B

L

O

C

K

12

H

E

A

D

&

N

E

C

K

RHINORRHOEA, BLOCKED “NOSE” & ANOSMIA

AIRWAYWARMING OF AIRHUMIDIFICATION OF AIRCLEANING OF AIR SMELL (Food)SMELL (Protection)VOICE RESONANCENASAL REFLEXESSEXUAL

FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE

What can narrow or block a tube?

Something entering the lumen.

Something pushing in from neighbouring structures.

Something that is normally there, changes.

Normal contents

WHAT CAN GO WRONG???

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Embriology

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Cilia

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Septum

Muc.membrane

Secretions(N7)

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Turbs vascular

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(N7)

Foreign bodyTumour

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From outside

PAIN

Burning

Stabbing

Throbbing

Pressure

BLOCKED

Unilateral

Bilateral

Intermittent

Progressive

DISCHARGE

Watery/Mucoid

Yellow/Green

Blood

ANOSMIA

CACOSMIA

ITCHING

SNEEZING

EPISTAXIS

SINO-NASAL PATHOLOGYSYMPTOMS

Sensory olfactory epithelium

10 million receptor cells with 8-20olfactory cilia (non – motile)

40 nerve bundles transverse the cribiform plate – enter the anteriorcranial fossa and the olfactory bulb

Only volatile substances can be detected by the olfactory neurons and the molecules must be soluble in water and lipids.

Industrialdusts andpollutants

Drugs

Drugs

Medicalinterventions

Neoplasms

Neurological

Nutritional

Psychiatric

Drugs(65)

Endocrine

Infections

Nasal obstruction

Medicalinterventions

If the level of olfaction fluctuates or the use of a intranasal decongestant or steroid improves

olfaction, there is a conductive cause in the nasal space and it can be treated!

SINUS BAROTRAUMA

PAIN (ACUTE)EPISTAXIS

RxNASAL DECONGESTANT

++

+

+

VASCULAR Koue lugDrawwersMedikasieRinitis medicamentosa

MEDICATION

Rh Medicamentosa, A/ht, V, Progest, A/chol

Obstructive Sleep Disorder

1/25 adults (same as asthma and diabetes)

⅓

Altered autonomic control

Prolonged QT-interval

Atrial fibrillation

Hypoxia

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

20% MI and 15% sudden death

Depression of respiratory control

Decreased arterial oxygen saturation

Atrial fibrillation

Heart failure

Hypertension

Cardiovascular System

23,3%

Brain Infarction