B-stad_CH_04

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DC Biasing - BJTs Chapter 4 Boylestad Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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  • DC Biasing - BJTs

    Chapter 4

    Boylestad

    Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Biasing

    Biasing: Applying DC voltages to a transistor in order

    to turn it on so that it can amplify AC signals.

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Operating Point

    The DC input

    establishes an

    operating or

    quiescent point

    called the Q-point.

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    The Three Operating Regions

    Active or Linear Region Operation

    BaseEmitter junction is forward biased BaseCollector junction is reverse biased

    Cutoff Region Operation

    BaseEmitter junction is reverse biased

    Saturation Region Operation

    BaseEmitter junction is forward biased BaseCollector junction is forward biased

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    DC Biasing Circuits

    Fixed-bias circuit

    Emitter-stabilized bias circuit

    Collector-emitter loop

    Voltage divider bias circuit

    DC bias with voltage feedback

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Fixed Bias

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    The Base-Emitter Loop

    From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

    Solving for base current:

    +VCC IBRB VBE = 0

    B

    BECCB

    R

    VVI

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Collector-Emitter Loop

    Collector current:

    From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

    BC II

    CCCCCE RIVV

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Saturation

    When the transistor is operating in saturation, current

    through the transistor is at its maximum possible value.

    CR

    CCV

    CsatI

    VCE

    V 0

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Load Line Analysis

    ICsatIC = VCC / RC

    VCE = 0 V

    VCEcutoffVCE = VCC

    IC = 0 mA

    The Q-point is the operating point where the value of RB sets the

    value of IB that controls the values of VCE and IC .

    The load line end points are:

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    The Effect of VCC on the Q-Point

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    The Effect of RC on the Q-Point

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    The Effect of IB on the Q-Point

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit

    Adding a resistor

    (RE) to the emitter

    circuit stabilizes

    the bias circuit.

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Base-Emitter Loop

    From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

    01 EBBBCC R)I(RIV

    0 RIVRIV EEBEEECC

    EB

    BECCB

    )R(R

    VVI

    1

    Since IE = ( + 1)IB:

    Solving for IB:

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Collector-Emitter Loop

    From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

    0 VR I V R I CCCCCEEE

    Since IE IC:

    ) R (R I V V ECCCCCE

    Also:

    EBEBRCCB

    CCCCECEC

    EEE

    VV R I V V

    RIVV V V

    R I V

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Improved Biased Stability

    Stability refers to a condition in which the currents and

    voltages remain fairly constant over a wide range of

    temperatures and transistor Beta () values.

    Adding RE to the emitter improves

    the stability of a transistor.

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Saturation Level

    VCEcutoff: ICsat:

    The endpoints can be determined from the load line.

    mA0 I

    V V

    C

    CCCE

    ERCR

    CCV

    CI

    VCE

    V0

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Voltage Divider Bias

    The currents and

    voltages are nearly

    independent of any

    variations in .

    This is a very stable bias circuit.

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Approximate Analysis

    Where IB 10R2:

    From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

    21

    CC2B

    RR

    VRV

    E

    EE

    R

    VI

    BEBE VVV

    EECCCCCE RI RI V V

    )R (RIV V

    II

    ECCCCCE

    CE

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Voltage Divider Bias Analysis

    Transistor Saturation Level

    EC

    CCCmaxCsat

    RR

    VII

    Cutoff: Saturation:

    mA0 I

    VV

    C

    CCCE

    V0 VCE

    ER

    CR

    CCV

    CI

    Load Line Analysis

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    DC Bias With Voltage Feedback

    Another way to improve

    the stability of a bias

    circuit is to add a

    feedback path from

    collector to base.

    In this bias circuit the

    Q-point is only slightly

    dependent on the

    transistor beta, .

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Base-Emitter Loop

    )R(RR

    VVI

    ECB

    BECCB

    From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

    0 EEBEBBCCCC RIVRIRI V

    Where IB

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Applying Kirchoffs voltage law:

    IE + VCE + ICRC VCC = 0

    Since IC IC and IC = IB:

    IC(RC + RE) + VCE VCC =0

    Solving for VCE:

    VCE = VCC IC(RC + RE)

    Ch.4 Summary

    Collector-Emitter Loop

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Base-Emitter Bias Analysis

    Transistor Saturation Level

    EC

    CCCmaxCsat

    RR

    VII

    Cutoff Saturation

    mA0 I

    VV

    C

    CCCE

    V0 VCE

    ER

    CR

    CCV

    CI

    Load Line Analysis

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Transistor Switching Networks

    Transistors with only the DC source applied can be

    used as electronic switches.

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Switching Circuit Calculations

    C

    CCCsat

    R

    VI

    dc

    CsatB

    II

    Csat

    CEsatsat

    I

    VR

    CEO

    CCcutoff

    I

    VR

    Saturation current:

    To ensure saturation:

    Emitter-collector

    resistance at

    saturation and cutoff:

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Switching Time

    Transistor switching times:

    dron ttt

    fsoff ttt

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    Troubleshooting Hints

    Approximate voltages

    Test for opens and shorts with an ohmmeter.

    Test the solder joints.

    Test the transistor with a transistor tester or a curve tracer.

    Note that the load or the next stage affects the transistor

    operation.

    VBE .7 V for silicon transistors

    VCE 25% to 75% of VCC

  • Electronic Devices and Circuit TheoryBoylestad

    2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

    Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

    Ch.4 Summary

    PNP Transistors

    The analysis for pnp transistor biasing circuits is

    the same as that for npn transistor circuits. The

    only difference is that the currents are flowing in

    the opposite direction.


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