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Bab 11Nutrition: Food for Thought
• 66% of all American adults are classified as overweight
• Greater than 30% of these are obese
• Greater than 33% of children are overweight
http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/obese.html
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66% dari orang dewasa Amerika kelebihan berat badan Lebih dari 30% dari mereka kegemukan Lebih dari 33% dari anak-anak kelebihan berat badan
Malnutrisi (Salah Gizi)
Malnutrition: A disease-creating state caused by a diet lacking the proper nutrients, even though total calories are adequate or in excess.
Malnutrition is the gravest single threat to the world's public health (2)
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> 852 million people undernourishe 95% in developing countries 1% in developed countries (2005 Report) ?
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Mengapa Kita Perlu Makan ?
Water• For metabolic reactions, thermal regulation, and a
solvent Energy (karbohidrat, protein) Raw Materials
Synthesis of new bodily tissues Metabolic Regulators
Asupan penting dalam makanan dan fungsinya
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Food Macronutrients• Fats and Oils• Carbohydrates• Proteins
Composition of Human Body
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Fats and Oils (Lipids)Lipids: The class of compounds that includes edible solid and liquid (oil) fats, cholesterol and other steroids
Glycerol
3 R
Lipids: Oil vs. Solid Fat
Stearic acid (mp = 70o C)(padatan)
Linoleic acid (mp = - 5o C)Cairan
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Stearic Acid
Lauric Acid
Oleic Acid
Fats and Oils (Lipids)Lipids: The class of compounds that includes edible solid and liquid (oil) fats, cholesterol and other steroids
Nutritional Properties of Lipids
-9 Fatty Acid- OK
Linolenic Acid -3 and -6 Fatty Acid (OK)
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
Cis (Good) vs. Trans (Very Bad) Fats!
Not so goodSaturated Fatty Acid
(BEST!)
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Nutritional Properties of Lipids
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Cholesterol and HDL vs. LDL
Cholesterol:- Component of cell membranes- Most abundant steroid in the human body- Essential component of cell membranes-Important precursor molecule for the biosynthesis of other steroid hormones and some vitamins
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein): The “good” lipoproteinsLDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein): The “bad” lipoproteins
* Those with high values of LDL vs. HDL are at risk for heart disease
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Cholesterol and HDL vs. LDL
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Cholesterol and HDL vs. LDL
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SOAP
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Physical Properties of Lipids:LIPID BILAYER
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Carbohydrates
Glucose Fructose
Complex Carbohydrates: two or more simple sugars linked together. Example: Sucrose
Monosaccharides (simple sugars): cannot be converted into smaller sugars by hydrolysis
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Carbohydrates: Cellulose & Starch Biopolymer(Polysaccharide / Complex Carbohydrate)
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Olestra: Sucrose with 6 to 8 Fatty Acids
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Protein
Quaternarystructure
Amino Acids and Proteins
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Secondarystructure
Tertiarystructure
ProteinAmino Acids and Proteins
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Amino Acids and ProteinsSecondarystructure
Peptide
Primarystructure
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Amino Acids and Proteins
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Protein Denaturation
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Aspartame
What other functional groups are present ?
Sucrose
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OH
CH3
CH3CH3CH3 CH3
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Vitamins and minerals
Micronutrients: Essential substances for the body needed in only miniscale amounts
• Vitamins: Organic molecules with a wide range of physiological functions
• Minerals: Metals such as Ca, P, Cl, Na, etc…
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• Rhodopsin (protien) embeded in a cell membrane.
• Retinal (Retinaldehyde) is the orange pigment
11-cis
all trans
Photon of lightElectrical
Signal to BrainSight
The Vision Cycle
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Essential for life and optimal health :
1. Used in the production of collagen2. Used in the synthesis of
• Dopamine• Noradrenaline• Adrenaline
3. Oxidizing agent• Detoxifies peroxy radicals by a
transfer of an e- (reduction) to form water.
Vitamin C(L-Ascorbic acid)
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“FreeRadicals”
2 HO·
+ 2 H2O
Vitamin C(L-Ascorbic acid)
Dehydroascorbic acid(Oxidized)
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Preserves:1. Food
1. Meats2. Cosmetics3. Pharmaceuticals4. Humans
1. Carcinogen2. Combat oxidative stress
Research:1. Herpes simplex2. AIDS
Radical “spread” around compound making it more stable
R•“Free Radical”
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> 852 million people undernourishe 95% in developing countries 1% in developed countries (2005 Report) ?
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THE MAIN ISSUE IN SUSTAINABLE WORLD ARE :
1. HUNGER2. OBESITY3. HEALTHY FOOD
Kecukupan dan Keadilan Pangan