B-4 Gas Leakage and Alm System With Automobile-cep0692

8/9/2019 B-4 Gas Leakage and Alm System With Automobile-cep0692

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GAS LEAKAGE AND ALARM SYSTEM WITHAUTOMOBILE

JAYAM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE - NALLANURPage 1


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CONTENT



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CONTENT

S.NO. DESCRIPTION

1 Abstract

2 Introduction

3 System specification

4 Software description

5 Hardware description

6 Trouble shootin

! "#erall circuit dia ram

$ %or&in principle

' (ost of materials

1) Ad#anta es

11 applications

12 biblio raphy

13 *hoto raphy



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ABSTRACT



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ABSTRACT

O !e"#$%e&

The ob+ecti#e of this pro+ect is to sense the ,*- -as lea&a e in the house and

automatically call to the desired phone number stored in the microcontroller.

S"'(e&

This pro+ect is #ery useful to a#oid the accident cause of as lea&a e. This pro+ect is

mostly used in the house. %hen there is no person in the house it will sense the ,*- -as

lea&a e and ma&e the call. This pro+ect is also used in the industries companies where they

are handlin the ,*- -as.

B)$e* Me#+',' 'g &

This pro+ect is desi ned with /icrocontroller0 ,*- -as sensor0 (omparator0 /obile or

,and line dialin circuit and oice processor circuit.

,*- -as sensor is the one type transducer which senses the ,*- -as and enerates

the #olta e pulse. The output of the as sensor is the small milli #olta e pulse. So there is

need to amplify the #olta e0 for that reason the #olta e si nal is i#en amplifier circuit. The

amplifier circuit is constructed with operational amplifier it increase the power le#el of the

input si nal. Then the amplified si nal is fed to comparator.

Here the microcontroller may be Atmel or *I( both are flash type repro rammable

microcontroller in which we ha#e already pro rammed with desired phone number.

The microcontroller can be interfaced with mobile phone. If mobile phone is used0 it

is interfaced with microcontroller throu h special type of data cable. In #oice processor

circuit we ha#e already stored our #oice information. %hen any as lea&a e in the house0

the as sensor will sense the lea&a e and send the si nal to microcontroller. ow the

microcontroller automatically ma&es call as per phone number stored in the microcontroller

throu h the mobile phone. oice processor circuit is automatically connected with phoneand i#en the stored #oice information si nal. Throu h this way this pro+ect is used to a#oid

the accident due to as lea&a e.

JAYAM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE - NALLANURPage /


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INTRODUCTION



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INTRODUCTION

*resent industry is increasin ly shiftin towards automation. Two principle

components of today s industrial automations are pro rammable controllers. In order to aid

the tedious wor& and to ser#e the man&ind0 today there is a eneral tendency to de#elop anintelli ent operation.

The proposed system -AS LEAKAGE AND ALARM SYSTEM WITH AUTOMOBILE is

desi ned and de#eloped to accomplish the #arious tas&s in an ad#erse en#ironment of an

industry. The intelli ent This pro+ect is an owe to the technical ad#ancement. This prototype

system can be applied effecti#ely and efficiently in an e panded dimension to fit for the

re7uirement of industrial0 research and commercial applications.

/icrocontroller is the heart of the de#ice which handles all the sub de#ices connected

across it. %e ha#e used as microcontroller. It has flash type repro rammable memory. It

has some peripheral de#ices to play this pro+ect perform. It also pro#ides sufficient power to

inbuilt peripheral de#ices. %e need not i#e indi#idually to all de#ices. The peripheral

de#ices also acti#ates as low power operation mode. These are the ad#anta es are appear

here.

JAYAM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE - NALLANURPage


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SYSTEM SCIPICATION

JAYAM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE - NALLANURPage


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SYSTEM SCIPICATION

4.1 HARDWARE RE UIREMENT

*I(/I(8"(" T8",,98,(: :IS*,A;-AS S9 S"88S 232-S/ /":9/:8I 98 (I8(


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SO TWARE DESCRIPTION



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SO TWARE DESCRIPTION

/.1 PCB DESIGN

:esi n and >abrication of *rinted circuit boards

INTRODUCTION&

domestic and industrial. Some of the areas where *(=s are intensi#ely used are

computers0 process control0 telecommunications and instrumentation. *rinted circuit boards0

or *(=s0 form the core of electronic e7uipment

MANU ATCURING&

The manufacturin process consists of two methods? print and etch0 and print0 plate

and etch. The sin le sided *(=s are usually made usin the print and etch method. The

double sided plate throu h @ hole *THB boards are made by the print plate and etch

method.

The production of multi layer boards uses both the methods. The inner layers are

printed and etch while the outer layers are produced by print0 plate and etch after pressin

the inner layers.

SO TWARE&

The software used in our pro+ect to obtain the schematic layout is /I(8"SI/.

PANELISATION&

Here the schematic transformed in to the wor&in positi#eCne ati#e films. The circuit is

repeated con#eniently to accommodate economically as many circuits as possible in a

panel0 which can be operated in e#ery se7uence of subse7uent steps in the *(= process.

This is called penaliDation. >or the *TH boards0 the ne t operation is drillin .

DRILLING&

*(= drillin is a state of the art operation. ery small holes are drilled with hi h

speed ( ( drillin machines0 i#in a wall finish with less or no smear or epo y0 re7uired for

#oid free throu h hole platin .



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PLATING&

The heart of the *(= manufacturin process. The holes drilled in the board are

treated both mechanically and chemically before depositin the copper by the electro less

copper plattin process.

ETCHING&

"nce a multiplayer board is drilled and electro less copper deposited0 the ima e

a#ailable in the form film printin process. The boards are then electrolytic plated on to the

circuit pattern with copper and tin. The tinEplated deposit ser#es an etch resist when copper

in the unwanted area is remo#ed by the con#eyor s spray etchin machines with chemical

etch ants. The etchin machines are attached to an automatic dosin e7uipment0 which

analyses and controls etch ants concentrationsof a film is transferred on to the out side byphoto printin usin a dry

SOLDERMASK&

Since a *(= desi n may call for #ery close spacin between conductors0 a solder

mas& has to be applied on the both sides of the circuitry to a#oid the brid in of conductors.

The solder mas& in& is applied by screenin . The in& is dried0 e posed to < 0 de#eloped in a

mild al&aline solution and finally cured by both < and thermal ener y.

HOT AIR LE7ELLING&

After applyin the solder mas&0 the circuit pads are soldered usin the

hot air le#elin process. The bare bodies flu ed and dipped in to a molten solder bath. %hile

remo#in the board from the solder bath0 hot air is blown on both sides of the board

throu h air &ni#es in the machines0 lea#in the board soldered and le#eled. This is one of

the common finishes i#en to the boards. Thus the double sided plated throu h whole

printed circuit board is manufactured and is now ready for the components to be soldered.



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/.2 SO TWARE TOOLS

MPLAB

/*,A= I:9 is an inte rated de#elopment en#ironment that pro#ides de#elopmenten ineers with the fle ibility to de#elop and debu firmware for #arious /icrochip de#ices

/*,A= I:9 is a %indowsEbased Inte rated :e#elopment 9n#ironment for the

/icrochip Technolo y Incorporated *I(microcontroller /(


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SI/ debu in tool is desi ned to model operation of /icrochip Technolo yGs *I(

microcontrollers to assist users in debu in software for these de#ices

IC PROG

The *8" /AT9 II is a /icrochip microcontroller de#ice pro rammer. Throu hinterchan eable pro rammin soc&et modules0 *8" /AT9 II enables you to 7uic&ly and

easily pro ram the entire line of /icrochip *I(micro microcontroller de#ices and many of the

/icrochip memory parts.

*8" /AT9 II may be used with /*,A= I:9 runnin under supported %indows "SGs see

8ead me for *8" /AT9 II.t t for support listB0 with the commandEline controller *8"(/: or

as a standEalone pro rammer

COMPILER-HIGH TECH C

A pro ram written in the hi h le#el lan ua e called (? which will be con#erted

into *I(micro /(< machine code by a compiler. /achine code is suitable for use by a

*I(micro /(< or /icrochip de#elopment system product li&e /*,A= I:9.

PIC START PLUS PROGRAMMER F

The *I( start plus de#elopment system from microchip technolo y pro#ides theproduct de#elopment en ineer with a hi hly fle ible low cost microcontroller desi n tool set

for all microchip *I( micro de#ices. The ($" start plus de#elopment system includes *I(

start plus de#elopment pro rammer and /*,A= I:9.

The *I( start plus pro rammer i#es the product de#eloper ability to pro ram user

software in to any of the supported microcontrollers. The *I( start plus software runnin

under /*,A= pro#ides for full interacti#e control o#er the pro rammer



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HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

JAYAM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE - NALLANURPage 1/


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HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

0.1 BLOCK DAIAGRAM&



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0.2 BLOCK DESCRTIPTION&

0.2.1 PIC MICRO CONTROLLER

CONCEPTS O MICROCONTROLLER &

/icrocontroller is aeneral purpose de#ice0 which inte rates a number of the components of a microprocessor

system on to sin le chip. It has inbuilt (*


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Ine pensi#e

/icro controller is a stand alone unit 0which can perform functions on its own

without any re7uirement for additional hardware li&e iCo ports and e ternal memory.

The heart of the microcontroller is the (*< core. In the past0 this has traditionally

been based on a $Ebit microprocessor unit. >or e ample /otorola uses a basic 6$))

microprocessor core in their 6$)5C6$)$ microcontroller de#ices.

In the recent years0 microcontrollers ha#e been de#eloped around specifically

desi ned (*< cores0 for e ample the microchip *I( ran e of microcontrollers.

INTRODUCTION TO PIC &

The microcontroller that has been used for this pro+ect is from *I( series. *I(

microcontroller is the first 8IS( based microcontroller fabricated in (/"S complementary

metal o ide semiconductorB that uses separate bus for instruction and data allowin

simultaneous access of pro ram and data memory.

The main ad#anta e of (/"S and 8IS( combination is low power consumption

resultin in a #ery small chip siDe with a small pin count. The main ad#anta e of (/"S is

that it has immunity to noise than other fabrication techni7ues.

*I( 16>$!!B F

arious microcontrollers offer different &inds of memories.99*8"/0 9*8"/0 >,ASH etc. are some of the memories of which >,ASH is the most recently

de#eloped. Technolo y that is used in pic16>$!! is flash technolo y0 so that data is

retained e#en when the power is switched off. 9asy *ro rammin and 9rasin are other

features of *I( 16>$!!.

*I( STA8T *,


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The *I( start plus pro rammer i#es the product de#eloper ability to

pro ram user software in to any of the supported microcontrollers. The *I( start plus

software runnin under mplab pro#ides for full interacti#e control o#er the pro rammer.

SPECIAL EATURES O PIC MICROCONTROLLER &

("89 >9AT


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Selectable oscillator options

,owEpower0 hi hEspeed (/"S 9*8"/C99*8"/ technolo y

>ully static desi n

InE(ircuit Serial *ro rammin I(S*B #ia two pins

"nly sin le 5 source needed for pro rammin capability

InE(ircuit :ebu in #ia two pins

*rocessor readCwrite access to pro ram memory

%ide operatin #olta e ran eF 2.5 to 5.5

Hi h Sin&CSource (urrentF 25 mA

(ommercial and Industrial temperature ran es

,owEpower consumptionF

J 2mA typical K 5 0 4 /HD

2)mA typical K 3 0 32 &HD

J 1mA typical standby current

PERIPHERAL EATURES &

Timer)F $Ebit timerCcounter with $Ebit prescaler

Timer1F 16Ebit timerCcounter with prescaler0 can be incremented durin sleep

#ia e ternal crystalCcloc&

Timer2F $Ebit timerCcounter with $Ebit period re ister0 prescaler and postscaler

Two (apture0 (ompare0 *%/ modules

(apture is 16Ebit0 ma resolution is 12.5 ns0

(ompare is 16Ebit0 ma resolution is 2)) ns0

*%/ ma . resolution is 1)Ebit



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1)Ebit multiEchannel Analo EtoE:i ital con#erter

Synchronous Serial *ort SS*B with S*I. /aster /odeB and I2(. /asterCSla#eB


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PIN OUT DESCRIPTION

2./ I;O PORTS &

Some pins for these IC" ports are multiple ed with an alternatefunction for the peripheral features on the de#ice. In eneral0 when a peripheral is enabled0

that pin may not be used as a eneral purpose IC" pin.

Additional Information on IC" ports may be found in the I( microL

/idE8an e 8eference /anual0

PORTA AND THE TRISA REGISTER F*"8TA is a 6Ebit wide biEdirectional port. The correspondin data direction re ister is

T8ISA. Settin a T8ISA bit M1B will ma&e the correspondin *"8TA pin an input0 i.e.0 put

the correspondin output dri#er in a HiEimpedance mode. (learin a T8ISA bit M)B will

ma&e the correspondin *"8TA pin an output0 i.e.0 put the contents of the output latch on

the selected pin. 8eadin the *"8TA re ister reads the status of the

pins whereas writin to it will write to the port latch. All write operations are readE

modifyEwrite operations. Therefore a write to a port implies that the port pins are read? this

#alue is modified0 and then written to the port data latch. *in 8A4 is multiple ed with the

Timer) module cloc& input to become the 8A4CT)( I pin. The 8A4CT)( I pin is a Schmitt

Tri er input and an open drain output. All other 8A port pins ha#e TT, input le#els and full

(/"S output dri#ers. "ther *"8TA pins are multiple ed with analo inputs and analo 89>

input. The operation of each pin is selected by clearin Csettin the control bits in the

A:(" 1 re ister AC: (ontrol 8e ister1B.

The T8ISA re ister controls the direction of the 8A pins0 e#en when they are bein

used as analo inputs. The user must ensure the bits in the T8ISA re ister are maintainedset when usin them as analo inputs.

MEMORY ORGANISATION &



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There are three memory bloc&s in each of the

*I(16>$!! /,ASH pro ram memory. Accessin a

location abo#e the physically implemented address will cause a wraparound.

The 89S9T #ector is at ))))h and the interrupt #ector is at )))4h.

DATA MEMORY ORGANISTION &

The data memory is partitioned into multiple

ban&s which contain the -eneral *urpose 8e isters and the special functions 8e isters. =its

8*1 STATunction 8e isters. Abo#e the

Special >unction 8e isters are -eneral *urpose 8e isters0 implemented as static 8A/. All

implemented ban&s contain special function re isters. Some fre7uently used special

function re isters from one ban& may be mirrored in another ban& for code reduction and

7uic&er access.

-9 98A, *


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8e isters used by the (*< and peripheral modules for controllin the desired operation of

the de#ice. These re isters are implemented as static 8A/. The Special >unction 8e isters

can be classified into two sets? core (*$!! instruction set summary in

Table 2.13 lists #e-')$e8#e,< $#-')$e8#e, 0 and $#e)a a8, "'8#)' operations. It

shows the opcode field descriptions.

OPCODE IELD DESCRIPTIONS

') #e-')$e8#e, instructions0 Pf represents a file re ister desi nator and d

represents a destination desi nator. The file re ister desi nator specifies which file re isteris to be used by the instruction. The destination desi nator specified where the result of the

operation is to be placed. If Pd is Dero0 the result is placed in the w re ister. If Pd is one0 the

result is placed in the file re ister specified in the instruction.

>or $#-')$e8#e, instructions0 Pb represents a bit field desi nator which selects the

number of the bit affected by the operation0 which Pf represents the address of the file in

which the bits is located. >or literal and control operations0 P& represents an ei ht or ele#en

bit constant or literal #alue.

The instruction set is hi hly ortho onal and is rouped into three basic cate oriesF

B #e-')$e8#e, operations

B$#-')$e8#e, operations



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L$#e)a a8, "'8#)' operations

All instructions are e ecuted within one sin le instruction cycle0 unless a conditional

test is true or the pro ram counter is chan ed as a result of an instruction. In this case0 the

e ecution ta&es two instruction cycles with the second cycle e ecuted as a "*. "ne

instruction cycle consists of four oscillator periods. Thus0 for an oscillator fre7uency of 4

/HD0 the normal instruction e ecution time is 1 ms. If a conditional test is true or the

pro ram counter is chan ed as a result of an instruction0 then the instruction e ecution time

is 2 ms.

0.2.2 LCD DISPLAY&

INTRODUCTION&

,i7uid crystal displays ,(:sB ha#e materials which combine the properties of both

li7uids and crystals. 8ather than ha#in a meltin point0 they ha#e a temperature ran e

within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a li7uid0 but are

rouped to ether in an ordered form similar to a crystal.

An ,(: consists of two lass panels0 with the li7uid crystal material sand witched in

between them. The inner surface of the lass plates are coated with transparent electrodes

which define the character0 symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present

in between the electrodes and the li7uid crystal0 which ma&es the li7uid crystal molecules to

maintain a defined orientation an le.

"ne each polarisers are pasted outside the two lass panels. These polarisers would

rotate the li ht rays passin throu h them to a definite an le0 in a particular direction

%hen the ,(: is in the off state0 li ht rays are rotated by the two polarisers and the

li7uid crystal0 such that the li ht rays come out of the ,(: without any orientation0 and

hence the ,(: appears transparent. %hen sufficient #olta e is applied to the

electrodes0 the li7uid crystal molecules would be ali ned in a specific direction. The li ht

rays passin throu h the ,(: would be rotated by the polarisers0 which would result in

acti#atin C hi hli htin the desired characters.

The ,(: s are li htwei ht with only a few millimeters thic&ness. Since the ,(: s

consume less power0 they are compatible with low power electronic circuits0 and can be

powered for lon durations. The ,(: s don t enerate li ht and so li ht is needed to read

the display. =y usin bac&li htin 0 readin is possible in the dar&. The ,(: s ha#e lon life



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and a wide operatin temperature ran e. (han in the display siDe or the layout siDe is

relati#ely simple which ma&es the ,(: s more customer friendly. The ,(:s used

e clusi#ely in watches0 calculators and measurin instruments are the simple se#enE

se ment displays0 ha#in a limited amount of numeric data. The recent ad#ances in

technolo y ha#e resulted in better le ibility0 more information displayin capability and awider temperature ran e. These ha#e resulted in the ,(:s bein e tensi#ely used in

telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The ,(:s ha#e e#en started replacin

the cathode ray tubes (8TsB used for the display of te t and raphics0 and also in small T

applications.

POWERSUPPLY&

The power supply should be of Q5 0 with ma imum allowable transients of 1)m#. To

achie#e a better C suitable contrast for the display0 the #olta e ,B at pin 3 should be

ad+usted properly.

A module should not be inserted or remo#ed from a li#e circuit. The round terminal

of the power supply must be isolated properly so that no #olta e is induced in it. The

module should be isolated from the other circuits0 so that stray #olta es are not induced0

which could cause a flic&erin display.

HARDWARE&

:e#elop a uni7uely decoded P9 strobe pulse0 acti#e hi h0 to accompany each module

transaction. Address or control lines can be assi ned to dri#e the 8S and 8C% inputs.


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the display area and de rade the insulation between terminals. :o not use or anic sol#ents

to clean the display panel as these may ad#esely affect tape or with absorbant cotton and

petroleum benDene. The processin or e#en a sli ht deformation of the claws of the metal

frame will ha#e effect on the connection of the output si nal and cause an abnormal display.

:o not dama e or modify the pattern wirin 0 or drill attachment holes in the *(=.%hen assemblin the module into another e7uipment0 the space between the module and

the fittin plate should ha#e enou h hei ht0 to a#oid causin stress to the module surface.

/a&e sure that there is enou h space behind the module0 to dissipate the heat

enerated by the I(s while functionin for lon er durations.

%hen an electrically powered screwdri#er is used to install the module0 round it

properly. %hile cleanin by a #acuum cleaner0 do not brin the suc&in mouth near the

module. Static electricity of the electrically powered dri#er or the #acuum cleaner may

destroy the module.

EN7IRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS&

"perate the ,(: module under the relati#e condition of 4) ° ( and 5)R relati#e

humidity. ,ower temperature can cause retardation of the blin&in speed of the display0

while hi her temperature ma&es the o#erall display discolor. %hen the temperature ets

to be within the normal limits0 the display will be normal. *olariDation de radation0 bubble

eneration or polariDer peelEoff may occur with hi h temperature and humidity.

(ontact with water or oil o#er a lon period of time may cause deformation or colour

fadin of the display. (ondensation on the terminals can cause electroEchemical reaction

disruptin the terminal circuit.



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TROUBLE SHOOTING



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TROUBLE SHOOTING

INTRODUCTION&%hen the power supply is i#en to the module0 with the pin 3 ,B connected to

round0 all the pi els of a character ets acti#ated in the followin mannerF All the

characters of a sin le line display0 as in (:/ 161)$. The first ei ht characters of a

sin le line display0 operated in the twoEline display mode0 as in (:/ 16116.

The first line of characters of a twoEline display as in (:/ 16216 and 4)216. The

first and third line of characters of a fourEline display operated in the twoEline display mode0

as in (:/ 2)416. If the abo#e mentioned does not occur0 the module should be

initialiDed by software. /a&e sure that the control si nals P9 0 8C% and 8S are

accordin to the interface timin re7uirements.

IMPROPER CHARACTER DISPLAY&

%hen the characters to be displayed are missin between0 the data readCwrite is too

fast. A slower interfacin fre7uency would rectify the problem. %hen uncertainty is there in

the start of the first characters other than the specified ones are rewritten0 chec& the

initialiDation and the software routine. In a multiEline display0 if the display of characters

in the subse7uent lines does nt ta&e place properly0 chec& the :: 8A/ addresses set for the

correspondin display lines.

%hen it is unable to display data0 e#en thou h it is present in the :: 8A/0 either the

display onCoff fla is in the off state or the display shift function is not set properly. %hen

the display shift is done simultaneous with the data writa operation0 the data may not be

#isible on the display. If a character not found in the font table is displayed0 or a

character is missin 0 the (- 8"/ is faulty and the controller I( ha#e to be chan ed If

particular pi els of the characters are missin 0 or not ettin acti#ated properly0 there could

be an assemblin problem in the module. In case any other problems are encountered you

could send the module to our factory for testin and e#aluation.



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CRYSTALONICS DISPLAY

INTRODUCTION&(rystalonics dot @matri alphanumericB li7uid crystal displays are a#ailable in T 0

ST types0 with or without bac&li ht. The use of (E/"S ,(: controller and dri#er I(s result

in low power consumption. These modules can be interfaced with a 4Ebit or $Ebit micro

processor C/icro controller.

The builtEin controller I( has the followin featuresF

(orrespond to hi h speed /*< interface 2/HDB

$) $ bit display 8A/ $) (haracters ma B

'0'2) bit character enerator 8"/ for a total of 24) character fonts. 2)$ character

fonts 5 $ dotsB 32 character fonts 5 1) dotsB

64 $ bit character enerator 8A/ $ character enerator 8A/ $ character fonts 5

$ dotsB 4 characters fonts 5 1) dotsB

*ro rammable duty cycles

1C$ @ for one line of 5 $ dots with cursor

1C11 @ for one line of 5 1) dots with cursor

1C16 @ for one line of 5 $ dots with cursor

%ide ran e of instruction functions display clear0 cursor home0 display onCoff0 cursor

onCoff0 display character blin&0 cursor shift0 display shift.

Automatic reset circuit0 that initialiDes the controller C dri#er I(s after power on.

BUSY LAG&

%hen the busy fla is10 the controller is in the internal operation mode0 and the ne t

instruction will not be accepted.

%hen 8S M ) and 8C% M 10 the busy fla is output to :=!.

The ne t instruction must be written after ensurin that the busy fla is ).



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ADDRESS COUNTER&

The address counter allocates the address for the :: 8A/ and (- 8A/ readCwrite

operation when the instruction code for :: 8A/ address or (- 8A/ address settin 0 is

input to I80 the address code is transferred from I8 to the address counter. Afterwritin Creadin the display data toCfrom the :: 8A/ or (- 8A/0 the address counter

incrementsCdecrements by one the address0 as an internal operation. The data of the

address counter is output to :=) to :=6 while 8C% M 1 and 8S M ).

DISPLAY DATA RAM =DD RAM>

The characters to be displayed are written into the display data 8A/ :: 8A/B0 in

the form of $ bit character codes present in the character font table. The e tended capacity

of the :: 8A/ is $) $ bits i.e. $) characters.

CHARATCER GENERATOR ROM =CG ROM>

The character enerator 8"/ enerates 5 $ dot 5 1) dot character patterns from

$ bit character codes. It enerates 2)$0 5 $ dot character patterns and 320 5 1) dot

character patterns.

CHARACTER GENERATOR RAM =CG RAM>

In the character enerator 8A/0 the user can rewrite character patterns by pro ram.

>or 5 $ dots0 ei ht character patterns can be written0 and for 5 1) dots0 four character

patterns can be written.

INTER ACING THE MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLER&

The module0 interfaced to the system0 can be treated as 8A/ inputCoutput0

e panded or parallel IC".Since there is no con#entional chip select si nal0 de#elopin a

strobe si nal for the enable si nal 9B and applyin appropriate si nals to the re ister select

8SB and readCwrite 8C%B si nals are important.The module is selected by atin a

decoded module @ address with the host @ processor s readCwrite strobe. The resultant

si nal0 applied to the ,(:s enable 9B input0 cloc&s in the data.The P9 si nal must be a

positi#e oin di ital strobe0 which is acti#e while data and control information are stable



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and true. The fallin ed e of the enable si nal enables the data C instruction re ister of the

controller. All module timin s are referenced to specific ed es of the P9 si nal. The P9 si nal

is applied only when a specific module transaction is desired.The read and write strobes of

the host0 which pro#ides the P9 si nals0 should not be lin&ed to the module s 8C% line. An

address bit which sets up earlier in the host s machine cycle can be used as 8C%.%hen thehost processor is so fast that the strobes are too narrow to ser#e as the P9 pulse

a. *rolon these pulses by usin the hosts P8eady input

b. *rolon the host by addin wait states

c. :ecrease the Hosts (rystal fre7uency.

Inspite of doin the abo#e mentioned0 if the problem continues0 latch both the data and

control information and then acti#ate the P9 si nal

%hen the controller is performin an internal operation he busy fla =>B will set and

will not accept any instruction. The user should chec& the busy fla or should pro#ide a

delay of appro imately 2ms after each instruction.The module presents no difficulties while

interfacin slower /*or $Ebit data

interface0 all ei htEbus lines :=) to :=!B are used.



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A $?@$, ") 9#a ,$9( a LCD B is a thin0 flat electronic #isual display that uses theli ht modulatin properties of li7uid crystals ,(sB. ,(s do not emit li ht directly.

They are used in a wide ran e of applications includin F computer monitors 0 tele#ision 0instrument panels0 aircraft coc&pit displays 0 si na e 0 etc. They are common in consumer

de#ices such as #ideo players0 amin de#ices0 cloc&s 0 watches0 calculators 0 and telephones .

,(:s ha#e displaced cathode ray tube (8TB displays in most applications. They are usually

more compact0 li htwei ht0 portable0 less e pensi#e0 more reliable0 and easier on the eyes.

They are a#ailable in a wider ran e of screen siDes than (8T and plasma displays0 and since



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they do not use phosphors0 they cannot suffer ima e burnEin.,(:s are more ener y efficient

and offer safer disposal than (8Ts. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be

used in battery Epowered electronic e7uipment. It is an electronicallyEmodulated optical

de#ice made up of any number of pi els filled with li7uid crystals and arrayed in front of a

li ht source bac&li ht B or reflector to produce ima es in colour or monochrome . Theearliest disco#ery leadin to the de#elopment of ,(: technolo y0 the disco#ery of li7uid

crystals0 dates from 1$$$. =y 2))$0 worldwide sales of tele#isions with ,(: screens had

surpassed the sale of (8T unit

GAS SENSOR&

E e"#)'"+e $"a ga9 9e89')9 are as detectors that measure the concentration of

a tar et as by o idiDin or reducin the tar et as at an electrode and measurin the

resultin current.

C'89#)@"#$'8

The sensors contain two or three electrodes0 occasionally four0 in contact with an

electrolyte . The electrodes are typically fabricated by fi in a hi h surface area precious

metal on to the porous hydrophobic membrane. The wor&in electrode contacts both the

electrolyte and the ambient air to be monitored usually #ia a porous membrane. The

electrolyte most commonly used is a mineral acid 0 but or anic electrolytes are also used for

some sensors. The electrodes and housin are usually in a plastic housin which contains a

as entry hole for the as and electrical contacts.

T+e') '* '(e)a#$'8

The as diffuses into the sensor0 throu h the bac& of the porous membrane to the

wor&in electrode w here it is o idiDed or red u ced. Thi s electr ochemical reaction r e sults in anelectric current th at passes throu h the e ternal circuit. In addition to measurin 0

amplifyin and performin other si nal proces sin fu nctions0 th e e ternal circu it maintains

the #olta e across t he sensor betwe en the wor&in and counter electrodes for a two

electrode sensor or between the wor&in and reference electrodes for a three electrode cell.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Crystalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_display


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At the counter electrode an e7ual and opposite reaction occurs0 such that if the wor&in

electrode is an o idation0 then the counter electrode is a reduction.

D$** @9$'8 "'8#)' e, )e 9('8 9e

The ma nitude of the current is controlled by how much of the tar et as is o idiDed

at the wor&in electrode. Sensors are usually desi ned so that the as supply is limited by

diffusion and thus the output from the sensor is linearly proportional to the as

concentration . This linear output is one of the ad#anta es of electrochemical sensors o#er

other sensor technolo ies0 e. . infraredB0 whose output must be lineariDed before they can

be used. A linear output allows for more precise measurement of low concentrations and

much simpler calibration only baseline and one point are neededB.

:iffusion control offers another ad#anta e. (han in the diffusion barrier allows

the sensor manufacturer to tailor the sensor to a particular tar et as concentration ran e.

In addition0 since the diffusion barrier is primarily mechanical0 the calibration of

electrochemical sensors tends to be more stable o#er time and so electrochemical sensor

based instruments re7uire much less maintenance than some other detection technolo ies.

In principle0 the sensiti#ity can be calculated based on the diffusion properties of the as

path into the sensor0 thou h e perimental errors in the measurement of the diffusion

properties ma&e the calc ulation less a ccurate than calibratin with test as. 1

C)'99 9e89$#$%$#

>or some ases such as ethylene o ide 0 cross sensiti#ity can be a problem

because ethylene o ide re7uires a #ery acti#e wor&in electrode catalyst and hi h operatin

potential for its o idation. Therefore ases which are more easily o idiDed such as alcohols

and carbon mono ide will also i#e a response. (ross sensiti#ity problems can be eliminated

thou h throu h the use of a chemical filter0 for e ample filters that allows the tar et as to

pass throu h unimpeded0 but which reacts with and re mo#es common interferences.

%hile electrochemical sensors offer many ad#anta es0 they are not suitable

for e#ery as. Since the detection mechanism in#ol#es the o idation or reduction of the as0

electrochemical sensors are usually only suitable for ases which are electrochemically

acti#e0 thou h it is possible to detect electrochemically inert ases indirectly if the as

interacts with another species in the sensor that then produces a response. 2 Sensors for


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_detectorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Light_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_detectorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry


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carbon dio ide are an e ample of this approach and they ha#e been commercially a#ailable

for se#eral years.

SIGNAL CONDITIONING UNIT =SCU>&

The si nal conditionin unit accepts input si nals from the analo sensors and

i#es a conditioned output of )E5 :( correspondin to the entire ran e of each parameter.

This unit also accepts the di ital sensor inputs and i# es outp uts in 1) bit binary with a

positi#e lo ic le#el of Q5 . The calibration #olta esN )0 2.5 and 5 B and the health bits are

also enerated in this unit.

/icrocontrollers are widely used for control in power electronics. They pro#ide

real time control by processin analo si nals obtained from the system. A suitable isolation

interface needs to be desi ned for interaction between the control circuit and hi h #olta e

hardware. A si nal conditionin unit which pro#ides necessary interface between a hi h

power rid in#erter and a low #olta e controller unit.

KEYPAD&

A numeric &eypad0 or numpad for short0 is the small0 palmEsiDed0 se#enteen &ey section of a

computer &eyboard0 usually on the #ery far ri ht. The numeric &eypad feat ur es di its ) to '0

addition QB0 subtraction EB0 multiplication NB and di#ision CB symbols0 a decimal point .B

and um ,oc& and 9nter &eys. ,aptop &eyboards often do not ha#e a numpad0 but may

pro#ide numpad input by holdin a modifier &ey typically lapelled U>nUB and operatin &eys

on the standard &eyboard.

*articularly lar e laptops typically those with a 1! inch screen o r lar erB may ha#e

space for a real numpad0 and many companies sell separate numpads which connec t to the

host laptop by a


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"n Apple (omputer /acintosh computers0 which lac& a um ,oc& &ey0 the numeric

&eypad always produces only numbers. The num loc& &ey is replaced by the clear &ey.

umeric &eypads usually operate in two modesF when um ,oc& is off0 &eys $0 60 20

4 act li&e an arrow &eys and !0 '0 30 1 act li&e Home0 *


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O7ERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM



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O7ERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY&


LOADIC REGULATOR

FILTER

RECTIFIER

TRANSFORMER


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WORKING PRINICIPLE



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WORKING PRINICIPLE

TRANS ORMER

E23) B to )E6 B le#el. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be

connected to the precision rectifier0 which is constructed with the help of op@amp. The

ad#anta es of usin precision rectifier are it will i#e pea& #olta e output as :(0 rest of the

circuits will i#e only 8/S output.

B)$,ge )e"#$*$e)

%hen four diodes are connected as shown in fi ure0 the circuit is called as brid erectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the dia onally opposite corners of the networ&0

and the output is ta&en from the remainin two corners.

,et us assume that the transformer is wor&in properly and there is a positi#e

potential0 at point A and a ne ati#e potential at point =. the positi#e potential at point A will

forward bias :3 and re#erse bias :4.

The ne ati#e potential at point = will forward bias :1 and re#erse :2. At this time :3

and :1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass throu h them? :4 and :2 are

re#erse biased and will bloc& current flow.

The path for current flow is from point = throu h :10 up throu h 8,0 throu h :30

throu h the secondary of the transformer bac& to point =. this path is indicated by the solid

arrows. %a#eforms 1B and 2B can be obser#ed across :1 and :3.

"neEhalf cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer re#erse0

forward biasin :2 and :4 and re#erse biasin :1 and :3. (urrent flow will now be from

point A throu h :40 up throu h 8,0 throu h :20 throu h the secondary of T10 and bac& to

point A. This path is indicated by the bro&en arrows. %a#eforms 3B and 4B can be

obser#ed across :2 and :4. The current flow throu h 8, is always in the same direction. In

flowin throu h 8, this current de#elops a #olta e correspondin to that shown wa#eform

5B. Since current flows throu h the load 8,B durin both half cycles of the applied #olta e0

this brid e rectifier is a fullEwa#e rectifier.



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"ne ad#anta e of a brid e rectifier o#er a con#entional fullEwa#e rectifier is that witha i#en transformer the brid e rectifier produces a #olta e output that is nearly twice that of the con#entional fullEwa#e circuit.

This may be shown by assi nin #alues to some of the components shown in #iews Aand =. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The pea& #olta ede#eloped between points V and y is 1))) #olts in both circuits. In the con#entional fullEwa#e circuit shownWin #iew A0 the pea& #olta e from the center tap to either V or ; is 5))#olts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant0 the ma imum #olta e that can berectified at any instant is 5)) #olts.

The ma imum #olta e that appears across the load resistor is nearlyEbut ne#ere ceedsE5)) #)lts0 as result of the small #olta e drop across the diode. In the brid erectifier shown in #iew =0 the ma imum #olta e that can be rectified is the full secondary#olta e0 which is 1))) #olts. Therefore0 the pea& output #olta e across the load resistor isnearly 1))) #olts. %ith both circuits usin the same transformer0 the brid e rectifier circuitproduces a hi her output #olta e than the con#entional fullEwa#e rectifier circuit.

IC %' #age )eg@ a#')9

olta e re ulators comprise a class of widely used I(s. 8e ulator I( units

contain the circuitry for reference source0 comparator amplifier0 control de#ice0 and o#erload

protection all in a sin le I(. I( units pro#ide re ulation of either a fi ed positi#e #olta e0 a

fi ed ne ati#e #olta e0 or an ad+ustably set #olta e. The re ulators can be selected for

operation with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes0

correspondin to power ratin s from milli watts to tens of watts.



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COST O MATERIALS



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COST O MATERIALS

S.NO. PART NAME PRICE

1 T8A >"8/98 2))F))

2 :I":9 1))F))

3 (A*A(IT"8 2))F))

4 89-


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AD7ANTAGES



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AD7ANTAGES

,"% ("ST89,IA=I,IT;9AS; T" I/*,9/9 TATI"



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APPLICATIONS



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APPLICATIONS

This pro+ect #ery useful of home and industrial appliance security system

JAYAM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE - NALLANURPage /6


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

JAYAM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE - NALLANURPage /1


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B-4 Gas Leakage and Alm System With Automobile-cep0692

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Transcript of B-4 Gas Leakage and Alm System With Automobile-cep0692