B02 Introduction to Cells & Biological...
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B02 Introduction to Cells & Biological Drawings 1 March 20, 2013 A cell is the simplest living thing that can have a "life of its own." Bacteria cell Protist cell TYPES OF CELLS Prokaryotic Cells : simple, singlecelled life forms, such as archaea and __________. They do not have a ______________. Eukaryotic Cells : more complex cells that have a _______________. They can exist as singlecelled organisms or multicellular organisms. Eukaryotes include protists, fungi, animals, and plants. The most obvious difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotes are much larger in size (10's to 1000's of times bigger) and they have a __________ while the prokaryotes do not. CELLS Each item represents a different level of organization. Organelles, for example, operate only within a cell and what they do has direct effects only on the cell. A tissue, such as muscle for example, operates on a higher level of organization, because it has many cells that work together to perform that tissue's function in the body. Two or more tissue types occur in organs, which represent yet a higher level of organization. The Cell Theory i) All living things are _________________________. ii) Cells are the ________________________________. iii) All cells ________________________________________.
Transcript of B02 Introduction to Cells & Biological...
B02 Introduction to Cells & Biological Drawings
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March 20, 2013
A cell is the simplest living thing that can have a "life of its own."
Bacteria cellProtist cell
TYPES OF CELLS
Prokaryotic Cells: simple, singlecelled life forms, such as archaea and __________. They do not have a ______________.
Eukaryotic Cells: more complex cells that have a _______________. They can exist as singlecelled organisms or multicellular organisms. Eukaryotes include protists, fungi, animals, and plants.
The most obvious difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotes are much larger in size (10's to 1000's of times bigger) and they have a __________ while the prokaryotes do not.
CELLS
Each item represents a different level of organization. Organelles, for example, operate only within a cell and what they do has direct effects only on the cell. A tissue, such as muscle for example, operates on a higher level of organization, because it has many cells that work together to perform that tissue's function in the body. Two or more tissue types occur in organs, which represent yet a higher level of organization.
The Cell Theory
i) All living things are _________________________.
ii) Cells are the ________________________________.
iii) All cells ________________________________________.
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March 20, 2013
Cells are so small that they can only be seen under a microscope. Here is another example of the scale of size.
The cell is one of the most basic units of life. There are millions of different types of cells. There are cells that are organisms onto themselves, such as microscopic amoeba and bacteria cells. And there are cells that only function when part of a larger organism, such as the cells that make up your body. The cell is the smallest unit of life in our bodies.
The human body has a multitude of different types of cells, including:
___________ cells, ___________ cells, ___________ cells, ___________ cells,
___________ cells, ___________ cells, ___________ cells, ___________ cells,
and the list goes on and on.
All of these cells have unique functions and features.
One of the most important distinctions of cells stem from the very nature of the cell itself:
Animal cells perform _________________________________, a process where they take a sugar molecule (in the form of glucose) and turn it into useable energy called ATP (___________________________).
Plant cells perform _______________________, a process where energy from the sun is converted into sugar and oxygen.
We will go into more detail on animal vs. plant cells, as well as their major functions.
B02 Introduction to Cells & Biological Drawings
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March 20, 2013
Measurement of the cell use of the microscope
Label the following parts
body tube
revolving nosepiece
low objective
stage clips
diaphragm
light source
ocular (eyepiece)
arm
course adjustment knob
fine adjustment knob
base
medium objective
high objectivestage
What does the microsope do?
How big does it magnify things?
10x ocular and a 4x objective = ________________________
10x ocular and a 10x objective = ________________________
10x ocular and a 40x objective = ________________________
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HOW BIG IS THE FIELD OF VIEW?The field of view is the circle you see when you look into a microscope. Biologists can estimate the size of a specimen by comparing it as a ratio to the known field of view. To "know" the field of view we must first measure it with a ruler. Obtain a millimeter ruler and place it under the microscope under low power.
40 x
Activity Measuring the Field of View
1. Obtain a microscope and record its number neatly on a blank piece of paper.2. Using a petri dish, draw a blank circle to represent the field of view.3. Using the low power objective, place the stage at the lowest position possible. Place a transparent millimeter ruler on the stage and focus the ruler by raising the stage with the course adjustment knob.4. Improve the focus by playing with the fine adjustment knob until the ruler can clearly be seen.5. Move the ruler to "zero" one of the lines of the ruler along the diameter of the field of view.6. Draw what you see exactly using proper biological drawing rules: pencil, no shading.7. While focused, change the ocular to medium and repeat step 6.
Magnification Field of View ( )
40x
100x
400x
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BIOLOGICAL DRAWINGS AND SIZE ESTIMATIONS
Biological Drawing Guidelines• Keep the following guidelines in mind when completing a formal biological drawing ofan object you view under the microscope:1. Drawings, including labels, name and other info, must be done in pencil. (preferablysoft lead that will not smudge).2. Please print.3. Please use unlined white 8 1/2” x 11” paper or lab drawing paper.4. The title of the drawing is simply the name of the object you are looking at.~ Please use CAPITAL letters and center it at the top of the page.5. The drawing should be approximately 1/3 of the page.6. Keep the drawing to the left of the center.7. Labels are to line up on the right hand side of the page. use a ruler to draw lines from the object to the label lines should never cross over top of each other8. Please show your magnification calculations at the bottom of the page.9. Do not use plural labels to point to a single object. Keep the labels consistent.10. The drawing should be an outline of what you see. Do not include additional structuresjust because you think you should see them.11. Do not shade or sketch. All lines should be solid and complete.
Stippling is the term when dots are added for detail.
http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/bio2030/bio30/biodrawing/activitytemplate/page1.htm
Size estimation
Knowing the size of any object is important. Scientists understand that all measurements have some degree of estimation associated with them. But scientists also appreciate the importance of being as accurate as possible. With microscopes the challenge is complicated by the inability to place a ruler beside the object we want to measure. Instead, we guess at what percentage the specimen takes up of the "field of view" by using fractions.Like biological drawings, the steps are critical to the judging scientist.
Step 1: Describe in words your estimate of the length of specimen with respect to the diameter. Usually this takes the form of a fraction.
Step 2: Create a mathematical expression of your sentence.
Step 3: Calculate the answer. Since it is an estimate, round it off accordingly.
40x Size Estimate of an animal cell
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
4300 μm
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Size Estimate of a Paramecium
of the field of view
= x __________
=
40x
Size Estimate of __________________
of the field of view
= x __________
=
100x
100x
400x
