of self efficacy encourage to look for proper training.

Review of related literature contd

Women leadership styles• (Eagly et al., 2003; Eagly & Carli, 2003). Brush and Hisrich

(1991) propose women entrepreneurs who discover to successfully run their business by line up assistance from others and attain entrepreneurship sensation.

• Leadership styles differ between male and (Eagly et al., 2003; Eagly & Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001; Eagly & Carli, 2003).

• Female exhibit an extra participatory style of leadership as contrast to the task oriented style of their male counterpart (Brush, 1992; Chaganti, 1986).

Analysis, Discussion and Suggestions;

Participation in entrepreneurship education and activities increase entrepreneurial skill and self-efficacy among students

• Gender equity is being addressed in terms of economy through education

• Women Entrepreneurship Education instills basic skills of initiative, leadership, self-confidence and opportunity seeking, in female to foster and nurture a renewed inspirit of Entrepreneurship.

• Women Entrepreneurship in academia promotes the concept of education for better life

Analysis, Discussion and Suggestions;

• Reliance of private sector universities is more on arranging co-academic activities for developing;– Open mind– Decisiveness– Exercise of choice – Socialization– Generate, share, mature and sell the ideas

Analysis, Discussion and Suggestions;

• Pakistani universities are offering;– Need and market based curricula– Switching over from agrarian schedule, to

industrial agenda for an age of individual enterprise;

– Knowledge strengthened to mint money– Re-cycle process for ISO coincidence– Curricula economy based; for an age of

discontinuity and rapid change.”

Analysis, Discussion and Suggestions;

• The academic, co-academic, focused on creativity, innovation hence a changed style of thinking

• Academics fashioned for open ideas encouraging risks taking

• Valuing developing contacts and networks for implementation of ideas and mobilization of resources

Analysis, Discussion and Suggestions

• Participation to co-curricular activities have made the women more courageous in undertaking self employing assignments not only to support themselves but for social status as well

Analysis, Discussion and Suggestions;

• entrepreneurship education makes the women more decisive and firm leaders as innovators and confident.

Suggestions

• Showcasing of theoretical ideas• Trainings in ideas selling• Encouragement in expo• Inter provincial contingent exchanges• Crash programs for indigenous products and their

show casing• Interactive sessions with successful entrepreneurs • Inter universities business plan competition