b 160 Medicines
Transcript of b 160 Medicines
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
1/72
Medicinal Plants
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
2/72
Ancient archaeological records of
medicinal plants
3500 BCE - India had an extensive pharmacopoeia.Much of that knowledge is still used as part of theAyurveda medical system
2250 BCE Egypt and Babylon were trading
medicinal plants900 BCE - Archaeological records demonstrate the
use of medicinal and psychoactive plants in theNew World
330 BCE - One of the Theophrastuss students,Alexander the Great, sent medicinal plants fromAsia back to Greece for cultivation
2000 YA - The first written Chinese recordsalthough use is probably as ancient as Indias
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
3/72
Use of Medicinal Plants
Use of medicinal plants developed from
informal experimentation and based on a
general familiarity with medicinal plants.This knowledge was amassed via
experimentation over many generations and
was handed down orally from person toperson often woman to woman in
traditional cultures.
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
4/72
Theophrastus
370-285 BCE
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
5/72
History of Herbals
Dioscorides, in the 1st Century AD, was a Greekphysician who described the medicinal properties
of plants - he described the use of 500 species of
plants in his bookDe Materia Medica
The first herbal written in the Anglo-Saxon worldwas an 11th Century book known as the
Herbarium of Apuleius Platonicus
The first herbal to break from Dioscorides andprint descriptions of local flora, with accurate
drawings of the plants was by Leonhart Fuchs, his
extremely well illustrated herbalDe Historia
Stirpium was published in 1543
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
6/72
Page from Vienna Dioscorides
Arabic 6th
Century
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
7/72
Page from Arabic edition of
Dioscorides herbal 1334
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
8/72
Title page from Fuchs
herbal 1543
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
9/72
Page from Fuchs Herbal 1543
Aconitum or Wolfs bane
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
10/72
More from Fuchs Herbal 1543
Nicotiana - Tobacco
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
11/72
English Herbals
The earliest printed English herbal was anonymous
volume from 1525 published by Richard Banckes
In 1526, Peter Treversi published an English translation of
a French herbal
In 1538, William Turner published an herbal entitled
Libelluls de re Herbaria Novus
In 1551, Henry F. Lyte published an English translation of
Rembert Dodoens herbal Stirpium Historiae Pemptades
Sex which was valued because of its all inclusive treatment
of many plants and excellent plates illustrating flowers
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
12/72
Best English Herbals
In 1597, John Gerard published his outstandingbookThe Herball, Or Generall Historie of Plantes
- it is a huge volume of 1392 pages and 2200
woodcut illustrations of plants - it was widely
used by physicians and became widely quoted andreferenced - the book has remained in print for
400 years
The last major herbal published in English wasJohn Rays herbal, published in 1688 - it is also a
major taxonomic work and Ray was the first
person to divide the flowering plants into two
main groups - the dicots and monocots
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
13/72
Cover of
Gerards
Herbal
1597
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
14/72
Page from Gerards Herbal - 1597
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
15/72
Title Page of John Rays
Herbal - 1688
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
16/72
Page from John Rays Herbal - 1688
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
17/72
Ginseng root Panax
pseudoginseng
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
18/72
Foxglove
Digitalis purpurea
Foxglove may be
useful as a way to
cure people ofgrosse and slimie
flegme and
naughtie humors from Gerards
Herbal - 1597
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
19/72
William Withering
- holding a foxglove
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
20/72
Witherings work on Foxglove
Began experiments with foxglove in 1775 -Withering had heard about an old family cure fordropsy
Reported his findings in a paper published in1785, An Account of the Foxglove and Some of
its Medical Uses Powdered foxglove leaf is still prescribed in
tablets or capsules to treat congestive heart failure
The somewhat crude powdered drug is called
Digitalis after the plant Foxglove produces more than 30 different cardiac
glycosides - two in particular - Digoxin andDigitoxin are produced from foxglove and
prescribed to heart patients around the world today
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
21/72
Foxglove - Digitalis purpurea
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
22/72
Urgent need to study medicinal plants
The utility of plants in current therapy
There has been a rush to develop synthetic
medicines based on plant medicines, butoften the synthetic medicines dont work
as well as the original plant medicines.
For example quinine and malaria
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
23/72
Efficacy of Quinine
Quinine is traditional and effective preventative ofmalaria
Synthetic preventatives such as chloroquine,maloprim, and fansidar have largely replaced theuse of quinine
Many strains ofPlasmodium have developed
resistances to the synthetics and the synthetics aremore toxic. It is recommended that people do nottake fansidar for more than 3 months due to
potential liver damage.
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
24/72
Malaria Cycle
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
25/72
Anopheles freeborni mosquito intermediate
host and vector forPlasmodium sp.
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
26/72
Historical distribution of Malaria
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
27/72
Red areas show countries with malaria today
O f th f Q i i
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
28/72
One of the sources of Quinine
Cinchona succirubra
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
29/72
Cinchona pubescens
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
30/72
Timeline of Quinine Use
1633, a Jesuit priest named Father Calancha described howto use quinine bark to cure fevers
1645 Father Bartolome Tafur took some bark to Rome andmany of the clergy used it
Cardinal John de Lugo wrote a pamphlet to be distributedwith the bark - use of the bark became so widespread thatin the papal conclave of 1655 no one died of malaria
1654 English aware of use of quinine bark
1735, a French botanist named Joseph de Jussieu
journeyed to South America and found and described thetree that is the source of the bark - he sent samples toSweden where in 1739, Carl Linneaus named the treegenus Cinchona
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
31/72
Timeline of Quinine Use 20 to 40 species ofCinchona - the species are very
hard to tell apart and the species will hybridize, sothe exact number of species is unknown mostlyunderstorey trees
1820 the French chemists Joseph Pelletier and
Joseph Caventou isolated the alkaloid quininefrom the bark and identified it was the activeingredient in Peruvian bark
1861, an Australian named Charles Ledger
obtained seeds from an Aymara Indian namedManuel Incra
by 1930, the Dutch orchards in Java produced 22million pounds of quinine, 97% of the worlds
market
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
32/72
Charles Ledger 1818-1906
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
33/72
Chemical structure of quinine
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
34/72
Properties of Quinine
Quinine itself is an odorless white powder with an
extremely bitter taste
It can be used to treat cardiac arrhythmias as wellas malaria - it is also used as a flavoring agent
Quinine prevents malaria by suppressing
reproduction of thePlasmodium and also helps
prevent some of the fevers and pain associated
with malaria
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
35/72
Quinine fluoresces under UV light
Raymond Fosberg in the
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
36/72
Raymond Fosberg in the
field in 1948
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
37/72
Cinchona bark drying in the sun in
Ecuador, 1944
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
38/72
Arrow Poisons
Documented use of arrow poisons
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
39/72
Documented use of arrow poisons
around the world
Monkshood Aconitum ferox
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
40/72
Monkshood Aconitum ferox
source of Acontine
Monkshood
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
41/72
Monkshood
Aconitum ferox in the wild
Fi t Eth b t i l Ch i l
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
42/72
First Ethnobotanical Chemical
Isolation - Strychine
1805 Leschenault describes the preparation ofthe Javanese dart poison Upas Tieute.
1809 Magendie and Delile publish accounts ofexperiments on mechanism of action of the
poison. 1819 Pelletier and Caventou isolate strychine
from other sources. Magendie uses strychine inclinical medicine.
1824 Pelletier and Caventou isolate strychinefrom upas tieute
1963 total synthesis of strychine by Woodwardet al.
Strychnos nux-vomica - source of
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
43/72
Strychnos nux-vomica - source of
Strychine
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
44/72
Strychnos nux-vomica
leaves and seeds
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
45/72
Strychnos
Interestingly there are about 200 species in
the genus Strychnos but only 6 actually
contain strychine S. nux-vomica, S. ignatii(St. Ignatius bean), S. colubrina (snake
wood) and S. guianensis. Strychine is
commonly used in rat poison. It has beenused to stimulate circulation, but that cannot
be recommended because it frequently
poisons the patient.
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
46/72
Curares
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
47/72
Calabash curare from Strychnos
guianensis carried in gourd
Crescentia cujete source
of calabash gourd
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
48/72
Tube Curares made from members of
Chondrodendron and other moonseeds -
Menispermaceae
Chondrodendron tomentosum leaves and vine
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
49/72
Tube and Calabash Curares
The bamboo tube curare yielded
tubocurarine and the calabash gourd curare
yielded toxiferine - both are useful as ananaesthetic in open-heart surgery - these are
muscle relaxants which kill by relaxing
muscles which allow breathing
Bark being scraped to start
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
50/72
Bark being scraped to start
preparation of curare
Liquid dripped through shavings to
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
51/72
Liquid dripped through shavings to
extract Curare
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
52/72
Curare added to arrow/dart tips
Waorani man
i i i f l i
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
53/72
Toxicities of several arrow poisons
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
54/72
Anti-tumor medicines from
Arrow Poisons? There is a possibility that plants producing arrow
poisons may also have value in producing anti-tumor medicines. Spjut and Perdue (1976)
surveyed 76 species from 63 genera in 29 familiesand found that 46 of the species had been screenedfor anti-tumor activity. Of these 52% of thespecies and 75% of the genera had been found tohave anti-tumor activity. This high anti-tumor
activity probably comes from the fact that arrowpoison plants almost all produce cardenolideglycosides that are cytotoxic (kill cells).
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
55/72
Herbal Medicines Today
Though many modern cultures make extensive use
of herbal remedies, most notably in India and
China, much of Western medicine has moved
away from herbal medicines. In Great Britain
there is still a tradition of homeopathic doctors and
herbal Culpeper Shops. Homeopathy is based on
using minute quantities of substances that inmassive doses produce effects similar to those of
the disease being treated.
Nicholas Culpeper
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
56/72
Nicholas Culpeper
1616-1654
C lpepers Infl ence on
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
57/72
Culpepers Influence on
Homeopathy
Graves patent medicine a
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
58/72
G p
Laudanum product
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
59/72
Medicines from Plants
About 25% of the prescription drugs used in the
western world have active ingredients that are
derived from plants often the only way to
acquire these drugs is through growing and
harvesting the plants because synthetic substitutes
are not as effective.
89 plant derived drugs that are currently used inwestern medicine as prescription medicines were
discovered by studying folk knowledge of the
plants properties
Strychnos toxifera
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
60/72
y f
source of D-tubocurarine
Mexican yam Dioscorea villosa
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
61/72
y
Source of cortisone
Indian snakeroot Rauwolfia
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
62/72
f
serpentina Source of resperine
Madagascar periwinkle Catharanthus
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
63/72
g p
roseus Source of vincristine
White Hellebore Veratrum album
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
64/72
Source of hypotensive alkaloids
Medicinal Plants in
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
65/72
the Amazonian Basin
3 million square miles in size, supports theworlds largest rainforest with an estimated80,000 species of plants, about 15% of the
worlds species The northwest section of the Colombian
Amazon is home to 70,000 Indians in 50ethnic groups that speak many languagesfrom 12 linguistic families. They have beenrecorded to use in medicines almost 1600plants from 596 genera in 145 families
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
66/72
Cannabis sativa and C. indica
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
67/72
Cannabis sativa and C. indica
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
68/72
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
69/72
Cannabis sativa x indica hybrid
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
70/72
High tech Cannabis growing
in the Netherlands
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
71/72
UK Police Bust of High-Tech Growth
-
7/30/2019 b 160 Medicines
72/72
World Cannabis Laws