B31.3 Process Piping Course - 12 Fabrication and Installation
B31.3 Process Piping Course - 03 Materials
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Transcript of B31.3 Process Piping Course - 03 Materials
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 1
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE
Don Frikken, PE
Instructors
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 2
1. Establish applicable system standard(s)2. Establish design conditions3. Make overall piping material decisions
Pressure Class Reliability Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions Materials Determine wall thicknesses
Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration6. Perform flexibility analysis7. Finalize layout and bill of materials8. Fabricate and install9. Examine and test
Piping Development Process
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 3
3. Materials
Strength of Materials
Bases for Design Stresses
B31.3 Material Requirements
Listed and Unlisted Materials
Temperature Limits
Toughness Requirements
Deterioration in Service
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 4
The Material in This Section isAddressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design
Chapter III - Materials
Appendix A - Allowable Stresses & QualityFactors Metals
Appendix F - Precautionary Considerations
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials
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Strength of Materials
StressStrain
Stress-Strain Diagram Elastic Modulus
Yield Strength
Ultimate Strength
Creep
Fatigue
Brittle versus Ductile Behavior
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 6
Strength of MaterialsStress (S): force (F) divided by area (A)
over which force acts, pounds force/inch2
(psi), Pascals (Newtons/meter2)
Strain (): change in length (L) dividedby the original length (L)
F
LL
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials
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Strength of Materials
Strain
Stress
E = Elastic Modulus = Stress/Strain
SY = Yield Strength
ST = Tensile Strength
Typical Carbon Steel
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 8
Strength of Materials
ST = Tensile Strength
Typical Stainless Steel Strain
Stress
SY = Yield Strength
0.2% offset
Proportional Limit
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials - 9
Strength of Materials
Creep: progressive permanentdeformation of material subjected toconstant stress, AKA time dependentbehavior. Creep is of concern for
Carbon steels above ~700F (~370C)
Stainless steels above ~950F (~510C)
Aluminum alloys above ~300F (~150C)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -10
Strength of Materials
Time
Strain
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Rupture
Creep Rate (strain/unit time)
Typical Creep Curve
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -11
Strength of Materials
Minimum Stress to Rupture, 316 SS
Fig I-14.6B, ASME B&PV Code, Section III, Division 1 - NH
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -12
Strength of Materials
Stress
Number of Cycles
Fatigue failure: a failure which results from arepetitive load lower than that required to causefailure on a single application
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials
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Strength of Materials
Brittle failure:
Ductile deformation:
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -14
Strength of MaterialsBrittle failure:
Ductile failure:
Strain
Stress
Toughness
Strain
Stress
Toughness
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -15
Strength of Materials
Measuring Toughnessusing a Charpy impacttest H1
Charpy Impact Test
Cv = W(H1 - H2)
= Energy Absorbed
H2
H1 -H2W
Pendulum
Specimens tested at 40, 100 and 212F(4, 38 and 100C)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -16
Strength of Materials
Ductile to Brittle Transition for a Carbon Steel
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials
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Bases for Design Stresses
Most Materials (materials other than grayiron, malleable iron and bolting) below thecreep range, the lowest of(302.3.2)
1/3 of specified minimum tensile strength (ST)
1/3 of tensile strength at temperature
2/3 of specified minimum yield strength (SY)
2/3 of yield strength at temperature; exceptfor austenitic stainless steels and nickel
alloys with similar behavior, 90% of yieldstrength at temperature
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -18
Bases for Design StressesMost Materials additional bases in thecreep range, the lowest of(302.3.2)
100% of the average stress for a creep rateof 0.01% per 1000 hours
67% of the average stress for rupture at theend of 100,000 hours
80% of the minimum stress for rupture at the
end of 100,000 hours
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ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 3. Materials
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Bases for Design Stresses
ASTM A106 Grade B Carbon Steel (US Customary Units)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature, F
Stress,
ksi
2/3 of Yield
1/3 of Tensile
Allowable
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -20
Bases for Design StressesASTM A106 Grade B Carbon Steel (Metric Units)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temper ature, C
Stress,
MPa
2/3 Yield
1/3 Tensile
Allowable
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Bases for Design Stresses
Additional Notes For structural grade materials, design
stresses are 0.92 times the value determinedfor most materials (302.3.2)
Stress values above 2/3 SY are not
recommended for flanged joints and othercomponents in which slight deformation cancause leakage or malfunction (302.3.2)
Design stresses for temperatures below theminimum are the same as at the minimum
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -22
B31.3 Material RequirementsListed and Unlisted Materials
Temperature Limits
Impact Test Methods & Acceptance
Toughness Requirements
Deterioration in Service
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Listed and Unlisted Materials
Listed Material: a material that conformsto a specification in Appendix A or to astandard in Table 326.1 may be used(323.1.1)
Unlisted Material: a material that is notso listed may be used under certainconditions (323.1.2)
Unknown Material: may not be used(323.1.3)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -24
Listed and Unlisted MaterialsAn unlisted material may be used if(323.1.2) It conforms to a published specification
covering chemistry, mechanical properties,method of manufacture, heat treatment, andquality control
Otherwise meets the requirements of theCode
Allowable stresses are determined inaccordance with Code bases, and
Qualified for serviceall temperatures (323.2.3)
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Temperature Limits
Listed materials may be used above themaximum described in the Code if(323.2.1)
There is no prohibition in the Code
The designer verifies serviceability of thematerial, considering the quality of mechanicalproperty data used to determine allowablestresses and resistance of the material todeleterious effects in the planned fluid service
(323.2.4)
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -26
Temperature LimitsListed materials may be used within thetemperature range described in the Code if(323.2.2)
The base metal, weld deposits and heataffected zone (HAZ) are qualified inaccordance with Column A of Table 323.2.2.
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Table 323.2.2Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests
Seepage20
ofthes
upplem
ent.
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Temperature LimitsListed materials may be used below theminimum described in the Code if(323.2.2)
There is no prohibition in the Code
The base metal, weld deposits and heataffected zone (HAZ) are qualified inaccordance with Column B of Table 323.2.2.
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Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits
Most carbon steels have a letterdesignation in the column for minimumtemperature in Appendix A
See page 25 of the supplement
For those that do, the minimumtemperature is defined by Figure 323.2.2A
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -30
Figure 323.2.2AMinimum Temperatures without Impact Testing for Carbon Steel
Seepag
e22oft
hesupp
lement.
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BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -31
Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits
Impact testing is not required down to-55F (-48C) if stress ratio does notexceed the value defined by Figure323.2.2B
Impact testing is not required down to-155F (-104C) if stress ratio does notexceed 0.3
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -32
Fig.323.2.2BReduction in Minimum Design Temperature w/o Impact Testing
See page 23 of the supplement.
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Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits
Fig.323.2.2B provides a further basis for useof carbon steel without impact testing. Ifused: Hydrotesting is required
Safeguarding is required for components withwall thicknesses greater than in. (13 mm)
Stress Ratio is the largest of Nominal pressure stress / S
Pressure / pressure rating Combined longitudinal stress / S
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -34
Carbon Steel Lower Temperature Limits650 psig (45 bar) steam
superheated to 735F(390C). Relief pressure is725 psig (50 bar). Pipematerial is ASTM A53 Gr Bseamless.
What options are available
to deal with expectedambient temperaturesdown to -30F (-34C)? 0.971.000
(25.40)
30
0.860.500(12.70)
12
0.740.237
(6.02)
4
0.710.178(4.52)
1
StressRatio
NominalWTin (mm)
NPS
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Deterioration in Service
Selection of material to resist deteriorationin service is not within the scope of theCode. (323.5)
Recommendations for material selectionare presented in Appendix F.
General considerations
Specific material considerations
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Materials -36
Deterioration in Service General considerations
Fire resistance
Possibility of brittle fracture
Susceptibility to crevice corrosion
Possibility of galvanic corrosion
Chilling effect of the loss of pressure
Compatibility of materials such as Packing
Gaskets
Thread sealants
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Deterioration in Service
Specific material considerations Carbon and low alloy steel
High alloy steel
Nickel and nickel alloys
Aluminum and aluminum alloys
Copper and copper alloys
And more