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Original research paper
Development of A Scale for the Consideration Factors in Developing Key
Sports of Universities/Colleges···································· Han-Chen Yang 15
A Study of College Volleyball Coaches'Leadership Behaviors and the
Relevant Study in Team Cohesion···································· Yu-You Tsai 31
A Study on Heart Disease Risk Behaviors through Staff Self Assessing of
a Construction Company ······································· Hsian-Chou Hong 51
The Scoring & Shooting Area in World Cup Women Soccer Championships (WCWSC)······································· Shau-Lian Chen & Yu-Ching Tsai 63
A Study on Recognition Effects of Corporate Courtside Advertising — A
Case Study of 91st Acedemic-Year Collegiate Athletic Games Badminton
Court Ground Spectators ·········…hih-FengLeeC& Jong-Cheng Lin 78
Research of Sports Goods Consumption Behaviors and Brands Loyalty …………
················································································· Ta-Cheng Hung 95
A Study of Stature, Blood Type, Starting Age to Play Tennis, Habitual
Striking Hand for Class-A Tennis Players··························· Yeong-An Lin 110
Comparison of Fitness Levels between Students Attended Day and Night
School at VIT······································· Jui-Chuan Yang & Wen-Yi Lee 127
A Study of the Relationship between Pitching Ability and Game Result of
the 1999 Junior Women World Softball Championship …… Chao-Liang Ni 136
Point of view
A Study of Current Researches of Psychological Skill Training (PST) ·…
················································································· Ching-Yu Wang 153
The Investigation in Goal Setting Theory in Sport Research Field …....…
·············································································· Mei-Hsueh Huang 175
.............................................................................. Hung-Liang Chang 188 Study of Asthma and Exercise ···························································· ················································································· Tsung-Chih Kuo 202 Volleyball Activity and Oxidative Injure................................................ ..................................................· Ming-Yang Wang & Wern-Tien Chuang 208 The generality on Skill and Tactics of Special Event Sport in Taekwondo ……… ················································ Ming-Chin Tsai; Pi-Yu Lun & Hui-Ing Wu 220 Prompted the Performances and Recognition Skill in Wood Ball-Example for Imagery Training................................................ Gwo-Ben Chen 233 Rules and Basic Technique to Ball 8 and 9 in Pool.................................... ························································· Chang-Hung Lee & Peir-Jung Miao 243 Guideline for the Authors ·································································· 245 Reviewers of Papers ········································································ 247


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Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. I~15 (May, 2003) Develomp entofA Scale for the Consideration Factors in DevelopingKey Spots ofUniversities/Colleges 15
Development of A Scale for the Con sideration Factors in Developing Key Spots of Universities/Colleges
Han-Chen Yang
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a scale of the consideration factors in develop ing key sport of universities/colleges. The background of the study was the policy of key spor ts in the future. Through interviewing of experts, and collection of inferences, to develop the questionnaire titled "The Development of a Scale for the Consideration Factors in Developing Key Sport of Universities/Colleges" by scientific method. The subjects of this study were 40 athletic directors of univ ersities/college s in Taiwan. And all the 40 data were valid and were factor analyzed.
Of the several solutions extracting different numbers of factors, a five-factor solution was found to be the most meaningful. The factors were labeled "Resource of operation", "Effecti veness of in sport promotion", "Team performance", "Athlete cultivation" and "coach's capa bility" , which accounted for 27.06%, 10.48%, 6.32%, 5.78% and 4.95% of the total variance, respectively. Cronbach's alpha of the scale was . 87. The discrimination powers of the 23 items were between.30 and 1 . 68.
Keywords: Key Sports, Consideration Factors, Sport Development



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Chelladurai, P., & Carron, A. V. (1 981) . Applicability to youth sports of the leadership scale for sports. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 53, 361-362
Chelladurai, P., & Arnott, M. (1985). Decision styles in coaching: Preferences of basketball players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56, 15-24.
Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. D. (1978). Preferred leadership in sports. Canadian Journal of
Applied Sport Scince, 3, 85-92.
Chelladurai, P. (1984). Discrepancy between preference and perceptions ofleasership behav ior and satisfaction of athletes in varying sports. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 27-41.
Erle, F. J. (1981). Leadership in competitive and recreational sport. Unpublished master's thesis. University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 17~31 (May, 2003) A Study ofCollege Volleyball Coaches'LeadershipBehaviors and the RelevantStudyin Tema Cohesion 31
A Study of College Volleyball Coaches'Leadership Behaviors and the Relevant Study in Team Cohesion
Yu-You Tsai Jen-Te Junior College of Medical, Nursing and Management
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate college volleyball coaches'leadership be havior and its relationship with team cohesion. The participants of the study were 121 volle yball players at the first level of the male and female sections of the college volleyball league contests in the academic year 2001. The research measurements were Leadership Scale for Athletic Preference and Athletic Team C ohesion . The effective questionnaires were 206 copi es and analyzed by the following analysis methods: factor analysis , descriptive statistics, test of independence, one-way variance, stepwise regression analysis and Pearson product mo ment correlation. The results showed that there were significant differences in volleyball play ers'preferences in following dimensions: (a)There were obvious differences shown in prefer ence for coaches'autocratic behaviors from different gender players'the preference for coa ches'leadership behaviors. (b)There were obvious differences shown in the perceptions of autocratic behavior s from different training frequency players'recognitions of coaches'lead ership behaviors. (c)There were obvious differences shown in preference for democratic be haviors and autocratic behaviors from different athletic achievement players'recognitions of coaches'leadership behaviors. (d)Coaches'leadership behavior can effectively predict team cohesion with respect to the perceptions of coaches'leadership behaviors concerning training and instruction, social support, positive feedback and democratic behavior, and preference for coaches'leadership behaviors concerning positive feedback, democratic behavior and social support. (e)The autocratic behavior factor of preference for coaches'leadership behaviors in predicating team cohesion has the 8% explanatory amount for social cohesion. The positive feedback factor of coaches'leadership behaviors in predicting team cohesion has 9% explan atory amount for work cohesion.
Keywords: Coaches'leadership behavior, team cohesion, college volleyball league contest

1 20 1 4

5 1 0 0922302763 E-mail : win54 l l@hotmail.com
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Sharkey , B. J. ( 1 997 ) . Fitness and health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Taylo r, P., Word, A. & Rippe, J. M. (1 99 1) . Exercising to health: how much, how soo n? The Physician and Sports Medicine, 19(8), 94.
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Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 33~51 (May, 2003) A Study on Heart Disease Risk Behaviors through Staff SelfAssessing ofa Construction Company 51
A Study on Heart Disease Risk Behaviors through Staff Self Assessing of a Construction Company
Abstract
Hsian-Chou Hong Fu Jen Catholic University
The purpose of this study was to assess the heart disease risk behaviors in a construction company staff through questionnaire. One hundred and twenty staff in the study. The testing instrument was a questionnaire containing 14 questions, with an account of heart disease risk behaviors per question. Answers were recorded on score sheets by study staff. Analyses were conducted on differences between gender, age, income, post, education levels and marriage. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences between gender groups, age groups and income groups, post groups, education levels groups, high and low fraction groups. Baseline data from this study can be used to plan and provide individual health management to a con struction company staff.
Keywords: heart disease, Health risk behaviors, staff self assessing
( 53 ~ 6 3 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 60 ) ( )
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Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 53~63 (May, 2003) The Scoring & Shooting Area in World Cup Women Soccer Championships (WCWSC) 63
The Scoring & Shooting Area in World Cup Women Soccer Championships (WCWSC)
Shau-Lian Chen & Yu-Ching Tsai,
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the correlation between scoring and shooting area. With action-recall, the subjects were 84 final-play tapes in three WCWSCs (1991, 1995, and 1999). The data were gathered statistically by one-way ANOVA and the conclusions were:
1. . It showed significant difference among each shooting area.
2. The area from the Goal to Penalty Spot could score frequently.
3. When attacking, the best direction was from the Goal to Penalty Spot.
Keywords: soccer games; shooting area, World Cup, retracing motion analysis



11 2
04) 85 11888- 1 3 1 2 0931175748 E-mail : n40330 @yahoo.com.tw
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2002
21- 38
( 1 995 ) 17, 11-23
( 1 998 ) (1 993 )
(1 999 )
( 2001 )

9, 1 53- 176

Aaker, A.D., Burtra, R. & Meyers, G. J. (1992). Advertising Management. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Arani, A. (1992). How corporations can take advantage of Olympic Marketing opportunities.
Sport Marketing Quarterly, 1(1), 7-12.
Belch G.E. & Belch, M.A. (1993). Introduction to Advertising and Promotion. Home wood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
Brown, S.C.; Sutton, W.A. & Duff, G. (1993). The event pyramid: an effective management strategy. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 2(4), 29-35.
Catherwood, D.W., & Van Kirk, R.L. (1992). The Complete Guide to Special Event Man agement. NJ.: John Willey & Sons, Inc.
Cuneen, J. & Hannan, M.J. (1993). Intermediate measures and recognition testing of sponsor ship advertising at an LPGA tournament. Sport Marketing Quarterly , 2(1), 47-54.
Harshaw, M.A. & Turner, E.T. (1999). Assessing the recognition of perimeter advertising sig nage by television viewers ofNASCAR Winston Cup event. Sport Marketing Quar terly, 8(4), 35-41.
Javalgi, R.G., Traylor, M.B., Gross, A.C., & Lampman, E. (1994). Awareness of sponsorship and corporate image: an empirical investigation. Journal of Advertising, 23(4), 47- 58 .
Murphy, L. (1986). The controversy behind event marketing. Sales and Marketing Manage ment, 10, 54-56.
Pitts, B.G. (1998) . An analysis of sponsorship recall during Gay Games IV. Sport marketing Quarterly, 7(4), 11-18.
Sandler, D.M. & Shani , D. (1993). Sponsorship and the Olympic games: the consumer per spective. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 2(3), 38-43.
Shannon, J.R. & Turley, L.W. (1 997) . The influence of in-arena promotions on purchase be havior and purchase intentions. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6(4), 53-59.
Turco, D.M . (1994). Event sponsorship: effects on consumer brand loyalty and consumption.
Sport Marketing Quarterly, 3(3), 35-37 .
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
78 Vol. 2 pp. 65~78 (May, 2003) A Study on Recognon Effects of Corporate Courtside Advertising
A Study on Recognition Effects of Corporate Court side Advertising — A Case Study of 91 st Acedemic Year Collegiate Athletic Games Badminton Court Ground Spectators
Chih-Feng Lee Dai-Yeh University Jong-Cheng Lin Wan-Zao College
Abstract
This research surveyed 136 spectators from badminton court of91st academic-year Col legiate Athletic Games to investigate the demographic features of spectators and to access spectators'recognition rate of sponsor corporate courtside advertisings. The findings of this study revealed that the demographic features of spectators at badminton courts were: male spectators slightly more than female, age beyond 25 years old, and most spectators were ath letes who participated competitions. Victor Badminton got highest recognition rate (90.4%), and then Chi-Lih Badminton Material Store (66.2%), Yih-Dah Hospital(41.2%), Hunter Boy Corporation(28 .7%). According to the results of this survey, researchers also presented some concrete suggestions for sport sponsorship and future studies.
Keywords: sport sponsorship, courtside advertising, recognition effects








…



70 02)2538 11 11 307 1
( 79~ 95 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 90 ) ( )
( 79~ 95 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 89 )


1 992 ) 60 1 986 ) , 1 997 )
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WhatWhy With whomHow When and Where 1 996 ) E.K. B ( Engel, Roger, & Paul, 1 993 ) E.K. B
1 996 )
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( 1 987 ) ( 1 996 )
1 996 )


L 4
2 12

2 3
3 7
4 6

( correla tion analysis ) ( criterion of internal consist ency ) 30 ( a=.05 ) 25 25 ( discriminatory power) ; ( Critical Ratio, CR) CR ( a=.05 1 992 )
22 8,0 1 9 82
( p<.05 ) 1 9 90,


2 ( Ch i- Square Test ) Likelihood Ration

1

(11.1%)
( 1.6%)
40001- 50000
( 0.8% )
2.
85 )


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( 44 .8%
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( 29.7% ) ( 1 987 ) (2) Nike
2.
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(1 996 )
(1 996 )
(1 996 )
( 1 997 )
Engel , F. J., Roger, B.D., & Paul, M.W. (1 993) . Consumer Behavior, Sixth Edition. Chicago: Dryden Press.
92 2
92 3
92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 79~95 (May, 2003) Research of Sports Goods Consumption Behaviors and Brands Loyalty 95
Research of Sports Goods Consumption Behaviors and Brands Loyalty
Ta-Cheng Hung Shih-Chien University
Abstract
The purposes of this research were to investigate consumers'purchasing behaviors and examined the influences of customers'brands loyalty. In addition, the research examined the influences of customers'brands loyalty; hope to provide marketing strategy of sport goods for INC. We use questionnaires to collect information of sports goods consumption behaviors and customers'brands loyalty. A total of 126 people were involved in this investigation. The data were treated through the use of descriptive analysis and Kai-Square analysis. Alpha coeffi cient was set at.05 for all computations.
Results of this research are:
1. Customers think that popularity of brands and styles of products are important.
2. Customers aren't loyal to peculiar products or brands, have variety needs and prefer lower prices products.
3. Consumers'sport goods information is informed by friends, they like to see basketball games, shop in sports goods stores and prefer to seasonal shopping, non-colored products and so on.
4. . Customers like to buy sports shoes and sports bags in sports stores, aren't loyal to pe culiar products or brands.
5. Customers of sports clothes aren't loyal to peculiar products or brands, prefer to buy in sports boutique and have habit seeing basketball games.
Keywords: Sports Goods, Consumption Behaviors, Brands Loyalty


— 1 74.7 1 84
1 0
69.79 77.2 7.4 1
O 1 8 38.29%, A 1 5 3 1.9 1%, B
14 2 9.78% O
1 0.6 6 6.6
87%, 1 3%

11
04)2239 164 7 610 2
( 97~ 11 0 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 97 )
( 100 97~ 1 10 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )


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174 .6 170 17 1. 9 5 1994 ) 3
200 1
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( 97~ 11 0 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 99 )
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7 10 1 997 ( GregRusedski ) 143 22 8.8 ( MarkPhilippoussis ) 14 2.3 227.6 8 ( Tennis 1 998 ) , 1 90 ( lvanisevic ) 1 93 ( Tennis 19 98 )




B 1
A 4
B 6
( 97~ 11 0 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 101 )
( 102 97~ 1 10 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
3
A 9
B 7
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0 55 0 B 50%B 99%1 995 )



7
( 104 97~ 1 10 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
( 97~ 11 0 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 103 )
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( 106 97~ 1 10 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
( 97~ 11 0 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 109 )


1 85 76
50
1 978 15 1 73 65 1

200 1
18 4 77
200
18 0
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18 0 60
( )
100 20
1 8 1 9 20~ 24
( 5 (1 1 6 (1 2 1 (1 3 2 (1 4 3 (1 5 1 (1 6 2 (1 7 3 (1 8 )… 6 6.6
2002
2002 2000 )


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4 3:2 2 25

(1 994 ) 73, 39~ 47
( 1 995 ) 1 ' 91
(1 998 ) 24 ~ 28
( 1 995 ) 91 40

( 2000 ) 495
Tennis ( 1 998 ) TheTopof50rro , 20, 77
Tennis ( 1 998 ) 21, 32
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
110 Vol. 2 pp. 97~110 (May, 2003) A Study of Stature, Blood Type, Starting Age to PlayTennis, HabitualStriking Hand for Class-A TennisPlayers
A Study of Stature, Blood Type, Starting Age to Play Tennis, Habitual Striking
Hand for Class-A Tennis Players
Yeong-An Lin Chungtai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology
Abstract
The aim of this research is to explore the stature difference of class-A tennis players be tween our nationals and foreigners. Similarly a series of analysis shown in the research include blood type, starting age to play tennis and habitual striking hand are discussed herein. The re search takes forty-seven collegiate students from sports department as the subjects. The con clusions are as follows:
1. The average height ofnational tennis players is 174.7cm, while worldwide top-ten ten nis players, 184cm, which is 10cm higher.
2. The average weight of national tennis players is 69, 79kg, while world wide top-ten players, 77.2kg, which is 7.41kg heavier.
3. . Among national players, blood type O (18 persons) occupies 38.29%; blood type A (15 persons) occupies 31.91%; blood type B (14 persons) occupies 29.78%. Blood type Os prevail.
4. As for starting age to play tennis, top-ten national tennis players, on average, start to play tennis at the age of 10.6 while worldwide top-ten male tennis players, at the age of 6; fe­ male tennis players, at the age of 6.6.
5. In all, 87% players use their right hands as forehand strike; 13% players use their left hands as forehand strike.
Keywords: stature, blood type, habitual striking hand, starting age to play tennis
( 120 1 11~ 1 27 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
( 111~ 127 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 117 )

F


1 999 ) 3565

BMI

BMI


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89 1289 1071 677 52 8
3565 84 11 23 l 2 34 5 1 600 800



(=)1 994 ) : (1) ( Cardiovascular endurance ) (2) ( Muscular fitness ) (3) ( Flexibility ) (4) ( Body composition )


89
1 289 10 71 677 52 8 3565

89 9 l 3


90 1 0 2 90 10 1 3 2
(1 0 2 0 6
(1 0 9 0 13 1600 800

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a=.05
89 3565
89
89 12 89 171.38+5.72 65.6 8+12. 1 6
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89



89




286.63+33.7 4
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30 20.38 +3.32 60 35.85 +5.73
225.22 +26.82 1 600 497 .84+66 .13
20.4 5+2.95, 35.2 8+8.64 30 1 5.06 +2.90 60
26.07 +5.79 1 62. 1 9+1 9.2 1 800
286 .63+33 .74 22.38 +3 .00, 32 .34 +7.4 6
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89 T a=.05
89





P<.05
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( P>.05 ) 34. 13+9.32 32.34 +7 .46 T ( P<.05 ) 30 60 20.38+3.32 35.85 +5.73 30 60
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P<.05
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1 58.07 +1 7.6 1 T ( P<.05 ) 800 286 .63+33.74 296.0 1+ 28.03 T 800 ( P<. 05 )

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Pearson

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BMI ( P<.05 ) 1 600m ( P<.05 ) 800m


5%

( 1600 55- 60 ( 1600 4 5- 50 5- 10 5 ( 30 60 35- 40% (3 0 60 4 5- 50 50- 55 10- 1 5
5 5 55- 60 50- 55 5- 10 5 45- 50
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800

( 800 45- 50 ( 800 40- 45 5% 5- 1 0 (3 0 60
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BMI BM I BMI

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1. ( P<.05 )
2. ( P<.05 ) BMI ( P<.05 )

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2 ( P<.05 ) 800m

2



(1 992 ) 20, 1-7 (1 992 )
(1 993 )
(1 994 ) 1994
(1 996 ) 145- 160
(1 980 )
( 1 992 ) 30-39
(1 997) 46- 59
( 1 986 )
(1 997 ) 208-2 1 6
( 1 994 )

( 1 993 )
(1 995 ) (1 993 )
16, 373-390
( 1 998 ) 4 97- 1 48
( 1 982 ) 240-257
(1 993 )
( 1 989 )
(1 989 )

Ekelund, L.G., Haskell, E.L. ,& Johnson, J.L.(1988). Physical fitness as a predictor ofCardio vascular mortality in asymptomatic north american men. New English JournalMedi cine, 319 , 1379- 1384 .
Meredith, C.N., Zackin, M.J., Frontera, W.R., & Evans, W.J.(1 987) . Body compositionAnd aerobic capacity in young and middle-aged endurancetrained men. Medicine& Sci ence Sports Exercise, 19(6), 557-563.
Simpson, S. (1989). The effects of participation in physical education activities uponHealth related physical fitness. Journal of human movement studies (Edinburgh), 17( 4), 153-163.
Sobolaki, J., Kornitzer, M., & Backer, G.D.(1 987) . Protection against ischemic heart Disease in the Belgian physical fitness study: Physical fitness rather than physical Activity? American Journal Epidemiol, 125(4) , 601-610.
Vaccaro, P. Clinton, M.( 1 981) . The effects of aerobic dance conditioning on the body Compo sition and maximal oxygen uptake of collage women. Journal Sports Medicine,21,
291-294.
Wehrenberg, W.B., & Costello, M.(1993) . Clinical evaluation of the backmate lowerLumbar rehabilitation system: Result of a preliminary study. Journal Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 17(40), 185-190.
Willford, H.N ., Blessing , D .L. , Barksdale, J.M. & Smith , F.H .( 1 988). The effects of aerobic dance training on serun lipids, lipoproteins and cardiopulmonary function.Journal Sports Medicine, 28( 2), 151-157.
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 111~127 (May, 2003) Comparison of Fitn ess Levels between Students Attended Day and Night School at VIT 127
Comparison of Fitness Levels between Students Attended Day and Ni School at VIT
Jui-Chuan Yang & Wen-Yi Lee Van Nung Institute of Technology
ABSTRACT
Based on the recent reports from the Ministry of Education in 1999, the overall fitness levels of our collegiate students were lower than that of the students from the USA, Japan, and Mainland China. Based on common observation, the students attending night school have less opportunity to engage regular exercises. It is therefore, important to understand the fitness lev els of students attending night school and compare those data with the data of day school stu dents. Three thousand five hundred and sixty five VIT students participated in the study. Stan dardized fitness tests were used and the results showed:
1. . Both male and female day school students demonstrated better flexibility, power and cardiovascular endurance than their counterpart attending night school. However, night school female students demonstrated better than day school female students on strength and strength endurance .
2. Male student had a positive correlation between age and BMI value, strength and strength endurance, but a negative correlation between age and cardiovascular endurance. Fe male students had a positive correlation between age and strength , but a negative correlation between age and cardiovascular endurance, flexibility and power.
Keywords: Fitness, Day School, Night school
1 999

02)2903 1111 3073
( 132 129~ 136 ( 2003 . 5 ) ) ( 1 999 )
( 129~ 1 3 6 ( 200 3 .5 ) ) ( 1 999 131 )

1 999

1 999 6 1 7 26



( 1 979) (1 983) 60- 80(1 983)

AB












4.42
1- 3 A
· ( 1.00 1.00 0. 8 5 0.85 0.28 0.14 )
1- 4 A










10.85
5.42
3.85
3.57
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2.42
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8.42
1- 6 A
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31.71
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2
2
2

2
3

6
4
4
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5
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6
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5
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6
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· ( 1 0.33 0.33 0 . 1 6 0.16 0.16 )
2-3 B
( 1 0.83 0.5 0 . 33 0.33 0 . 1 6 0.16 )
2-4 B






1


10.33
7.33
5.16
5.00
4.33
2.66
1.50
( 134 129~ 13 6 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 1 999 )
( 129~ 1 36 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 1 99 9 1 33 )
2 - 6 B
( 1 5.83 5.33 4.00 3.66 1.33 0.33 )
( 1 32.00 31.83 26.66 26.66 24.00 21.16 20.33 ) 2 - 7 B
2- 1 2- 7 2- 8 B









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6
4
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6
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1
2
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1
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2
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6
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( 1 979 ) ( 1 979 )
(1 983 ) (1 983 )
92 2 92 3 92 4
( 129~ 1 36 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 1 99 9 135 )
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
136 Vol. 2 pp. 129~136 (May, 2003) A Study ofthe Relationshipbetween PitchingAbilityandGma e Resultofthe 1999 JuniorWmo enWorld Softball Championship
A Study of the Relationship between Pitching Ability and Game Result of the 1999 Junior Women World Softball Championship
Chao-Liang Ni
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between pitching ability and game result in softball. Data were collected from games played by the 15 teams participating in the 1999 Junior Women World Softball Championship. Analyses of the data revealed that the final eight teams had stronger pitching ability than those who were not in the finals. Pit ching ability was showed to have a significant effect on softball game results.
Keywords: softball, pitching ability
( 140 1 37~ 153 ( 2003 . 5 ) ) ( ( PST ) ) ( )
( 1 37~ 1 53 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( ( PST ) ) ( 141 )
II
, PST ) 1 1 970

5 10 02)26362004 e-mail : kid@szjh.t pc.edu.tw

( psychological skills ) ( psychological characteristics ) ( psychomotor ability ) 2002 ) ,
50% 80%~ 90% (Weinberg & Gould, 1 999 ) —
Mahoney , 1989 ; Mahoney & Avener,1977 ; 2000 )
( Greenspan & Feltz,1989 ; Weinberg & Comar, 1 994 ; 2000 ; 200 1 )


















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- B

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( 148 1 37~ 153 ( 2003 . 5 ) ) ( ( PST ) ) ( )
( 1 37~ 1 53 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( ( PST) ) ( 149 )




( Greenspan & Fe ltz , 1 989 ; Weinb erg & C omar , 1 994 ; 2000 ; 200 1 )



— 3 5 1 5 20 8




( 2001 ) ( 200 1 ) 52 31 (3 ) ,
67- 74
( 1 995 ) 94, 53-60 ( 2001 )
( 2002 ) 16 (3 ), 67- 72 ( 2000 )

( 200 1 ) 2002 31
(3 ), 27-32
( 1 987 )
( 2002 ) 62, 36-4 1 ( 2002 ) 62, 24-30 (1 997)
33, 1 40- 1 46
( 2002 ) 59, 93- 1 00
( 2000 ) 30 (3 ), 75- 81 ( 200 1 ) 31
( 3 ) , 45- 46
(1 991 )
( 2001 ) 14
( 4 ) , 71- 80
( 2000 )
( 2001 ) 57, 123- 129
( 2002 )

Greenspan, M.J., & Feltz, D.F. ( 1 989 ) . Psychological interventions with athletes in com petitive situation : A review. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 21 9-236 .
Hellstedt, J.C. ( 1 987 ) . Sport psychology at a ski academy : Teaching mental skills to yo ung athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 1, 56-68.
Mahoney, M.J. ( 1 989 ) . Psychological Predictors of elite and non-elite performance in Olympic weightlifting. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 20, 1- 12.
Mahoney, M. J., & Avener, M. ( 1 977 ) . Psychology of the elite athlete : An exploratory stu
dy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 135-141.
Orlick, T., & McCaffery, N. ( 1 991 ) . Mental training with children for sport and life. The Sport Psychologist, 5, 322-334 .
Weiss, M.R. ( 1 991 ) . Psychological skill development in children and adolescents. The Sport Psychologist, 5, 335-354 .
Weinberg, R.S., & Comar, W. ( 1 994 ) . The effectiveness of psychological interventions in competitive sport. Sports Medicine, 18, 406- 418 .
Weinberg, R. S., & G ould, D. ( 1 999 ) . Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology
2nd Ed.
Williams, M .J . ( 1 993 ) . Applied Sport Psy chology. Mayfield Publishing Company.
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 13 7~153 (May, 2003) A Study of Current Researches of Psychological Skills Training(PST} 153
A Study of Current Researches of Psychological Skills Training PST
Ching-Yu Wang Fu Jen Catholic University
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to discuss current researches of Psychological Skills Training ( PST ) in the field of Psychology in Taiwan, and to collect and analyze the relevant researches in these ten years . The development of Sport Psychology began in the last 19th century, grew and was utilized by the competition sport in the middle 1970s. Many rese arches approved that PST can aid or advance the sport performances. There are more and more pertinent researches and application of Sport Psychology in Taiwan , but the evolution of Sport Psychology, no matter in teaching or in professional researches, wasn't mature. We expect the further application of science can make great strides in the performances of our national ath letes.
Keyowrds: psychological skills training(PST), psychomotor ability, arousal, con centration, anxiety, imagery




Locke 1 968 Tayl er Smiddy Drucker Ryanbs ( Lock & Lattham, 1 990 ) ( l 968~ l 994 ) 400 1 985

37 79 — 90 Locke
27 10
Locke
02)2903 1111 3058
( 166 1 55~ 175 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( )
( 1 55~ 1 75 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 159 )

1 960
( Bandura & Schunk, 1 98 1 )
( congnitive ) ( affective ) ( psychomotor ) ( goal- setting ) Harris ( 1 984 )

( Locke et al., 19 81 )
( Locke & Latham, 19 85 ) : 1. ( direction and activity ) ; 2 ( effo rt ) ; 3. ( persist ence ) ; 4. ( task strategy decelopment )
( Gould, 1998 ; Murphy, 1 996 ) l 2 3. 4 56 7. 8. 9 1011
l
Locke 19 68 Tayler
Smidd y DruckerRyanbs ( Locke & Lattham, 1990 ) ( 1 968 — 1 994 )
400 ( Locke & Latham, 1 990 ) 1 985
Miner (1 984 ) 32
Pinder ( 19 84 )
Locke ( 1 981 ) 110 99
Mento (1 987 ) Tubbs ( 19 86 ) Locke
Weinb erg, Weinberg
Weinberg ( 1 993 ) ( ceiling effect ) Locke Latham ( 1 985 )
Locke ( 1 991 ) Locke l . 2. 310 4 5 6 7
Weinberg Weigand ( 1 993 ) Locke Latham 1. Hall Byrne 55 Boyce ( 1 992 ) 43B oyce ( 1 990 ) 1 6.7Weinberg(1 990 ) 24 2 3Locke Weinberg et al. ( 1 990 ) Weinberg et al. ( 1 991 ) B ar-Eli ( 1 993 )
Locke Weinberg Weigand ( 1 993 ) Locke
( imagination) ( innovation ) ( generalization )
Weinberg l 2 3.
Giannini ( 1 988 ) l 2.3 4.
Hall (1 987 ) Locke
Carron ( 1 980 ) Steer ( 1 988 ) Locke Latham ( 1 990 )

37 Locke 27 73% ) Locke 1 0 27%) Locke 14 5
Locke 27
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( 1 998 ) 93
(1997) 120
( 1 997 ) 240 l. 2
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169
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48
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Boyce ( 1 992 ) 1 81 20.4
Boyce ( 1 992 ) 90
Tenebaum (1 991 )
214
Boyce ( 1 990 ) 90
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Bandura, A., & Schunk, D.H. (1981). "Cultivating competence; self-efficacy, and intrinsic in terest through proximal self-motivation", Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 41, 586-598.
Barnett, M.L., & Stanicek, J.A. (1979). "Effect of goal-setting on achievement in archery", Research Quarterly, 50, 328-332.
Bar-Eli, M., Levy-Kolker, N., Tenenbaum,G., & Weinberg, R. (1993). Effect of goal difficulty on performance of aerobic, aerobic and power tasks in laboratory and field settings. "Journal of Sport Behavior, 16", 17-32.
Boyce, B.A. (1990). "The effect of instructor set goals upon skill acquisition and retention of a selected shooting task", Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 9(2), 115- 122.
Boyce, B.A. (1992a). "The effects of goal proximity on skill acquisition and retention of a shooting tash in a field-based setting", Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 298-308.
Boyce, B.A. (1992b). Effects of assigned versus participant-set goals on skill acquisition and retention of a selected shooting task. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11, 220-234.
Burton, D. (1984). Evaluation of goal-setting training on selected cognitions and performance of collegiate swimmers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois.
Carron, A.V. (1980). Motivating the athlete. In W.F.Straub (ed.), Sport Psychology an Analy sis of Athlete Behavior 38-48 . New York: Vouvement Publications
Frierman, S.H., Weinberg, R. S., & Jackson, A. (1990) . "The relationship between goal prox imity and specificity in bowling :A field experiment", The Sport Psychologist, 4. 145-154.
Giannini, J.M., Weinberg, R.S., & Jackson, A.J. (1988). The effects of mastery, competitive and cooperative goaks on the performance of simple and complex basketball skills, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10, 408- 41 7.
Gould, D. (1998). Goal setting for peak performance. In J. Williams (Ed.), Applied Sport
Psychology:Personal Groth to Peak Performance(2nd ed., 182-196). Mountain View, CA :Mayfield.
Hall, H.K., & Byrne, T. (1988). "Goal setting in sport: Clarifying recent anomalies", Journal of Sport Psychology, 10, 184-198.
Hall, H.K., & Byrne, T. (1 988) . Goal setting in sport: Clarifying anomalies . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 189-192.
Hall, H.K., Weinberg, R. S. , & Jackson, A. (1987). "Effects of goal specificity, goal difficulty and information feed back on endurance performance" , Journal of Sport Psychol ogy, 9, 43- 54 .
H arris, D.V. (1 969) . Sports Psychology: Mental Skill for Physical People, New York: Leisure Press.
Harris, D. V., & Harris, B.L. (1984). The Athlete's Guide to Sport Psychology: Mental Skills for Physical People. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Howe, B., & Poole, R. (1992). Goal proximity and achievement motivation of high school boys in a basketball shooting . task. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11, 248-255.
Locke, E.A. (1966) . " The relationship of intentions to level of performance", Journal of Ap plied Psychology, 50, 50-66 .
Locke, E.A (1968). Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives. Organizational Be havior and Human Performance, 3, 1 57- 1 89.
Locke, E.A.( 1 991) . Problems with goal-setting research in sport and their solutions. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 13, 11- 316 .
Locke, E.A. & Bryan , J.F. (1 967) . Performance goals as determinists oflevel ofperformance and boredom. Journal of Applied Psychology. 67,512-514.
Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (1985). "The application of goal setting to sports", Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 205-222.
Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. ( 1 990) . A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Locke, E.A., Shaw , K.N ., Sarri , L. M., & Latham, G.P. ( 1 981) . Goal Setting andTask Per formance: ,Psychological Bulletin, 90, 125-152.
Mento, A. J., Steel , R.P., & Karren, R. J. (1987). A meta-analytic study of the effects of goal setting . on task performance: 1966-1984. Organizational Behavior and Human De-
cision Processes, 39, 52-83.
Miller, J.T., & Mcauley, E. (1987). "Effects of a goal-setting training program on basketball freethrow self-efficacy and performance", Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 103-113.
Miner, J.B.(1984). The validity and usefulness of theories in an emerging organizational sci ence. Academy of Management Reviews, 9,296-306.
Murphy, S. (1996). The Achievement Zone. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
Nelson, J.A. (1978). Motivating effects of the use of norms and goals with endurance testing.
Reserarch Quarterly, 49,317-321.
Steers, R. M., (1988). Organization Behaviour, (3rd ed.). Glenview, IL:Scott, Foresman and Company.
Tenebaum, G., Pinchas, S., Elbaz, G., Bar-Eli, M., & Weinberg, R.(1991). Effect of goal prox imity and goal specificity on muscular endurance performance: A replication and ex tension. Journal of Sport and Exercise, 14,174-187.
Tubbs, M.E. (1986). Goal setting: A meta-analytic examination of the empirical evidence.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 474-483.
Weinberg, R., Bruya, L., Garland, H., & Jackson. A (1990a). "Effect of goal difficulty and positive reinforcement on enduracne performance" , Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 12, 144-156.
Weinberg, R., Bruya, L., Garland, H., & Jackson, A. (1990) , "Goal setting and competition:A reaction to Hall and Byrne". Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 92-97.
Weinberg, R., Bruya, L.D., & Jackson. A (1990b), "Goals and competition: A reaction to Hall and Byrne" . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 92- 96.
Weinberg, R., Bruya, L.D., Longino, J., & Jackson, A. (1988). "Effect of goal proximity and specificity on endurance performance of primary-grade children", Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10, 81-91.
Weinberg, R.S., Bruya, L., Jackson, A., & Carland, H. (1986). "Goal difficulty and endurance performance: A challenge to the goal attainability assumption", Journal of Sport Be havior. 10. 2, 282-292 .
Weinberg, R. S., Bruya, L.D., & Jackson, A. (1985), "The effects of goal proximity and goal specificity on endurance performance" , Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 296-305
Weinberg, R.S., Fowler, C., Jackson, A., Bagnall, J.M., & Bruya, L. (1991). "Effect of goal
difficulty on motor performance: Areplication across task and subjects", Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 160-173.
Weinberg, R.S., & Weigand, D.(1993). "Goal setting in sport and exercise: A reaction to Loc ke", Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 15, 88-96.
92 2
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Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
Vol. 2 pp. 155~ 175 (May, 2003) The Investigation in Goal Setting Theory in Sport Research Field 175
The Investigation in Goal Setting Theory in Sport Research Field
Mei-Hsueh Huang Fu Jen Catholic University
Abstract
The goal setting theory was proposed by Locke who integrated Tayler, Simiddy and Drucker , and Ryanbs'point of view in 1 968 . The goal setting theory is frequently examined in organization and industry psychology related studies. More than 400 reports pported that the specific and difficult goal setting methods improve athletic performance better no goal set ting, general goal setting, or just doing one's best After 1985, psychologist started to investi gate the relationship between goal setting and sports performance systematically.
A total of 37 studies were found examining the goal setting theory in Taiwan. Sport in volved in these studies include table tennis, badminton, tennis, basketball, rugby, volleyball, soccer, golf , bowling, archery, dart, press-up, standing jump , sit- up, stepping, triple jump, soft ball, etc, Among the above studies,27reports have shown consistent results with Lockes find ings,with the rest lOreports proposing no significant effects.
This study was to discuss the goal setting theory and to investigate inquiries goal setting in sports field in order to provide some useful information for coaches and athletes. The results of this study is expected to help them to set and achieve actual goals effectively.
Keywords: goal setting, athletic performance


1 968 Locke


5 1 0 02)2903 1111 3386 e-mail : phed2022@mails. fju.edu.tw
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Bandura, A.( 1 982) . Self-efficacy mechanisms in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
Locke, E.A.(1 968) .Towarda theory of task motivation and incentives . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 3, 15 7- 18 9
Locke, E.A. & Latham, G.P.(1 984). Goal setting : A motivational technique that wor k. Eng- lewood Cllifs, N . J.: Prentice-Hall.
Locke, E.A. & Latham, G.P(l 985). The application of goal setting to sports, Journal of Spor t,Psychology, 7, 205-222.
Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P.( 1 990) . Work motivation and sati sfaction: Light at the and of the tunnel .Psychological Science, 1, 240-246.
Locke, E.A.; Shaw, K.N.; Saari , L. M.; & Latham, G.P.(1 981) . Goal setting and task perform ance : (1969-1980). Psychological Bulletin, 90( 1) , 125-152.
Weinberg , R. S.(1 988). The Mental Advantage: Developing your Psychological Skill in Tennis .C hampaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Weinberg, R.S., L.D., Longina, J., & Jackson, A.(1988). Effect of goal proximity and speci ficity on endurance performance of primary grade children. Journal of Sport Exer cise Psychology, 10, 8 1- 89 .
Willis, J.D.,& Campbell, L.F.(1992). Exercise Psychology. Human Kinetics.
92 2
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Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
188 Vol. 2 pp. 177~188 (May, 2003) The Application of Goal Setting Theory to Exercise
The Application of Goal Setting Theory to Exercise
Hung- Liang Chang Fu-Jen Catholic University
The goal setting theory has been successfull pplied to each and every enterprise in vari ous industries since Locke advanced it in 1968. This theory has been verified to be the most effective and important approach to encourage the employees, boost the working morale, in crease the productivity and even raise the performance of sport.
However, it is rarely to see the goal setting theory being applied to the exercise. In view of this, this paper hereby seeks to introduce how the goal setting theory could be applied to the exercise by adopting the method of literature reviews and takes the examples for supple mentary explanations, and ultimately expects to be beneficial to the exercise enthusiasts somewhat.
Keywords: goal setting theory, exercise, physical fitness
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92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
202 Vol. 2 pp.189~202 (May, 2003) Study of Asthma and Exercise
Study of Asthma and Exercise
Tsung-Chih Kuo Fu Jen Catholic University
ABSTRART In Taiwan, asthma is a quite general hereditary disease. Because there are hasty wheeze and dyspenea when it happened, people think that the people with asthma can not exercise. Under the cause and result, it made that the healthy situation of sufferers did not improve, even indirectly increases the symptoms of disease. However, asthma is just a dyski nesia, it can not limit the congenital athletic ability. According to statistics form Los Angeles Olympic Game, 67 of 597 athletes have symptoms with exercise-induced asthma, and 41 of them were top ranked athletes (including of 15 pieces of gold medal, 21 pieces of silver medal and 5 pieces of bronze medal). As a consequence, doing the fit exercise has more positive medical value in the ideal environment and in concert with medical control. Besides, asthma is also the most general chronic disease in school children, the knowledge and conduct about asthma are must to have for each teacher. The incidence and seriousness is rising yearly, it is not only to increase familial burden, but also to expend much medical treatment and social cost. So , in order to increase cognition of asthma, it is the tidal current that worker of education should be consolidated with health and education of asthma.
Keywords: asthma, exercise, exercise-induced asthma

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833 840 07)73 1 0606 32 1 e-mail : volleyballwmy @yahoo.com .tw
( 206 20 3~ 208 ( 2003 . 5 ) ) ( )
( 20 3~ 208 ( 2003.5 ) ) ( 207 )

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and exercise, 25, 218~224.
Ashton, T., Rowlands, C. C., Jones, E., Young, I. S., Jackson, S. K., Davies , B., & Peter, J. R. ( 1 998 ) . Electron spin resonance spectroscopic detection of oxygen-centred radicals in human serum following exhaustive exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology, 77, 498~502.
Henle, E. S., & Linn, S. ( 1 997 ) . Formation, prevention, and repair of DNA damage by iron
/ hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 19095~ 1 9098 .
Ji, L. L. ( 2000 ) . Exercise and free radical generation-the role of the impact on mitochon dria. Advance in Exercise and Sport Physiology, 6( 3) , 67~ 74.
Okamura, K., Doi, T., Hamada, K., Sakurai, M., Yoshioka, Y., Mitsuzono, R., Sumida, S., & Sugawa-Katayama, Y. ( 1 997 ) . Effect ofrepeated exercise on urinary 8-hydroxy-de oxyguanosine excretion in human. Free Radical Research, 26(6), 507~514.
Poulsen, H. E., Loft, S., & Vistisen, K. ( 1 996 ) . Extreme exercise and oxidative DNA modi fication. Journal of Sports Sciences, 14(4) , 343 ~ 346.
Radak, Z., Pucsuk, J., Boros, S., Josfai, L., & Taylor A. W. ( 2000 ) . Changes in urine 8-hy droxy-deoxyguanosine levels of super-marathon runners during four-day race period. Life Sciences, 66(18), 1763 ~ 1767.
Yu, B. P. ( 1 994 ) . Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species. Physio logical Reviews, 74, 139~ 162.
92 2
92 3 92 4
Journal of Physical Education, Fu-Jen Catholic Uhiversity,
208 Vol. 2 pp. 203~208 (May, 2003) Volleyball Activity and Oxidative Inure
Volleyball Activity and Oxidative Injure
Ming-Yang Wang & Wem-Tien Chuang Cheng-Shiu Institute of Techinology
Abstract
Volleyball activity, according to the metabolic system of energy inside human body, is one of anaerobic sporting events. At the initial state of action, respiration rate in the cellular mitochondria increases dramatically. Ten-fold amount of oxygen is required for oxidative phosphorylation to generate enough quantity of ATP to meet the energy demand for human body. During this process, more free radicals are also produced. Free radicals would induce the structural change of human DNA. Publications of clinical studies have confirmed that Jar ge amount of free radicals be the original causes of severe chronic diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging and Parkinson's disease. There fore, athletes , undergoing high ly-competitively training exercise and top-level completion, have to pay attention to adjust the training intensity according to their own physical state and take antioxidants as a supplement to prevent any oxidant injure occurred.
Keywords: volleyball, oxidative injure, free-radical


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