B. Analysing the dynamics of biosafety research in the EU and the USA

B. Analysing the dynamics of biosafety B. Analysing the dynamics of biosafety research in the EU and the USAresearch in the EU and the USAResearch aims Analyse how do

cognitive/scientific/technical factors regulatory context factors public debate configuration factorsinteract and shape a policy-relevant research field ?

In a world-wide and comparative scope

Question: Are new scientific patterns emerging under Europe’s precautionnary paradigm ?

has the regulatory gap between USA and EU generated differents scientific objects, problems, suddomains?

Has this generated any added-value for science ?

The databaseThe database1. Search in CAB abstracts 1984-2003topics = (plant* or crop*)

AND (GM or gmo* or GE or recombin* or genetically* or transgen* or living modified or LMO* or novel traits)AND (risk* or hazard* or evaluation or asses* or impact* or biosafe* or safe* or manage* or monitor* or environment* or gene flow or non target or co-exist* or sustainab* or health* or release* or contaminat* or spread* or pollut* or persisten* or fitness or into wild population or wild relative* or gene transfer or toxic* or invasi* or non-target or nontarget or beneficial insect* or gene instability or gene silencing or gene exchange or dispersal or escape or dna uptake or encapsidation or transcapsidation or heteroencapsidation or transgenic complementation)

OR

topics = (food* or feed*) AND (GM or gmo* or GE or recombin* or genetically* or transgen* or living modified or LMO* or novel traits)AND (risk* or asses* or impact* or biosafe* or safe* or manage* or monitor* or health* or hazard* or evaluation or contaminat* or pollut* or toxic* or detect* or quantify*) NOT (plant* or crop*) 18070 items

2. Keep journal articles in ISI indexed journals

3. Filter (relevance: GMP biosafety) 1667 items

GM plant biosafety research (articles in indexed journals output, N=1667)

1

10

100

1000

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

Biosafety research in the USA and the EUBiosafety research in the USA and the EU

Similar output volume

…but differents patterns

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

USA

EU (15)

USA : subdomains (keywords clusters)USA : subdomains (keywords clusters)

GM Feed and food

Agr. entomol.

Mol. biol and virol.

Weed management Gene flow

EU : subdomains (keywords clusters)EU : subdomains (keywords clusters)

selectable markers

biosafetyOil plants

rape

weeds

herbicides

herbicide resistance

gene flow

Insect pests

pest resistancegenes

gene expression

agricultural entomology

risk assessment

release

control

plant pests

glufosinate

maize

Pest control

transgenics

potatoes

reviews

resistance

interspecific hybridization

plant pathogensplant pathology

food safety

wild relatives

polymerase chain reaction

plant diseases

tobacco

foods

DNA

stimulant plants

plant breeding

hybridization

risk

disease resistance

molecular genetics

soyabeans

Biology

pollen

entomopathogenic bacteria

root crops

genetics

toxins

glyphosate

nontarget effects

legislation

natural enemies

environmental impact

sugarbeet

Pathogenstomatoes

cereals

intergeneric hybridization

enzymes

regulations

bacterial insecticidescultivars

toxicity

rice

entomopathogensvegetables

tolerance

chemical control

pesticides

gene transfer

insect control

public opinion

coat proteins

plant genetic resources

biological control agents

dispersal

biological control

seed production

survival

genetic markers backcrossing

larvae

detection

sugar crops

weed control

phosphinothricin acetyltransferase

microbial pesticides

swede rape

pollination

parasitoids

lectins

insecticides

nucleotide sequences

trypsin inhibitors

ecology

analytical methods

volunteer plants

introgression

proteinase inhibitors

European Union

Herbicide resistant weedscrop plants as weeds

reporter genes

methodology

plant pathogenic fungi

labelling

nontarget organisms

allergens

flowering

plant parasitic nematodes

invasion

lines

evolution

food allergies safety

oilseed plants

growth

effects

promoters

plant pathogenic bacteria

agglutinins

genomes

fruitsfood products

models

leaves

consumer attitudes

contamination

marker genes

population dynamics

beta-glucuronidase

population genetics

Potyvirus

proteins

food legislation

Mol. Biol. and Virol.

Detection

Agr. entomology

Weed management - geneflow

GM Food safety

Coautorship network in the EU (15)Coautorship network in the EU (15)

Gatehouse A M R

Gatehouse J A

Renard MEber F

Chevre A M

J ouanin L

Pham-Delegue M H

Poppy G M

Darmency H

Baranger A

Kuiper H A

Nap J P

Down R E

Kok E J

Girard C

Clark S J

Kleter G A

Denholm I

Stiekema W J

Schuler T H

Noteborn H P J M

Bonade-Bottino M

Metz P L J

Hilder V A

Fleury A

Ravelonandro M

Bourguet D

Fitches E C

Peumans W J

Dunez J

Damme E J M van

Kaiser L Boulter D

Dale P J

J acquet C

Lefol E

Christou P

Raybould A F

Wilkinson M J

Pilate G

Gueritaine G

Kimber I

Chaufaux J

Charters Y M

Dearman R J

Wackernagel W

Pohl-Orf M

Vries J de

Bartsch D

Scheffler J A

Hammes W P Flachowsky G

Pusztai A

Hertel CAulrich K

Anklam E

Williams I H

Gray A J

Viard F

Conner A J

Eede G van den

Senior I J

J orgensen R B

Hauser T P

Perry J N

Astwood J D

Andow D A

Pietsch K

Smalla K

Buschman L L

Lavigne C

Taylor S L

Taylor M L

Strauss S H

Ellstrand N C

Snow A A

Malone L A

Linscombe S D

Transgenes detection

Gene flow Impacts of Virus

resistant GMP

Food safety

impact of insect resistant GMP

Cattle feeding studies

Mol. Biology and plant biotech.

Coautorship network in the USACoautorship network in the USA

Tabashnik B E

Carriere Y

Dennehy T J

Liu YB

Shelton A M

Sims M A

Earle E D

Patin A L

Stewart C N J r

Raymer P L

Roush R TZhao J Z

Fuchs R L

All J N

Tang J D

Ellers-Kirk C

Hellmich R L

Gould F

Cao J

Sears M K

Grafius E J

Onstad D W

Hammond B GHiggins R A

Head G P

Douches D S

Taylor M L

Andow D ADively G P

Pett W L

Buschman L L

Reed G L

Buntin G D

Padgette S R

Obrycki J J

Guse C A

Astwood J DJ esse L C H

Hartnell G F

Heckel D G

Kennedy G G

Donegan K K

Alstad D N

Hutchison W D

Seidler R J

Parrott W A

Nickson T E

Sumerford D V

Linder C R

Duan J J

Snow A A

J ohnson M T

Rieseberg L HHalfhill M D

Hardee D D

Bernal J S

Stotzky G

Setamou M

Gonsalves D

Schmitt J

Saxena D

Adamczyk J J J r

Perlak F J

Leonard B R

Fuchs M

Gore J

Grumet R

Hancock J F

Taylor S L

Rice M E

Berry R E

Whalon M E

Deaton W R

Kareiva P

Strauss S H

Bt toxin in soils

Gene flow

Impacts of Virus resistant GMP

Impacts of insects resistant GM Plants

A transatlantic gap in GM crops biosafety A transatlantic gap in GM crops biosafety resarch…resarch…

EU USA

agr. entomology

weeds management

gene flow

Other

food safety

virus resistance

Cairns

non target insects

detection

India-China-Brazil

feed

biodiversity

horizontal gene flow

Continents drift : 1984-96 Continents drift : 1984-96

EU USA

weeds

Agricultural entomology

Gene flow

Cairns

Virus resistanceFood safety

Nontarget

Nontarget insects

biodiversity

Feed

Detection

IndChinBraz

Horizontal gene transfer

EU USA


weeds

Gene flow

Food safety

Cairns

Virus resistance

DetectionNontarget

IndChinBraz

Nontarget insects


biodiversity

Feed

Continents drift : 1997-99, the turning pointContinents drift : 1997-99, the turning point

Continents drift : 1984-96 Continents drift : 1984-96

EU USA

weeds


Gene flow

Cairns

Virus resistanceFood safety

Nontarget

Nontarget insects

biodiversity

Feed

Detection

IndChinBraz


Main countries’ biosafety research profileMain countries’ biosafety research profile

USA agr. entomology

weeds management

gene flow

UK

France

food safety

virus resistanceGermany

non target insects

Canada

detection

Australia

Switzerland

Netherlands

feed J apanItaly

New Zealand

China

India

biodiversity

Denmark


Spain

Austria

Belgium

« gene flow » domain« gene flow » domain

0 0 2 2

10 11

26 16

28 20

25 13

27 22 20

26

0

50

100

150

200

250

1984-88

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003 (est.)

-0,0500,050,10,150,20,250,30,35

Gene flow

Biosafety

%Gene flow inBiosafety

CAB1551_corpus1+2_flow_04a_TopAuteursTn

Aut CompteDeID

Chevre A M 12 Darmency H 11 Eber F 10 Renard M 10 Dale P J 8 Rieseberg L H 8 Jorgensen R B 7 Kareiva P 7 Snow A A 7 Linder C R 6 Lavigne C 6 Baranger A 6 Wilkinson M J 6 Raybould A F 6 Bartsch D 5 Ellstrand N C 5 Reboud X 4 Fleury A 4 Gouyon P H 4 Conner A J 4 Felber F 4 Strauss S H 4 Gray A J 4 Stewart C N Jr 4 Hauser T P 4 Daniell H 4 Schmitt J 4 Lefol E 4 O'Brien E T 3 Nap J P 3 Andersen B 3 Hokanson S C 3 Ostergard H 3 Scheffler J A 3 Pohl-Orf M 3 Grumet R 3 Mikkelsen T R 3 Savova-Bianchi D 3 Stiekema W J 3 Williamson M 3 Dijk H van 3 Messean A 3 Charters Y M 3 Raymer P L 3

Renard M

Eber F

Chevre A M

Baranger A

Darmency H

Wilkinson M J

Dubbels S JO'Brien E T

Charters Y M

J orgensen R B

Fleury ALavigne C

Bartsch D

Rieseberg L H

Lefol E

Raybould A F

Snow A A

Gouyon P H

Pohl-Orf M

Linder C R

Scott S E

Grumet R

Hokanson S C

Hauser T P

Hancock J F

Ostergard HMikkelsen T R

Ellstrand N C

Reboud X

Dale P J

Gueritaine GGray A J

Felber F

Picault H

Savova-Bianchi D

Timmons A M

Schmitt J

Scheffler J A

Raymer P L

Barret P

Andersen B

Nap J P

Dijk H van

Kerlan M C

Stewart C N J r

Stiekema W J

Messean A

Kareiva P

Vallee P

Godelle B

Seiler G J

Danielou V

Brand UMorak C

Schuphan I

Keller-Senften J

Parkinson R

Conner A J

Strauss S H

Metz P L J

Giddings G D

Harding K

Morris W F

Guadagnuolo R

Klein E K

Mogg R J

Halfhill M D

Saeglitz C

Arias D M

J ensen J

Arriola P E

Varma S

Champolivier J

Brunner A MBoudry P

Burke J M

Daniell H

Desplanque BDiFazio S P

Saumitou-Laprade P

Pierre J

Pessel F D

Gardner K A

Gliddon C J

Parker I M

Hayward M D

Lecomte J

Klinger T

Sackville Hamilton N R

GeneGene flowflow

GM Food safety domainGM Food safety domain

Food safety sub-domain

0

5

10

15

20

25

1984-9

2

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

World

EU

USA

Food Food safetysafety

Fuchs R LAstwood J D

Pusztai A

Naylor M W

Hammond B G

Bardocz S

Magin K MReed A J

Finn R F

Kozianowski G

Kuiper H A

Leimgruber R M

Kleiner J

Muller D

Kimber ITaylor S L

Padgette S R

Bailey M R

Nida D L

Noteborn H P J M

Kleter G A

Damme E J M vanPeumans W J

Grant G

Kok E J

Cockburn A

Peijnenburg A

Dearman R J

Engel K H

Brooke-Taylor S

J onas D A

Oehlschlager S L

Helm R M

Healy M

Kelly L

Hefle S L

Stiekema W JNap J P

Flachowsky G

Lehrer S BRogers S G

Nordlee J A

Kretzmer K A

Aulrich K

Ream J E

Burnette B LHarrison L A

Conner A J

Taylor M L

Mitsky T ANickson T E

Brown D S

Boyle D M

Hepburn P

Bishop B F

Knorr D

Kimack N M

Duguid T

J ennings M GHowlett J

Hendriks H

Edwards D G

Elmadfa IHeller K J

Frazier R B

Harlander S K

Kok W

Hulscher S

Walker RKoninkx J

Poulsen M

Perrin I

Narbonne J F

Konig A

Wackernagel W

Smith C E

Reese G

Sarlo K

Taylor N B

Holden L R Kerkvliet N I

Ewen S W B

MacDonald J

Herman E M

Mlynarova L Galway N

Bittisnich D

Brent P

Townsend R

Graf L

Metcalfe D D

Sampson H A

Ladics G S

Knippels L M JDong W M

Holsapple M P

Stone S

Goodman R E

Caddick H

Goodman R

Bush R K

Rice E A

Silvanovich A

Tabe L M

Schroeder H E

Chrispeels M J

Horner W E

Liehne P

Alonso R

Kinney A J

J ung R

Aumaitre A

Bannon G

Betts C J

Piva G

Holleschak G

Hileman R E

Higgins T J V

Metz P L J

Townsend J A

Chesson A

Pasteau S

Thomas L A

Basketter D A

Burks A W

Brandenburg W

Wagenaar J

Brown A

Atkinson H

Weseman J M

Hird H

Lommen A

Louwaars N

Wilson P

Akhlaghi A R

Mahe S

McGloughlin M N

J agt R C van der

J acobs J M E

Meredith C

Pumphrey R

Hoban T J Iv

Chassy B M

Nair R S

Opara E I

Pascal G

Hanley A B

Gilissen L J W

Reece P

Falk M C

Schuette S A

Sunderland J

Chisholm J

Hughson E

Monsanto

Syngenta

U. Nebraska

Rowett Ins.

RIKILT

Food Authority, Canberra

Food sci. lab. CSL York

« Detection » research« Detection » research

Sub-domain "detection" (N=57)

0

5

10

15

20

25

1984-1

991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003 (e

st.)

EU

USA

World

Anklam E Pietsch K

Eede G van den Brodmann P

Parkes H C

Lipp M

Schimmel H

Waiblinger H U

J oudrier PGautier M F

Terry C F

Harris N

Alary R

McDowell D G

Heinze P

Broll HZagon J

Magin K

Hubner P

Stave J W

Kruse L

Eyquem F

Shanahan D J

Bluth A

Ballam L D

Pauwels J

Gadani F Kay S

Bridges A R

J ouira H B

Pijnenburg HWurz A

Wehling P

Sirven J P

Serin A

Popping B

Meyer R

Maury D

Luthy J

Kuiper H A

Lawruk T S

Archard C L

Bogl K WJankiewicz A

El-Sanhoty R

Birch L

Spiegelberg A

Studer E

Linke B

Grohmann L

Gutmann M

Hadrich J

Aarts H J M

Bertheau Y

Candrian U

Diolez AKobilinsky A

Hohne M

Kok E JHoef A M A van

Santisi C R

European Network of GMO Laboratories (ENGL)

Other levels of analysisOther levels of analysis

Scientometric analysis of publications is only a first exploratory level of analysis, other levels are :

Research projects (whether awarded or not)x France (about 200 projects, 1991-2003)

x USDA (Biotech risk assesst. prg, 1992-2003, 130 projects)

? Eur. Commission

Research institutions Scientists individual trajectories

USDA projectsUSDA projects

1992-95 1999-2002

1996-98

virus

geneplants

resistance

recombination

gene_flow/ introgression

wild

spread

populations

recombinant

ecological

bt

soil

fungi

modeling

species

insects

crops

transgenes

release

field

communitiesweed/y

entomopathogenic

environmentalfitness

microbes

herbicide

tolerant

adaptation

strains

stability

rna

rhizosphereevolution

exchange

fate

ringspot

Virus R GMP

GMMicroorg.

gene flow Modeling

Bt resist. management

Ecological and evolutionnist studies

Stability of the construction

gene flow

Knudsen G R

Snow A AHoward R D

Muir W M

Abbott A G

Johnson G A

J ourney A M

Ostlie K R

Rajapakse S

Strauss S H

Alexander H M

Gonsalves D

Rieseberg L

Stewart C N J r

All J N

Scherba G

Guo X

Allen S K J r

Mallory-Smith C

Belanger F C Ellstrand N C

Hirano S

Dandur L M C

Allison R F

Andrews R E J r

Heckel D G

Falk B W

Bergelson J

Fuxa J R

Power A G

Raymer P

Spira T

Tonkyn D W

Raymer P L

Bidwell C

Kapuscinski A R

Pilson D J

Tonkyn D

Spira T P

DiFazio S P

Day P R

Adams W TCarson J

Bruening G

Brown J

Clayton M

Winterer J

Thill D

Meilan R

Meagher T R

Loynachan T ELoynachan T

Leonardi S

Knusden G R

Hahn E C

Upper C

Ferreira S A

Weigel R

Weigel R M

Hibbs D E

Hart S

Hahn E

Garman S L

Gahan L J

Fuchs M

RESEARCH PROJECT :

Exploring the history of GM crops biosafety research using relational data

analysis

Christophe Bonneuil (Centre Koyré d’Histoire des Sciences, Cnrs, Paris)

Andrei Mogoutov (Aguidel)

Etienne Klein (INRA, Avignon) Fabien Moll-François (Centre Koyré)

1984-961984-96

USA weeds management

agr. entomology

gene flow

UK

virus resistance

France

food safety

Canada

Germany

Netherlands

Denmark

J apan

Australia

non target insects

Switzerland

New Zealand

biodiversity

Belgium

feed

Italy

detection


China

Spain

India

1997-19991997-1999

USA agr. entomology

weeds management

gene flow

UK food safety

France

virus resistance

Germany

Australia

detection

Denmark

non target insects

Netherlands

Switzerland

J apan

Canada

Italy


India

Austria

New Zealand

Belgium

biodiversity

feed

2000-20012000-2001

USA agr. entomology

weeds management

UK

gene flow

France

non target insects

Germany

food safety

virus resistance

Canada

India

detection

Switzerland

Australia

New Zealand

feedNetherlands

Italy


China

biodiversity

Spain

Denmark

Austria

2002-20032002-2003

USA agr. entomology

weeds management

gene flow

UK

food safety

France

non target insects

Germany

feed

Canada

virus resistancedetection

China

Italy

Switzerland

J apan

biodiversity

Australia

Netherlands

New Zealand

Spain

India


Austria

Denmark

B. Analysing the dynamics of biosafety research in the EU and the USA

Documents

Transcript of B. Analysing the dynamics of biosafety research in the EU and the USA