ayyub khan era
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8/7/2019 ayyub khan era http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ayyub-khan-era 1/2 When China and India clashed in 1962 over their border in Ladakh (still disputed today), Pakistan saw a new ally. In a 1964 thaw, China andPakistan sorted out their own Karakoram border and proposed aµFriendship Highway¶ over the mountains (a story claims that Ayubdeclined a similar offer by Soviet Premier Bulganin to build a road through Ishkoman). Sterner measures were used against the politicians. The PRODA prescribed fifteen years' exclusion from public office for those found guilty of corruption. The Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO) authorized special tribunals to try former politicians for "misconduct," an infraction not clearly defined. Prosecution could be avoided if the accused agreed not to be a candidate for any elective body f or a period of seven years. About 7,000 individuals were "EBDOed." Some people, including Suhrawardy, who was arrested, fought prosecution. The Press and Publications Ordinance was amended in 1960 to specify broad conditions under which newspapers and other publications could be commandeered or closed down. Trade organizations, unions, and student groups were closely monitored and cautioned to avoid political activity, and imams (see Glossary) at mosques were warned against including political matters in sermons. The Land Reform Commission was set up in 1958, and in 1959 the government imposed a ceiling of 200 hectares of irrigated land and 400 hectares of unirrigated land in the West Wing for a single holding. In the East Wing, the landholding ceiling was raised from thirty-three hectares to forty-eight hectares (see Farm Ownership and Land Reform , ch. 3). Landholders retained their dominant positions in the social hierarchy and their political influence but heeded Ayub Khan's warnings against political assertiveness. Moreover, some 4 million hectares of land in West Pakistan, much of it in Sindh, was released for public acquisition between 1959 and 1969 and sold m ainly to civil and military officers, thus creating a new class of farmers having medium-sized holdings. These farms became immensely important for future agricultural development, but the peasants benefited scarcely at all. In 1955 a legal commission was set up to suggest reforms of the family and marriage laws. Ayub Khan examined its report and in 1961 issued the Family Laws Ordinance. Among other things, it restricted polygyny and "regulated" marriage and divorce, The Export Bonus Vouchers Scheme (1959) and tax incentives stimulated new industrial entrepreneurs and exporters. Bonus vouchers facilitated access to foreign exchange for imports of industrial machinery and raw materials. Tax concessions were off ered for investment in less-developed areas. These measures had important consequences in bringing industry to Punjab and gave rise to a new class of small industrialists. Yahya Khan & Civil War in March 1969 a ill Ayub handed responsibility over to his own commander-in-chief, general Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan , and resigned. Yahya imposed martial law again and named himself president. Among his early acts was to end the autonomy of the old princely states of the north ± Chitral, Swat, Dir, Hunza, Nagar and various Baltistan fiefdoms.Political activity was legally resumed in January 1970, the old separate western Province were resurrected and general elections for a civilian government were scheduled for December. In the meantime, a cyclone wreaked havoc in East Pakistan and West Pakistan¶s shamefully indifferent response was the last straw for the Bengalis.The elections turned Pakistan on its head. The charismatic Z A Bhutto and his Pakistan People¶s Party (PPP) won a majority of West Pakistan seats in the National Assembly, but Sheikh Mujib¶s Awami League won nearly all of East Pakistan¶s seats, giving it an overall majority. Even Bhuttorefused to allow the easterners to from the government. After some futile attempts at compromise, Yahya suspended the assembly and EastPakistan went on general strike. In March 1971 the army clamped down, Sheikh
Transcript of ayyub khan era
8/7/2019 ayyub khan era
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ayyub-khan-era 1/2
When China and India clashed in 1962 over their border in Ladakh (still disputed today), Pakistan saw a
new ally. In a 1964 thaw, China andPakistan sorted out their own Karakoram border and proposed
aµFriendship Highway¶ over the mountains (a story claims that Ayubdeclined a similar offer by Soviet
Premier Bulganin to build a road through Ishkoman).
Sterner measures were used against the politicians. The PRODA prescribed fifteen years' exclusion from
public office for those found guilty of corruption. The Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO)authorized special tribunals to try former politicians for "misconduct," an infraction not clearly defined.
Prosecution could be avoided if the accused agreed not to be a candidate for any elective body for a
period of seven years. About 7,000 individuals were "EBDOed." Some people, including Suhrawardy, who
was arrested, fought prosecution.
The Press and Publications Ordinance was amended in 1960 to specify broad conditions under which
newspapers and other publications could be commandeered or closed down. Trade organizations,
unions, and student groups were closely monitored and cautioned to avoid political activity,
and imams (see Glossary) at mosques were warned against including political matters in sermons.
The Land Reform Commission was set up in 1958, and in 1959 the government imposed a ceiling of 200
hectares of irrigated land and 400 hectares of unirrigated land in the West Wing for a single holding. Inthe East Wing, the landholding ceiling was raised from thirty-three hectares to forty-eight hectares
(see Farm Ownership and Land Reform , ch. 3). Landholders retained their dominant positions in the
social hierarchy and their political influence but heeded Ayub Khan's warnings against political
assertiveness. Moreover, some 4 million hectares of land in West Pakistan, much of it in Sindh, was
released for public acquisition between 1959 and 1969 and sold mainly to civil and military officers, thus
creating a new class of farmers having medium-sized holdings. These farms became immensely
important for future agricultural development, but the peasants benefited scarcely at all.
In 1955 a legal commission was set up to suggest reforms of the family and marriage laws. Ayub Khan
examined its report and in 1961 issued the Family Laws Ordinance. Among other things, it restricted
polygyny and "regulated" marriage and divorce, The Export Bonus Vouchers Scheme (1959) and tax
incentives stimulated new industrial entrepreneurs and exporters. Bonus vouchers facilitated access to
foreign exchange for imports of industrial machinery and raw materials. Tax concessions were offered for
investment in less-developed areas. These measures had important consequences in bringing industry to
Punjab and gave rise to a new class of small industrialists.
Yahya Khan & Civil War
in March 1969 a ill Ayub handed responsibility over to his own commander-in-chief, general Agha
Mohammad Yahya Khan, and resigned. Yahya imposed martial law again and named himself president.
Among his early acts was to end the autonomy of the old princely states of the north ± Chitral, Swat, Dir,
Hunza, Nagar and various Baltistan fiefdoms.Political activity was legally resumed in January 1970, the
old separate western Province were resurrected and general elections for a civilian government werescheduled for December. In the meantime, a cyclone wreaked havoc in East Pakistan and
West Pakistan¶s shamefully indifferent response was the last straw for the Bengalis.The elections
turned Pakistan on its head. The charismatic Z A Bhutto and his Pakistan People¶s Party (PPP) won a
majority of West Pakistan seats in the National Assembly, but Sheikh Mujib¶s Awami League won
nearly all of East Pakistan¶s seats, giving it an overall majority. Even Bhuttorefused to allow the
easterners to from the government. After some futile attempts at compromise, Yahya suspended
the assembly and EastPakistan went on general strike. In March 1971 the army clamped down,Sheikh
8/7/2019 ayyub khan era
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