b Functions of Bone Support and Protection shape and form underlying tissue protection.
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Transcript of b Functions of Bone Support and Protection shape and form underlying tissue protection.
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b
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Functions of Bone
Support and Protection
• shape and form
• underlying tissue protection
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Functions of Bone
Body Movement
• LeversBlood Cell Formation• hematopoiesisStorage of Inorganic Salts• quantity of calcium phosphate initiates
osteoblasts and osteoclasts• osteoporosis
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Functions of Bone
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Organization of the SkeletonAxial Skeleton• skull, hyoid, vertebral
column, thoracic cage
Appendicular Skeleton• pectoral girdle and upper
limbs
• pelvic girdle and lower limbs
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Cranial BonesFrontal• anterior; superior to eyes
Parietal• posterior to frontal• bulge on head
Occipital• posterior and base of
cranium
Temporal• lateral and base
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Cranial Bones
Sphenoid and ethmoid
• create sinuses• sinusitis
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Functions of the CraniumEnclose and protect the
brain
Paranasal sinuses
• reduce weight
• increase intensity of voice through resonance
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Jaw BonesMaxillary bone• upper jawMandible• MovableCleft Palate
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Infantile Skeleton development - SkullIncomplete development
Many fontanels (“soft spots”)• permit movement between bones; allow skull
to be compressed during birth• Allow for continued brain growth• Eventually fuse - sutures
Proportions are quite different from those in an adult skull
• small face• prominent forehead• large orbits
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Typical Vertebrae• Drum shaped body
• Body and bony arch surround spinal cord
• Notches provide the foramen for spinal nerves
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3 Types of VertebraeCervical
• first 7
Thoracic
• middle 12
Lumbar
• last 5
Scoliosis
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Cervical VertebraeBony axis of neck
Atlas• 1st vertebrae• supports and balances head
Axis• 2nd vertebrae• provides pivot of head
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Thoracic Vertebrae• Larger than
cervical
• Facets articulate with the ribs
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Lumbar VertebraeLarge and strong
Support most body weight
Sacrum• 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx (tailbone)• 4 fused vertebrae• lowest part of vertebral column
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Infantile Skeleton development – Vertebral Column
Spinal curvatures well developed – Primary curvatures
• Thoracic
• Sacral
Cervical curvature
• Develops as baby learns to lift his/her head
Lumbar curvature
• Develops during learning to sit and walk
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Disorders
Spina Bifida
• Vertebrae do not completely develop
• Genetic – quad screen test
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Spina Bifida
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Disorders
Herniated Disk
• Elastic portion of disk degenerates
• Back pain; loss of muscular function
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Thoracic CageShaped like an inverted coneRibsThoracic vertebraeSternum
• Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Costal Cartilage
• attach ribs to sternumWhy articulate with cartilage
instead of bone?
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Functions of the Thoracic Cage• Support pectoral girdle and arms
• Protect organs
–Heart and lungs
• Aid in breathing
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Ribs• 12 pairs
–first seven are true
–last five are false
• Curves around chest and slope downward
• Articulate with transverse process on vertebrae
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SternumBreast bone
Articulates with the clavicle
Red marrow
• produces RBCSternal puncture
• thin compact bone so easy to obtain marrow for diagnosis
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Pectoral Girdle • Incomplete ring• 2 Clavicles (collar bone)
– slender, elongated– hold shoulders in place– attachment site for
muscles of the arm, chest, back
• 2 Scapula (shoulder blade)– broad, triangular bones– articulates with humerus
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Upper LimbHumerus
• articulates with radius & ulna
Radius
• elbow to wrist
• articulates with humerus, ulna, wrist
Ulna
• overlaps humerus
• articulates laterally with radius
Hand
• carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
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Pelvic GirdlePelvis• sacrum, coccyx, girdle2 Coxal bones (3 fused
bones)• Ilium (hipbone)• Ischium (“butt” bone
tuberosity• Pubis
• Fused at the symphysis pubis
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Lower Limb• Femur– knee to hip– longest bone in the body
• Tibia– shinbone
• Fibula– lateral to tibia– bears no weight
• Foot– Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges– calcaneus
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Male v. Female Skeleton Male• larger• hip bones more narrow• more bone mass
Female• wider hip bones• angle at symphysis pubis is greater• less bone mass