1

BACKGROUND

Ginseng is a herb that has been used for the treatment of long ago. Research

on ginseng is indispensable. Especially to know the effects and content that have the

effect of ginseng for medicinal purposes. The effects of ginseng in particular provides

enhanced immune system has not been widely known. In addition, the

pharmacokinetic profiles showed ginseng as immunomudulator not clearly conveyed.

It is therefore very important to do this review.

Ginseng have many types, including Korean ginseng, American ginseng, and

ginseng Japan. In pharmacology, ginsenoside on ginseng that still has a different

pharmacokinetics profile on each variety of ginseng. In this review, which will be

discussed is about ginsenoside in ginseng. Ginsenosides belong to a class dammarane

type triterpene saponins, which can be further classified into 20 (S) - protopanaxadiol

(ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, RB3, Rc, and Rd) and 20 (S)-protopanaxatriol (ginsenoside

Re, Rg1, Rg2, and RH1) is consistent with cluster grouping their aglikon (Attele,

1999). Ginseng contains more than 40 kinds of ginsenoside, which some

pharmacological effects (Leung, 2007).

Profile of t , t max, AUC, onset, and duration of ginsenoside be known

ginsenoside dose for treatment. Knowing pharmacokinetics profile of ginsenoside and

its metabolites are important in designing an optimal dosage regimen and reduce the

potential interaction between ginseng and drugs in these patients (Qi, 2011).

METODE

1. literature search

This study uses a research design review articles. Article obtained from

searching on the internet through the website: www.pubmed.com;

www.google.com; http://search.proquest.com and www.googlescholar.com using

2

PICO, P = phamacokinetics; Panax ginseng I =, Ginseng , Ginsenoside C = -, O =

t 1/2, AUC, tmax, Cmax, keywords pharmacokinetics, Ginseng, Ginsenoside.

2. Study selection and data extraction

a. Inclusion criteria

Searches are limited published articles last 10 years, which states

pharmacokinetic profile of ginseng, and in English.

b. Eksclusion criteria

The research article published less than 2003. Which does not represent or

not include the pharmacokinetic profile of ginseng, and articles that only

consist of an abstract.

Based on the results obtained by searching using keywords

pharmacokinetics profile, Panax ginseng, Ginseng, Ginsenoside, obtained some of

the articles included in the criteria regarding the pharmacokinetic profile of

ginseng as an immunomodulator.

Table 1. Study Selection

Component Method

1. Searching method PICO, keywords P = pharmacokinetics, Panax ginseng

I = Ginseng

C

O = t1/2. AUC, tmax

2. Selection method - Inclusion criteria - Eksclusion criteria

Inclusion

- Free Full text 2003-2013 - The pharmacokinetic profile

of various varieties of

ginseng

Eksklusi

- Other mechanisms of ginseng

- Journal before 2003 - Journal of pay

3. Data extraction Pharmacokinetic profiles Ginseng as Antioxidants

4. Processing and presentation of data

Comparison of pharmacokinetic

parameters are presented in Table

3

Table II. Searching results

Keyword Website amount Title

Pharmacokinetics,of

ginseng

Pubmed 15 Pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolite compound K after oral

administration of Korean Red Ginseng extract.

Effects of Borneol on Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of

Notoginsenoside R1 and Ginsenosides Rg1 and Re in Panax notoginseng in

Rabbits.

Pharmacokinetics of panaxatrol disuccinate sodium, a novel anti-cancer drug from

Panax notoginseng, in healthy volunteers and patients with advanced solid tumors.

Absorption and disposition of ginsenosides after oral administration of Panax

notoginseng extract to rats.

Pharmacokinetic and metabolic effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

in healthy volunteers receiving the HIV protease inhibitor indinavir

Pharmacokinetics study of bio-adhesive tablet of Panax notoginseng saponins

Pharmacokinetics of panaxatrol disuccinate sodium, a novel anti-cancer drug from

Panax notoginseng, in healthy volunteers and patients with advanced solid

tumors

Pharmacokinetic,

ginsenoside

Google

scholar

271 Pharmacokinetic and Absolute Bioavailability Study of Total Panax

notoginsenoside, a Typical Multiple Constituent Traditional Chinese

Medicine (TCM) in Rats

4

A Simple HPLC Assay for Ginsenoside-Rh2 in Plasma and Its Application for

Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats

New Progress on the Pharmacological and Pharmacokinetical Study of Ginsenoside

Rg3

Prevention of Growth and Metastasis of Murine Melanoma through

Enhanced Natural-Killer Cytotoxicity by Fatty Acid-Conjugate of Protopanaxatriol

Absorption and Disposition of Ginsenosides after Oral Administration of Panax

notoginseng Extract to Rats

Proquest 42 Stereoselective Regulations of P-Glycoprotein by Ginsenoside Rh2 Epimers and

the Potential Mechanisms From the View of Pharmacokinetics: e35768

Panax ginseng Modulates Cytokines in Bone Marrow Toxicity and Myelopoiesis:

Ginsenoside Rg1 Partially Supports Myelopoiesis: e33733

5

RESULT

Table III. Results of selection according to inclusion criteria and extraction journal.

No

.

Article Title,

Author, Year Method Specimen Result

1. Pharmacokinetic and

Absolute

Bioavailability Study

of Total Panax

Notoginsenoside, a

Typical Multiple

Constituent

Traditional Chinese

Medicine (TCM) in

Rats

Xiaoyu LI et.al;

2007

Tests on ginsenoside

using HPLC and mass

spectrometry in the

temperature of 40 C

with a mobile phase

velocity 0.2 ml / min.

Using a mobile phase of

ammonium chloride and

acetonitrile.

The powder of panax

notoginsneg,

Ginsenoside. Rat plasma

samples, and digoxin

were mixed in the

plasma.

T of 0.75 hours. Pharmacokinetic parameters in

tables 2 and 3 in the article. The absolute

bioavailability of ginsenoside Rg1, respectively, Rd,

Re and Rb1 were 6.06%, 2.36%, 7.06% and 1.18%.

2. A Simple HPLC

Assay for

Ginsenoside-Rh2 in

Plasma and Its

Application for

Pharmacokinetic

Study in Rats

Ginsenoside isolated and

purified from Panax

ginseng. Plasma (> 0.1

mL) after being separated

by centrifugation (4 C,

1720 g, 5 min) and

Examination of blood

samples (0.3 ml) before

the last dose, and at 0.1,

0.25, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5

and 6 hours after dosing.

Plasma concentration of G-Rh-2 was detected in

several samples of blood. Average concentration of

G-Rh2 plasma within 6 hours of the study was 0.50

0.24 mg / mL. T 1/2 = 2.8 hours. Absorption G-

Rh2 rapidly after sc injection with Tmax occurring

in less than 0.5 hours. G-Rh2 plasma concentrations

6

Haijun Li et.al ;

2013

then stored at -80 C

until the time analyzed.

Plasma samples (50 mL)

was used for analysis

G-Rh2 by HPLC. All

samples were analyzed

after

3 months of storage.

between mice at the end of the experiment (Figure

4) with a coefficient of variation (CV)

average of nearly 50% during the study.

3. Pharmacokinetics

study of bio-

adhesive tablet of

Panax notoginseng

saponins

Hanzhou et.al; 2011

the method using of

cross-over design, with

doses given at 90mg/kg.

n = 6. Blood was drawn

through a leg vein up to

72 hours after dosing.

Then centrifuged and

analyzed by HPLC.

Blood plasma samples

were taken through a

vena dogs front legs.

Extract Panax

Notoginseng, and

ginsenoside standards

were purchased china

area.

Tmax(h) 2.67

Cmax(ng/mL) 27.83

MRT(h) 9.93

AUC(ng/mL)Sh 132.11

7

DISCUSSION

Previous research on ginseng focused on the kinds of compounds that exist in

the content of ginseng. Only a few researchers are revealing about the

pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside compound the most commonly found in ginseng.

Study on ginsenoside using HPLC and mass spectrometry in the temperature of 40

C with a mobile phase velocity 0.2 ml / min. The mobile phase of ammonium

chloride and acetonitrile. Ginsenoside Rg1 powder of Panax Notoginseng isolated

have Tmax 0.75 0:00 hours, 6:42 1.74 hours Cmax, T 5:01 2:09 hours, AUC

(0-t) 13.89 2:54 mg / l h, AUC (0 - ) 14:10 2:52 mg / l h. The study was

conducted in rats orally (Xiaoyu, 2007).

In another study, Ginsenoside isolated and purified from Panax ginseng.

Plasma (> 0.1 mL) after being separated by centrifugation (4 C, 1720 g, 5 min)

and then stored at -80 C until the time analyzed. Plasma samples (50 mL) was used

for the analysis of G-Rh2 by HPLC. All samples were analyzed after 3 months of

storage. Ginsenoside isolated from Panax ginseng and then given to the mice blood

drawn, plasma was obtained measured by HPLC. Average concentrations of G-Rh2

plasma within 6 hours of the study was 0.50 0.24 mg / mL. T = 2.8 hours. G-Rh2

rapid absorption after sc injection with Tmax occurring in less than 0.5 hours (Li,

2013).

Cross over design methods used in other studies with doses of Ginsenoside

Rg1 90 mg / kg. Blood was drawn through a leg vena up to 72 hours after dosing.

Kemudan centrifuged and analyzed by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic data obtained in the

form of 2:33 hours Tmax, Cmax 55.58 ng / ml, AUC 199.08 ng / ml (Feng, 2011).

CONCLUSION

Ginsenoside Rg1 powder of Panax Notoginseng isolated have Tmax 0.75

0:00 hours, Cmax 6:42 1.74 hours, T 5:01 2:09 hours, AUC (0-t) 13.89 2:54

mg / l h, AUC (0 - ) 14:10 2:52 mg / l h. The study was conducted in mice

orally. Ginsenoside isolated from Panax ginseng has a T = 2.8 hours. After sc

8

injection with Tmax occurring in less than 0.5 hours. Ginsenoside isolated from

Panax ginseng absorbed faster than Panax notoginseng with oral administration. And

if given by injection, absorption will be much faster than oral administration.

REFERENCES

Attele AS, Wu JA, Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and

multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol 1999;58:1685-1693.

Feng et al.: Pharmacokinetics study of bio-adhesive tablet of Panax notoginseng

saponins. International Archives of Medicine 2011 4:18.

Leung KW, Cheung LW, Pon YL, Wong RN, Mak NK, et al. (2007) Ginsenoside

Rb1 inhibits tube-like structure formation of endothelial cells by regulating

pigment epithelium-derived factor through the oestrogen beta receptor. Br J

Pharmacol 152: 207-215.

LI. Et, al. 2007. Pharmacokinetic and Absolute Bioavailability Study of Total Panax

Notoginsenoside, a Typical Multiple Constituent Traditional Chinese Medicine

(TCM) in Rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30(5) 847851 (2007)

Li H, Li PY, Yeung P (2013) A Simple HPLC Assay for Ginsenoside- Rh2 in Plasma

and Its Application for Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats. Nat Prod Chem Res 1:

103.

Qi LW, Wang CZ, Du GJ, Zhang ZY, Calway T, Yuan CS. Metabolism of ginseng

and its interactions with drugs. Curr Drug Metab 2011;12:818-822.