(BEFORE THE RENAISSANCE) THEOCRACY

A theocracy is a form of government where religious rulers run the government.

Prior to the beginning of the Renaissance, lands were ruled by feudal kings or the Roman Catholic Church.The Church had religious power.The Church controlled people’s beliefs.The Church had economic power.The Church had political power.The Church was NOT controlled by the king.

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THE SPREAD OF IDEASDURING THE RENAISSANCE

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Nicolaus Copernicus. He developed the theory that the sun was the center of the universe, an idea that was considered scandalous because the prevailing view was that the Earth was the center of the universe.

Galileo Galilei-He invented an accurate telescope.

Johannes Kepler- He is most well-known for his discovery that the planets move in orbits that are elliptical in shape.

Johannes Gutenberg-He invented a printing press with movable type that allowed for faster printing. 3

A CHANGE IN THOUGHT The Renaissance was a widespread

change in culture and thought that took place in Europe beginning in the 1300s.

Italy was the cradle of change. Italian city-states were not under the control of a king or the Roman Catholic Church.

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HUMANISM

The thing that sparked most of the excitement during the Renaissance was humanism which focused on the ideas and actions of the individuals.

Scholars searched the world through questioning and investigation.

People were inspired by Classical civilizations like the Greeks and Romans.

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JOHANNES GUTENBERG About 1450 a German printer

named Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type used on a printing press.

The printing press used many small pieces of metal with single letters or numbers that could be arranged in trays to form rows of words and could be easily changed.

The printing process became much easier and faster. 6

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JOHANNES GUTENBERGPrior to the invention of movable

type:Books were copied by hand.Books were printed with blocks of

carved wood that were inked and stamped.

(The first book) In 1455 Gutenberg printed a 1,200 page Bible.

Books became cheaper and more widespread.

Through the printed page, ideas of the Renaissance spread quickly through Europe.

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GUTENBERG BIBLE

• Each copy of the Gutenberg Bible used as many as three million metal letters.

• It took several months, many workers, and six printing presses to make.

• Of the 200 copies that were made, approximately 40 exist today. 9

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE William Shakespeare, considered

the greatest writer of the Renaissance, was famous for plays and poems.

Ordinary people, nobles, and royalty alike crowded London’s Globe Theatre to see Shakespeare’s plays.Romeo and Juliet Julius CaesarAntony and CleopatraHamletKing Lear

He wrote at least 37 plays based on ancient works.

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NEW IDEAS IN SCIENCE (1500s) Nicolaus Copernicus presented

mathematical calculations to prove the Earth revolved around the sun and was not the center of the universe.

(1600s) Galileo proved Copernicus’s theory with the invention of his telescope. It showed the Earth did move around the sun.

(1600s) Isaac Newton formed the theory of gravity, and explained how the planets circle the sun.

Newton followed a scientific method that required ideas to be tested through observing and experimenting. 11

GALILEO AND THE TELESCOPE

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RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

• Renaissance architects drew ideas from ancient Greece and Rome. (columns, arch, dome)

• Medieval churches were built in the shape of a cross.

• Architects designed buildings in a circular shape.

• In the ancient world, the circle (a simple, clean figure) represented the perfect shape.

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NEOPLATONISM As part of the "re-birth" of classical

civilizations, thinkers in the Renaissance were interested in writings of thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle. 

The goal of Neoplatonist thinkers: was to incorporate Platos ideas such as realism into a combination of teachings that blended classical philosophy and Catholic doctrines.

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WHO FOLLOWED…. NEOPLATONISM Leonardo da Vinci 

was an Italian architect, anatomist, sculptor, engineer, inventor, musician, and painter. 

He was considered to be the best example of the "Renaissance Man"

Da Vinci also studied the anatomy of the human body by dissecting male and female corpses of different ages and drawing what he saw.

His most famous works include Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Vitruvian Man.

Dante Alighieri  was an Italian poet whose most famous work was The Divine

Comedy.  The Divine Comedy was known as one of the greatest works

of literature in the Middle Ages. The Divine comedy was also important in establishing the modern Italian language by increasing its use in literature. 15

WHO FOLLOWED…. NEOPLATONISM Botticelli 

was an Italian painter who lived in Florence.  His famous works include The Birth of Venus, Primavera, and the

Adoration of the Magi. Raphael 

was an Italian painter and architect.  His famous works include Madonna del Granduca, The Small

Cowper Madonna, and the The Alba Madonna. Michelangelo di Buonarroti Simoni 

an Italian artist, sculptor, architect, and poet.  His most famous work is the Sistine Chapel ceiling, which took

four years to complete (1508-1512).  Other famous works are The Last Judgment, the sculpture

of David, La Pietà, and the dome of St. Peter's Basilica.

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BELL TOWER OF PISA A freestanding bell

tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa.

Construction began in 1173 and continued until 1372 (177 yrs.) when the 7th floor and bell tower (8th floor) were completed.

The tower began to sink after the 3rd floor was added due to an unstable foundation. 17

MARCO POLO

 became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China prior to the beginning of the Renaissance.

The trade routes that made up the Silk Road had been around for centuries. During his travels, Marco Polo became friends with the Chinese ruler Kublai Khan. Polo traveled around China and documented his travels in a journal. His tales increased European interest in places in the Far East like China.

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CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 

Italian explorer who sailed for Spain.  He believed that ships could reach China by

sailing west, across the Atlantic. Instead of reaching China, Columbus discovered the Americas. 

European nations began exploring and colonizing the Americas, which led to the growth of European empires.

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SOCIETY During the Renaissance, Europe's economy

was mostly rural and agricultural, so land ownership was a sign of social status and a source of income. Peasants, called serfs, worked as tenant farmers, which meant they lived and worked on the fields owned by a landlord. This system was known as feudalism.

 This economic shift set the foundation for the growth of mercantilism during the Age of Exploration.

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MERCANTILISM

can be described as the idea that the wealth available in the world is limited, and one country could only get rich at the expense of another country. Governments attempted to become wealthy by controlling more land

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GOVERNMENT

     During the Renaissance, Italy was made up of individual city-states ruled by wealthy families.  For example, in Florence, the Medici family ruled

from 1434 to 1537.  Other countries, however, were unified into a

single nation and ruled by kings or nobility. Niccolò Machiavelli a political philosopher

who lived in Florence.  His most famous work was The Prince, in which

he commented on the political environment in Florence and argued that a ruler should do whatever is necessary in order to maintain control of the state.

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End of Ren. Start with reformation

INTERACTIONS IN THE FIRST GLOBAL AGE

Tax policies Throughout Europe, the Catholic Church collected taxes from its

subjects and sent a large portion of those money to the Pope in Italy. 

Churches did not pay taxes to the nation that the church was in, which frustrated Europe's monarchs.

Indulgences Indulgences were a further aspect of Catholic policy that

angered many.  An indulgence can be described as a policy in which the

punishment of a sin can be fully or partially remitted.  During the late Renaissance period, one way a person could earn

an indulgence was through a donation to the Church.  The reformers believed this policy led to corruption

because, a wealthy person could not be punishment or atonement of a sin by donating a large amount of money to the Church. 

Though this practice helped the Church earn more money, many saw indulgences as a way of "buying" one's way into heaven. 23

REFORMATION FIGURES

John Calvin: French theologian and namesake of Calvinism.  Taught that people are all at the mercy of God

and that God accomplishes the salvation of sinners through their obedience of faith.

William Tyndale: English scholar who translated the Bible into the English of his day. This became the first translation to be made from the original Hebrew and Greek, and the new English translation was the first to be printed. Tyndale was also a chief promoter of the Reformation in England. 24

REFORMATION FIGURES Martin Luther: 

He printed and posted a list of complaints against the Catholic Church, known as the 95 Theses, on the door of a Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. 

The Theses challenged the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and sparked a debate that led to the development of Protestantism.

Desiderius Erasmus:  who believed that faith in the atonement(asking forgiveness) of Christ was the only guarantee of eternal life, rather than the observance of the sacraments and rituals of the church.

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PROTESTANTISM SPREADS THROUGHOUT EUROPE

In his 95 Theses, Martin Luther brought up a number of grievances with the Catholic Church. With the help of the newly invented printing press, the message from Martin Luther spread around Europe. 

The division of the Christian faith into two factions, Protestant and Catholic, soon began.

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NATIONALISM During this same time, nationalism was also

growing in Europe. This resulted in feelings of loyalty to the nation in which a person lived, rather than to the Church.

As a result, some European nations became Protestant, with the government as the authority in the land, and the church subordinate to civil authority. 

This idea allowed the Church its own form of governing, usually as a group of church officials, but required the Church to follow government rules and laws. 27

EUROPE'S SPLIT Catholic: Italy,

Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Poland and parts of France remained Catholic countries after the Reformation.

Protestant: Germany, England, Switzerland, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark became Protestant countries.

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THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

The Age of Exploration was a time of discovery of new lands, innovations in cartography and trade, and the exchange of cultures and ideas from distant lands. European exploration of North and South America increased interaction among different regions of the world. Below are some notable European explorers and their accomplishments.

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VOYAGES AND THEIR INFLUENCE

Prince Henry the Navigator: Prince Henry the Navigator was a Portuguese prince who sponsored many expeditions along Africa's west coast. 

Henry the Navigator's explorers discovered the Azores, the Madeira Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands during the mid-1400s.  The knowledge that the explorers gained led the

way for later Portuguese explorers and the creation of the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century.

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Christopher Columbus:  An Italian explorer and trader, Columbus crossed the

Atlantic Ocean and reached the Americas in 1492.  He claimed the land in the name of Spain.  His voyage marked the beginning of European

exploration and the colonization of the Americas.o Sir Walter Raleigh: 

o Raleigh was a British explorer.o He led expeditions to both North America and South

America. o He was trying to create new settlements, find gold,

and increase trade with the Americas. o Queen Elizabeth I granted Raleigh a charter to start a

colony in North America. In 1585, Raleigh sent a group of colonists to Roanoke on the North Carolina coast.  31

John Cabot:  John Cabot was an Italian navigator and explorer

who sailed for England.  In 1497, he explored the coast of Newfoundland

in Canada and New England while looking for the Northwest Passage to Asia. 

He claimed the area for England. Cabot is known as the first European to land on

the North American mainland since the Vikings.

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Vasco da Gama  In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama

became the first person to sail directly from Europe to India by going around Africa. It was the first sea route that would allow trade with the Far East. It became an alternate to the Silk Road caravan routes. The trade route he established gave Portugal an advantage over its Spanish rivals.

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Samuel de Champain:  French explorer Champlain founded Quebec on the St.

Lawrence River in Canada in 1608. This was the first permanent French settlement in

North America.  Champlain established trading posts and traded with

the Huron and other Native American tribes for fur which was then exported to France.

René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle:  La Salle was a French explorer. He sailed down the

Ohio River in hopes of finding the Pacific Ocean, without success. 

In 1682, La Salle became the first European to reach the mouth of the Mississippi River. 

He claimed the Mississippi River valley for France. He also named the area Louisiana after King Louis XIV of France.

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Henry Hudson:  Hudson was an English navigator and explorer. In

1609, Hudson sailed for the Dutch and explored what is now New York state. He sailed up the Hudson River, believing that it was a route to Asia. He claimed the area near the river for the Dutch. A 1610-1611 trip through the Hudson Strait and into Hudson Bay ended in a mutiny. His crew left Hudson, his son, and seven crew members adrift in a small, open boat in Hudson Bay. A river, a strait, and a bay in North America are named for him.

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IMPROVEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY Cartography, or the plotting of lands on a map,

became more important as more lands were discovered.

Accurate maps were needed to lay claim to an area and defend it from other explorers and countries. 

The compass and the astrolabe made it easier for people to figure out where they were.  The astrolabe was an instrument that had been used

by the ancient Greeks to calculate the position of the sun and stars

New technology also improved ship building for the Europeans. In the 15th century, the Portuguese invented the caravel: a type of ship that used triangular sails to help sail against the wind and rudders to help steer. 36

EXCHANGES AND EFFECTS

 As European nations discovered new lands, they established overseas colonies and found new trade routes.

 The New World had plants, animals, and culture never before seen.  These items were in high demand by the royalty

and nobility. They were traded for high prices.  The economy in Europe started to grow as

countries fought to be the first to come back with a new good. 

Europeans traded their goods with the natives. Europeans also brought diseases to the

Americas. 37

ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHY WAS THERE RELIGIOUS CONFLICT IN 16TH CENTURY?

REVIEW!

WHAT DID PEOPLE BELIEVE AT THE START OF THE 16TH CENTURY?

If you died with sin you would go to either Purgatory or straight to hell.

You had to go to Church and get the Priest to clean your Soul of sin.

If you died with a clean Soul you would go to heaven.

WHAT ELSE DID PEOPLE BELIEVE AT THE START OF THE 16TH CENTURY?

If you went on a Crusade you could earn time out of Purgatory

You could buy an Indulgence which was like a “get out of jail free” card for Purgatory.

WHO WAS MARTIN LUTHER?

A German monkHe compared the Latin Catholic Bible with the original Hebrew bible & found that parts were incorrectly translated.Luther hung his research on the local Church door in1517.He disagreed with the Pope and began the Protestant religion.

You Don’t have to go to Church to get your soul cleaned.

The Church is wrong to sell indulgences

People should read the Bible in their own language not Latin.

WHAT DID MARTIN LUTHER BELIEVE?

A CATHOLIC CHURCH

CATHOLIC CHURCH

Clothes worn by Catholic Priest in 16th Century

Notice the image of Christ

A PROTESTANT CHURCH

CLOTHES WORN BY PROTESTANT VICARS (PRIESTS)

WHAT OTHER CHANGES TOOK PLACE IN PROTESTANT CHURCHES?