Axioms Real Numbers

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MA TH H1B – AXIOMS FOR REAL NUMBERS Later we will see how to  construct  real numbers by starting with positive integers as undened objects, then using those to build positive rational numbers. F rom positive ratio nal number s, we can construct positive irrational numbers, and then we complete the picture by adding in zero and negatives. For now, though, we will think of the set of real numbers as “undened objects” which satisfy certain basic properties that we call “axio ms”. We will use R  to denote the set of real numbers, and we assume that we have two operations called  addition  and  multiplication . Given two real numbers  x  and  y , we assume that their sum x + y  and their product  xy  are both uniquely determi ned by  x  and  y. (I.e.  exactly  one number is the sum x + y  and exactly one number is the product  xy.) Basic properties of equality  REFLEXIVE PROPERTY: For any real number x,  x = x.  SYMMETRIC PROPERTY: For any real numbers  x and  y, if  x =  y , then  y =  x.  TRANSITIVE PROPERTY: For any real numbers  x,  y, and  z, if  x = y  and  y =  z , then  x = z . The eld axioms We treat the following axioms as our basic facts about real numbers.  AXIOM 1 (Commutative laws):  x + y  =  y  + x  and  xy =  y x for all real numbers  x and  y .  AXIOM 2 (Associative laws):  x + (y + z ) = (x + y) + z  for all real numbers  x,  y, and  z.  AXIOM 3 (Distributive law):  x(y + z ) =  xy  + xz  for all real numbers  x,  y, and  z.  AXIOM 4 (Existence of identity elements): There exist two distinct real numbers, which we call 0 and 1, such that for every real number  x we have  x + 0 = x  and  x · 1 =  x.  AXIOM 5 (Existence of negatives): For every real number  x there is a real number  y  such that  x+y = 0.  AXIOM 6 (Existence of reciprocals): For every real number  x  = 0 there is a real number  y  such that xy = 1. The order axioms We next assume there is a subset R + R called the set of  positive numbers  satisfying the following properties.  AXIOM 7: If  x and  y  are in  R + , then so are  x + y  and  xy.  AXIOM 8: For every real  x  = 0, either  x ∈ R + or −x ∈ R + , but not both.  AXIOM 9: The additive identity 0 is not in  R + . Denitions of some symbols Now we can dene the symbols  <,  >, ≤, and ≥:  x < y  means that  y x ∈ R + ;  y > x means that  x < y;  x ≤ y  means that either  x < y  or  x = y ;  y ≥ x  means that  x ≤ y .

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MATH H1B – AXIOMS FOR REAL NUMBERS

Later we will see how to   construct  real numbers by starting with positive integers as undefined objects,then using those to build positive rational numbers. From positive rational numbers, we can constructpositive irrational numbers, and then we complete the picture by adding in zero and negatives.

For now, though, we will think of the set of real numbers as “undefined objects” which satisfy certain

basic properties that we call “axioms”. We will use R  to denote the set of real numbers, and we assume thatwe have two operations called  addition  and multiplication . Given two real numbers  x  and  y , we assume thattheir sum  x + y  and their product  xy  are both uniquely determined by  x  and  y. (I.e.   exactly  one number isthe sum  x + y  and exactly one number is the product  xy.)

Basic properties of equality

•  REFLEXIVE PROPERTY: For any real number  x,  x =  x.

•  SYMMETRIC PROPERTY: For any real numbers  x  and  y, if  x =  y, then  y =  x.

•  TRANSITIVE PROPERTY: For any real numbers  x,  y, and  z, if  x =  y  and  y =  z , then  x =  z .

The field axioms

We treat the following axioms as our basic facts about real numbers.

•  AXIOM 1 (Commutative laws):   x + y  =  y  + x  and  xy =  yx  for all real numbers  x  and  y .

•   AXIOM 2 (Associative laws):   x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z  for all real numbers  x,  y, and  z.

•   AXIOM 3 (Distributive law):   x(y + z) =  xy  + xz  for all real numbers  x,  y, and  z.

•  AXIOM 4 (Existence of identity elements): There exist two distinct real numbers, which we call 0 and1, such that for every real number  x we have  x + 0 = x  and  x · 1 =  x.

•  AXIOM 5 (Existence of negatives): For every real number  x there is a real number y  such that x+y = 0.

•  AXIOM 6 (Existence of reciprocals): For every real number  x = 0 there is a real number  y  such thatxy = 1.

The order axioms

We next assume there is a subset R+ ⊂ R called the set of  positive numbers  satisfying the following properties.

•  AXIOM 7: If  x  and  y  are in  R+, then so are  x + y  and  xy.

•  AXIOM 8: For every real  x = 0, either  x ∈ R+ or −x ∈ R+, but not both.

•  AXIOM 9: The additive identity 0 is not in  R+.

Definitions of some symbols

Now we can define the symbols  <,  >, ≤, and ≥:

•   x < y  means that  y − x ∈R+;

•   y > x  means that  x < y;

•   x ≤ y  means that either  x < y  or  x =  y ;

•   y ≥ x  means that  x ≤ y .

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The least upper bound axiom

So far, all of the properties we listed have been essentially   algebraic . In fact, you might have noticed thatthe set  Q  of rational numbers satisfies all of these properties. To do calculus, however, we really want tothink about  all  the real numbers. So, we will add in one more property, an  analytic  one.

We need to make a couple definitions first. Suppose  S   is a set of numbers. A number   B   is an  upper 

bound   for  S   if  ∀x ∈ S , we have  x ≤ B . The number  B   is called the   least upper bound   or   supremum   of  S   if B   is an upper bound for  S  and  B  is less than or equal to every other upper bound for  S .

•  AXIOM 10: Every nonempty set  S  of real numbers which is bounded above has a real number as itssupremum. That is, there is a real number  B  such that  B = sup(S ).

Note that the set  Q  of rational numbers does not satisfy this axiom. For example, if we take an infinitesequence of rational numbers which are smaller than

√ 2, but getting closer and closer to

√ 2, that set is

bounded above, and it does not have rational number as its supremum. (We will prove that√ 

2 is notrational.)

Some theorems about real numbers

Using the axioms and basic logic as our building blocks, we can now  prove  some facts about real numbers.Facts that we can prove using our axioms and previously proved facts will be called   theorems . This firstsection consists of theorems we can prove using just the field axioms.

•  THEOREM 1 (Cancellation law for addition): If  a + b  =  a + c, then  b =  c.

•  THEOREM 2 (Possibility of subtraction or uniqueness of negatives): Given real numbers  a  and b, thereis exactly one number  x  such that  a + x =  b. We usually write  b − a instead of  x, and in particular, wewrite −a  for 0 − a  and call that  the  negative of  a. (Note: we only refer to   the   blah-blah-blah if thereis exactly one blah-blah-blah. I.e., it is the  unique   such object.)

•   THEOREM 3:   b − a =  b  + (−a)

•  THEOREM 4:

 −(

−a) =  a

•   THEOREM 5:   a(b − c) =  ab − ac

•   THEOREM 6: 0 · a =  a · 0 = 0

•  THEOREM 7 (Cancellation law for multiplication): If  ab =  ac  and  a = 0, then  b =  c.

•   THEOREM 8 (Possibility of division or uniqueness of reciprocals): Given real numbers  a  and  b  suchthat   a = 0, there is exactly one number   x  such that   ax   =   b. We usually write   b

a  instead of   x. In

particular,   1a

  or  a−1 is  the  reciprocal of  a.

•   THEOREM 9: If  a = 0, then   b

a = b · a−1.

•   THEOREM 10: If  a = 0, then (a−1)−1 = a.

•   THEOREM 11: If  ab  = 0, then  a = 0 or  b = 0.

•   THEOREM 12: (−a)b = −(ab) and (−a)(−b) =  ab.

•   THEOREM 13:   a

b +   c

d =   (ad+bc)

bd  if  b = 0 and  d = 0.

•   THEOREM 14:   a

b

c

d =   ac

bd  if  b = 0 and  d = 0.

•   THEOREM 15:a

bc

d

=   ad

bc  if  b = 0,  c = 0, and  d = 0.

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The next batch of theorems also uses the order axioms.

•   THEOREM 16 (Trichotomy law): For arbitrary real numbers  a  and  b, exactly one of the following istrue:   a < b,  b < a, or  a  =  b.

•   THEOREM 17 (Transitivity): If  a < b  and  b < c, then  a < c.

•   THEOREM 18: If  a < b, then  a + c < b + c.

•   THEOREM 19: If  a < b  and  c > 0, then  ac < bc.

•   THEOREM 20: If  a = 0, then  a2 > 0.

•   THEOREM 21: 1 >  0.

•   THEOREM 22: If  a < b  and  c < 0, then  ac > bc.

•   THEOREM 23: If  a < b, then −a > −b. In particular, if  a < 0, then−a > 0.

•   THEOREM 24: If  ab > 0, then  a  and  b  are both positive or  a  and  b  are both negative.

•   THEOREM 25: If  a < c  and  b < d, then  a + b < c + d.

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