Presented by:Richard Billings*, John Koupal, Rick Baker, Heather Perez, Roger

Chang and Jennifer SellersEastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG)

1600 Perimeter Park Drive, Morrisville, NC 27312

Kenneth Gathright and Leah OberlinPort of Houston Authority (PHA)

111 East Loop North, Houston, TX 77029June 20-23, 2016

Port of Houston 2013 Mobile Source Emission Inventory (Paper #870)

Presented to:AWMA’s 109th Annual Conference & Exhibition

New Orleans, Louisiana

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AbstractPort of Houston 2013 Mobile Source Emission Inventory. Paper # 870Richard Billings ERGA State-of- the-Art emission inventory was developed for the Port of Houston Authority (PHA) that quantifies the impact that PHA mobile source operations have on local air quality. This inventory included emission from: 1) marine vessels; 2) heavy duty diesel vehicles; 3) cargo handling equipment; and 4) locomotives. Marine vessel estimates were developed by using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data to identify vessels and quantify ship traffic patterns. These vessels were linked to their individual characteristics to estimate criteria and GHG emissions. Diesel truck emissions were estimated for multiple terminal sites using the project scale feature of EPA's MOVES2014 model, based on field measurement of truck counts, time-in-port, driving patterns and age. Local terminals were surveyed to compile necessary cargo handling equipment data, ERG modeled nonroad equipment with onroad engines using MOVES2014. And engine load factors for RTGs based on PHA in-use measurement profiles. For locomotives, tier level engine data were provided by the Class I and local yard operators to account for compliance with current regulatory standards; this information was used along with railcar traffic data and fuels usage data to estimate emissions from these engines. GIS shapefiles were used to spatially allocate activity and emissions. This paper presents preliminary results of this study, the project is scheduled forcompletion in June 2016.  

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Introduction

• Commercial Marine Vessels (CMV)

• Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV)

• Cargo Handling Equipment (CHE)

• Locomotives

2013 inventory of Port of Houston Authority (PHA) -related emissions within the Houston/Galveston/Brazoria (HGB) Nonattainment area

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IntroductionCMV• Automatic Identification

System (AIS) • Geographic Information

System (GIS) vessel movement mapping

• Information Handling Service (IHS) Register of Ships

CHE• Equipment survey• TexN

HDDV• MOVES2014 • License Plate Recognition

(LPR) Cameras• Gate Data• GIS truck movement

mapping

Rail• Locomotive Tier data• EPA emission factors

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Approach: CMV

• Vessel name.• Country of registry.• Vessel identification codes.• Call sign.• Vessel type.• Gross/net tonnage.• Piston stroke length/cylinder diameter (to calculate

vessel category).• Maximum vessel speed • Vessel power.• Auxiliary engine power.

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Approach: CMVDE = MCR x LF x A x EF

Where:DE = Emissions from the engine(s), usually calculated

as grams or converted to Tons of emissions.

MCR = Maximum continuous rated engine power, kW.LF = Load factor ((actual speed/maximum speed)3)A = Activity (hours)EF = Emission factor (g/kWh).

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Approach: CMV

. Category 3 Emission Factors (g/kW-hr)Type Engine Fuel NOX VOCa CO SO2 CO2 PM10 PM2.5

b

SSD Main 1% Sulfur 14.7 0.6318 1.4 3.62 588.86 0.45 0.42MSD Aux 1% Sulfur 12.1 0.4212 1.1 3.91 636.6 0.47 0.43

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Category 2 Emission Factors (g/kW-hr)Tier PM10 NOx CO VOC PM2.5 a SO2 CO2

0 0.32 13.36 2.48 0.141102 0.3104 0.006 648.16

1 0.32 10.55 2.48 0.141102 0.3104 0.006 648.16

2 0.32 8.33 2.00 0.141102 0.3104 0.006 648.16

3 0.11 5.97 2.00 0.073710 0.1067 0.006 648.16

Approach: Onroad

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Estimated Total Yearly Visits to Each Terminal and the Source of the EstimateTerminal Gate Estimated Yearly Entries Source

Barbours Cut

Main 463,695 PHA log

Gate 4 46,722Extrapolated TTI LPR-logged entries

APM/Maersk 419,451 PHA logBayport - 652,536 PHA log

Jacintoport - 91,601 PHA log

Bulk Material Handling Plant

- 19,045Extrapolated terminal-provided six-month log

Care - 22,100

Extrapolated TTI LPR-logged entries

Turning Basin

Cargo Bay Rd 236,821Extrapolated TTI LPR-logged entries

Industrial Park East 87,256

Extrapolated TTI LPR-logged entries

Manchester 24,191Terminal-provided estimates for three client operators

Southside 18 6,500Extrapolated TTI LPR-logged entries

Southside Jacob Stern 1,691 Terminal-provided estimate

Woodhouse - 14,092

Extrapolated TTI LPR-logged entries

Grain Elevator #2 Ardent Mills, Louis Dreyfus (operators) 19,068 PHA-provided estimates

Total 2,104,769

Drayage truckIn-TerminalConnecting RoadsHGB Non-Attainment Area

Dock trucksLimited Operation within Port Area

Approach: Onroad

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Terminal/Gate Estimated Average Visit Duration (minutes)

Barbours Cut 58.7Barbours Cut/APM 54Bayport 48.3Jacintoport 54.2Bulk Material Plant 77.3Care 78.9Turning Basin/ Cargo Bay Rd 124.4Turning Basin/ Industrial Park East 78.1Turning Basin/ Manchester 77.3Turning Basin/ Southside 18 94.6Turning Basin/ Southside Jacob Stern 77.3Woodhouse & Grain Elevator #2 104.7

License Plate Recognition (LPR)Cameras

Approach: Onroad

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Sa = Da / Ta

Where: Sa = Vehicle speed from terminal a along connector to highway (mph)Da = Distance traveled from terminal a gate to main highway (miles)Ta = Time to travel distance D (hrs)

VMT = ∑ DBa * Ta

Where :VMT = Vehicle miles traveled (VMT)DBa = Distance to HGB boundary from terminal a ( miles)Ta = Trip count from terminal a

Approach: Onroad

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• Dock Trucks– Movement of steel

from Turning Basin to Lay Yards

– 64 trucks– Model years 1976

to 2006– GPS vehicle

tracking

Approach: CHE

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• Forklifts• Generators • Lifts • Loaders • Rubber tire gantry

(RTG) cranes • Yard tractors• Other support equipment

Approach: CHE

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2013 CHE Operating Profiles

Equipment TypeModel Year Engine Power (hp) Annual Hours

Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum AverageAerial Lift 1984 2012 2001 30 87 66 50 1,250 340

Agricultural Tractor 1995 2010 2004 50 207 83 10 2,901 606Air Compressor 2002 2002 2002 63 63 63 50 50 50

Bulldozer 1997 2012 2007 452 636 521 1500 3,524 2,709Crane 1966 2008 1989 76 430 275 20 3,580 1,230

Excavator 2006 2009 2008 192 530 362 350 1,923 960Forklift 1978 2014 2002 42 350 137 1 6,122 960

Front End Loader 1989 2014 2005 66 320 143 20 2,533 904Generator Set 1999 2013 2008 64 64 64 8 1,837 486

Grader 2008 2008 2008 176 176 176 909 909 909Light Plant 1999 2008 2004 25 25 25 52 100 76

Other Industrial Equipment 2002 2011 2006 290 290 290 3 537 308Pump 2003 2003 2003 138 138 138 10 13 12

Railway Maint. Equip. 1992 2002 1998 130 173 144 50 1,980 1,003Roller/Compactor 1999 2002 2001 100 100 100 560 1,500 1,030

Rough Terrain Forklift 1980 2013 2001 120 330 207 75 2,842 1,311RTG 1991 2010 2003 225 755 665 19 4,688 2,514

Skid Steer Loader 1993 2006 1999 58 120 80 5 272 112Specialty Vehicle Carts 1988 2013 1999 25 25 25 132 1,713 381

Sweeper/Scrubber 2002 2008 2004 48 99 66 60 992 378Terminal Tractor 1980 2012 2005 152 300 207 10 8,161 1,280

Tractor/Loader/Backhoe 1998 2004 2001 45 85 69 506 1,500 839

Approach: Rail

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• Port Terminal Railroad Association (PTRA)

• Burlington Northern

Santa Fe Railway (BNSF)

• Union Pacific Railroad (UP)

• Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS)

Approach: Rail

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GTMi = GT X MGTMi = Gross Ton Miles for Railway iGT = Gross Tonnage of Freight Handled by Railway iM = Distance between yard and HGB boundary LHfi = GTMi x FRi/GTMRi

LHfi = Line Haul Fuel Usage for Railway i (gallons)FRi = System Wide Fuel Usage Reported for Railway i in R-1 form (gallons)

GTMRi = Total Gross Ton Millage Reported for Railway i in R-1 form (GTM)

EMpi = LHfi x EFp

EMpi = Emissions of Pollutant p for Railway i (g)EFp = Emission factor for Pollutant p (g/gallon)

Results: CMV

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All Vessels Entering or Leaving Harris County

PHA-related Vessels

Port of Houston Vessel Traffic

Results: HDDV

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Summary of Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emissions Related to PHA Activities in 2013 (tons/year)

NOx VOC CO PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO2

GHGs (CO2eq)

In-Terminal 222.4 38.6 108.1 22.4 31.2 0.26 30,362 30,383

Connector Roads 97.1 7.6 35.8 7.6 10.6 0.15 17,267 17,272

Greater HGB Region 846.8 62.9 279.8 51.4 70.8 1.81 212,520 212,664

Dock Trucks 5.4 0.83 1.6 0.44 0.6 0.003 350 350

Total 1,172 110 425 82 113 2.2 260,499 260,669

Results: CHE

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2013 CHE Emissions by Equipment Type (tons/year)Equipment Type Units NOx VOC CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5 CO2a

Aerial Lift 13 0.74 0.11 0.70 0.0012 0.0798 0.0774 127Agricultural Tractor 8 1.56 0.15 1.17 0.0019 0.1832 0.1777 209Air Compressor 1 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.0000 0.0006 0.0005 1Bulldozer 4 13.65 0.82 5.25 0.0193 0.7896 0.7660 2,349Crane 48 374.24 29.18 86.82 0.2648 27.3602 26.5394 28,806Excavator 5 4.28 0.27 2.08 0.0070 0.3308 0.3209 763Forklift 584 344.76 28.14 150.42 0.3967 30.0499 29.1472 43,815Front End Loader 19 8.96 0.80 4.50 0.0115 0.7878 0.7642 1,328Generator Set 11 2.94 0.21 1.13 0.0037 0.1524 0.1477 388Grader 1 1.09 0.08 0.34 0.0013 0.0770 0.0747 147Light Plant 4 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.0000 0.0027 0.0026 4

Other Industrial Equipment 8 1.25 0.09 0.31 0.0014 0.0553 0.0536 152Pump 2 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.0000 0.0006 0.0005 2

Railway Maint. Equip. 4 0.80 0.11 0.31 0.0007 0.0874 0.0848 78Roller/Compactor 2 0.71 0.07 0.40 0.0007 0.0814 0.0790 75

Rough Terrain Forklift 17 20.12 1.37 6.72 0.0238 1.3461 1.3057 2,753RTG 89 192.84 8.82 54.90 0.1835 7.2132 6.9968 19,959Skid Steer Loader 4 0.10 0.02 0.05 0.0001 0.0084 0.0082 11

Specialty Vehicle Carts 11 0.34 0.21 2.68 0.0005 0.0300 0.0290 38Sweeper/Scrubber 11 0.69 0.09 0.73 0.0008 0.0648 0.0629 84Terminal Tractor 414 345.60 30.01 117.62 0.4189 28.0988 27.0828 46,368

Tractor/Loader/Backhoe 4 0.50 0.10 0.54 0.0005 0.0803 0.0779 58

Total 1,264 1,315.21 100.64 436.67 1.3384 96.8804 93.7995 147,512

Results

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Comparison of PHA Emissions with TCEQ 2011 HGB Sources (tons/year)

Inventory NOX VOC CO PM10 PM2.5 SO2 CO2

2013 PHA Onroad 1,172 110 425 113 82 2 260,4992013 PHA CHE 1,317 96 437 97 94 1 147,5122013 PHA Rail 583 32 119 20 20 <1 46,0582013 PHA CMV 2,799 122 408 291 102 983 156,1092013 PHA Total 5,871 359 1,389 521 297 987 610,178

2011 TCEQ HGB Total 158,011 182,512 574,154 287,456 46,744 70,310 NAPercent PHA related 4 < 1 <1 <1 1 1

Acknowledgements

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Ken Gathright, Leah Oberlin, & Hugh Moore, PHA Jeremy Johnson, Joe Zietsman, Christopher Fleming,

Christina Houlstead, & Chadyi Gru, TTI Jon Haworth, Kinder Morgan Dick Schiefelbein, Woods Harbour Consultants Laura Fiffick, Kevin Maggay, & James Mayhar, BNSF Michael J. Germer, Union Pacific Jeff Norwood, General Manager of PTRA P. Conlon, Kansas City Southern Railroad