B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce ------------------ Antibodies.
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Transcript of B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce ------------------ Antibodies.
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B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce ------------------
Antibodies
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Name the structure which is often referred to as the pacemaker of the heart
Sino-atrial node / SA node
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Name this cellB-lymphocyte
Name this cell
Plasma cells
Name this cell
Memory B-cells
Name this cell
T-cell
Name this cell
APC
Name this cell
T helper cell
Name this cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Name this cell
Virus infected host cell
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Name 1 characteristic of non-specific immunity (aside from it’s non-specificity)
No memory
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Identify whether these are part of innate immune response or the acquired immune response
Natural killer cells Innate
Lymphocytes Innate
MacrophagesInnate and acquired
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Humoral immunity is mediated by which type of lymphocytes?
B-lymphocytes
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What surface marker is present on helper T-cells?
CD 4
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Which type of immunity involves antigen-presenting cells?(A)Humoral immunity(B)Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
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Name 2 components of saliva
1. Salivary amylase2. Mucin3. Lysozyme
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What are villi? Where are they found?What is it’s functionWhat kind of cells line the villus
Villi are finger like projections On the walls of the small intestineWhere absorption of digested food occursIt is lined by columnar epithelium
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What are gastric pits?
Depressions in the stomach lining that lead to gastric glands
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What three things are produced by the gastric glands?
1. Pepsinogen2. HCl3. Mucin
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How is pepsinogen activated?
The longer inactive pepsinogen is cleaved to form pepsin by the HCl.
The resultant pepsin activates formation of more of itself ( + feedback)
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What is chyme?
The partially digested food that is present in the stomach. Is usually acidic and Can be described as a soupy liquid
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Where does chyme go? What controls it’s flow?
Chyme leaves the stomach to enter the duodenumThe pyloric sphincter controls it’s flow into the duodenum
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Name one protein-digesting enzyme produced by the pancreas
Trypsin / Chymotrypsin
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While chyme is acidic, the food in the duodenum is neutral in pHWhat secretion is responsible for this pH change?
The bicarbonate base in the pancreatic juice
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Which enzyme breaks down fats?Which organ produces this enzyme?Where does fat digestion occur?Is fat absorbed through the blood or lymph?
LipasePancreasSmall intestioneLymph (lacteal vessel)
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Which bacterium causes ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
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Type-1 diabetesAlso called as?Time of onset? Pathology – what is the trouble?Treatment?
Juvenile diabetes Young age
Destruction of pancreatic cellsthat produce insulin.An auto-immune disorder
Insulin supplementation
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Type-2 diabetesAlso called as?Time of onset? Pathology – what is the trouble?
Adult-onset diabetes Middle/old age
Insulin receptor deficiency or malfunction
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Which two hormones control blood glucose levels?
Insulin and glucagon
Which organ is responsible for the release of these hormones?
Pancreas
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Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?
Insulin
Which cells are the targets of insulin?
Muscle and liver cells
What exactly does insulin do?
Induces muscle and liver cells to take up glucose from blood stream and store it as glycogen
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Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are low?
Glucagon
Glucagon is produced by -----------------
Pancreas
What are the targets of glucagon? Muscle and liver cells
What exactly does glucagon do?
Promotes muscle and liver cells to break-down glycogen and release glucose
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What hormone is produced by the stomach?
Gastrin
What is gastrin’s function?
Promotes release of gastric juices by the stomach
When is gastrin secreted?
Only when chyme is present
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Name the hormone produced by adipose tissue
Leptin
Does leptin stimulate or suppress appetite?
suppresses appetite
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What hormones are produced by the duodenum?
CCK and secretin
What are the functions of CCK and secretin?
CCK suppresses appetite
CCK and secretin promote release of bile by the gall bladderAnd pancreatic juice by the pancreas
When are these hormones produced?
Only when chyme is present in the duodenum
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What protects the stomach from it’s own acids?
The layer of mucus that lines the stomach
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Name the chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body
Right atrium
Which 2 blood vessels bring all this deoxygenated blood?
Superior and inferior vena cava
Where does the blood go from here?
To the right ventricle
Which valve controls the flow of blood in this direction?
Tricuspid valve Is this valve supported by chordae tendanae?
Yes
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What are chordae tendanae, exactly?
Chords of tendon that anchor valves the walls of the ventricle
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
Which blood vessel carries blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
Does it carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated
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What are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?
Systole and diastole
What cardiac events characterize systole?
Ventricles contractBlood is pushed up the arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta)SL valves are open; AV valves closeLubbExerts pressure on the arteries – measured as 120 mm of Hg
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Name 1 factor that affects systole
Exercise
Name 1 factor that affects diastole
Hardening of the arteries – leading to poor arterial recoil
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