AWG optical demultiplexers: from design to...
Transcript of AWG optical demultiplexers: from design to...
The Development of Excellence of the Telecommunication Research Team in
Relation to International Cooperation - CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0217
AWG optical demultiplexers:
from design to chip
Dana Seyringer
Research Centre for Microtechnology
Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Austria
Telecommunication
Educational Seminar
The Development of Excellence of the Telecommunication Research Team in
Relation to International Cooperation - CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0217
Where Can I Switch It On?
We live in a computerworld!!!
We live in a computerworld!!!
Fiber Optics Communication
What is Fiber Optics?
Fiber Optics = Fiber + Optics
Fiber: a very thin plastic or glass strand
Optics: light
In essence: light guided in an optical fiber
Point-to-point
optical communication
Point-to-point
optical communication
An optical system increases strongly the bandwidth (the speed of network).
How To Expand Network Capacity?
To expand the capacity of transmitted data in the point-to-point optical
system, multiple optical signals can be multiplexed together on a
single fiber simply by adding optical multiplexers/demultiplexers.
SM-fiber core is cca. 9 µm thick!
SM-fiber core is cca. 9 µm thick!
WDM is the process by which multiple wavelengths carrying the various
data are simultaneously combined (multiplexed) in a single optical fiber,
and then after the data was transmitted, they are separated (demultiplexed)
again at the receiving end of the fiber.
WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Optical fiber
www.lightriver.com
l1 l2 l3
l1
l2
l3
l1
l2
l3
Optical MUX/DeMUX Technologies
There are four basic MUX/DeMUX technologies:
• Thin Film Filters (TFF),
• Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG),
• Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG)
• Free-Space Diffraction Gratings (FSDG)
There are four basic MUX/DeMUX technologies:
• Thin Film Filters (TFF),
• Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG),
• Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG)
• Free-Space Diffraction Gratings (FSDG)
Wavelength filtering:
1. Serially: where individual elements are used to multiplex (or demultiplex)
wavelengths on one-by-one basis: TFF & FBG
• TFFs Only for low channel counts (up to 16) due to size and insertion losses.
• FBGs Only for low channel counts (up to 16) due to size and insertion
losses.
2. Parallely: where all wavelengths are demultiplexed at the same time with the
same optical demultiplexer:
• AWGs & FSDG (for high channel counts).
top viewtop view
Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWG)
focus line with focus points
lc
lc: input design parameter
Modern SM fibers have losses cca 0.2 dB/km in the 3rd window!Modern SM fibers have losses cca 0.2 dB/km in the 3rd window!
Optical losses in the fibers depend on the specific transmission wavelength.
lc: Input Design Parameter
lc = 1.55 µm
Different AWGs
Based on applications the AWGs can be divided according to:
Number of channels: N = 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 (standard); N = 128, 256, … (on request)
Channel spacing: df = 100 GHZ (0.8 nm), 50 GHz (0.4 nm) (standard)
df = 25 GHz (0.2 nm), 12.5 GHz (0.1 nm), 10 GHz (0.08 nm) (on request)
l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6 l7 l8
l2
l4
l3
l5l6
l8
l7
Optical
demultiplexer
l1
lc = 1.55 µm100 GHz
lc, N, df: input design parameters
ITU Grid
ITU Grid:
Standards developed by the
ITU (International
Telecommunications
Union)
The center operating
wavelength of the C-band
lies at a wavelength of
1550.12 nm (193.4 THz).
Different AWGs
Based on applications the AWGs can be divided according to:
Signal shape:
Gaussian: features very low insertion loss.
Flat-top: suffers far higher insertion losses but features much better detection conditions.
Colourless: 100 GHz or 50 GHz channel spacing and 8 (or 16) output channels
From a technological point of view:
Low-index contrast AWGs (silica based waveguide devices) with a typical refractive index
difference of 0.75%:
• advantage - very low coupling losses between input/output waveguides and optical fibers.
• disadvantage – device size.
High-index contrast AWGs (Silicon On Insulator (SOI)) with a refractive index contrast 58 %:
• advantage - much smaller size (can be easily implemented on-chip).
• disadvantage - much higher coupling losses compared to silica AWGs.
Different AWGs
Low-index contrast AWGs High-index contrast AWGs
waveguide size, nc, ncl, lc, N, df: input design parameters
waveguide
waveguide
How to Design AWG? Apollo Photonics design tool
Geometrical
parameters
Output: simulated AWG
transmission characteristics
lc = 1.55 µm100 GHz
Transmission parameters (IL, AX, ILu, …) are calculated from simulated or measured
transmission characteristics.
Transmission parameters (IL, AX, ILu, …) are calculated from simulated or measured
transmission characteristics.
AWG request:Number of channels: N = 8Channel spacing: df =100 GHzITU Wavelengths: lc = 1.55 µmPrice (per channel)
Transmission parameters:• Insertion loss, IL• Channel crosstalk, AX• Insertion loss uniformity, ILu• Packaged/on chip• ….
AWG request:Number of channels: N = 8Channel spacing: df =100 GHzITU Wavelengths: lc = 1.55 µmPrice (per channel)
Transmission parameters:• Insertion loss, IL• Channel crosstalk, AX• Insertion loss uniformity, ILu• Packaged/on chip• ….
AWG design
waveguide size, nc, ncl, lc, N, df: input design parameters
How to Design AWG? Insertion loss (pILu)
AWG request:Number of channels: N = 8Channel spacing: df =100 GHzITU Wavelengths: lc = 1.55 µmPrice (per channel)
Transmission parameters:• Insertion loss, IL• Channel crosstalk, AX• Insertion loss uniformity, ILu• Packaged/on chip• ….
AWG request:Number of channels: N = 8Channel spacing: df =100 GHzITU Wavelengths: lc = 1.55 µmPrice (per channel)
Transmission parameters:• Insertion loss, IL• Channel crosstalk, AX• Insertion loss uniformity, ILu• Packaged/on chip• ….
8-Channel, 100 GHz AWG: Geometrical Parameters
Geometrical parameters:
• coupler length (Lf)
• waveguide length increment (dL)
• minimum waveguide separation in PA (dd)
• minimum waveguide separation at I/O (dx)Geometrical
parameters
AWG request:Number of channels: N = 8Channel spacing: df =100 GHzITU Wavelengths: lc = 1.55 µm
Transmission parameters:•Insertion loss, IL 0 dB•Channel crosstalk, AX = 30 dB•Insertion Loss uniformity, Lu = 0.5 dB
AWG request:Number of channels: N = 8Channel spacing: df =100 GHzITU Wavelengths: lc = 1.55 µm
Transmission parameters:•Insertion loss, IL 0 dB•Channel crosstalk, AX = 30 dB•Insertion Loss uniformity, Lu = 0.5 dB
„AWG-parameters“ Tool
M. Bielik and M. Kytka
8-Channel, 100 GHz AWG at 1 Wavelength
top viewtop view
top viewtop view
8-Channel, 100 GHz AWG at 8 Demultiplexing Wavelengths
Ph
ased
arr
ay
Output coupler
Output
waveguide
AWG Simulation in the Whole Wavelength Range
sideviewsideview
Optiwave
simulation
top viewtop viewP
hased
arr
ay
Output couplerOutput
waveguide
Cross-section of theoutput waveguidesCross-section of theoutput waveguides
Optical power calculated in eachoutput waveguide
Optical power calculated in eachoutput waveguide
----TE
----TM
----TE
----TM
8-channel 100 GHz AWG Transmission Characteristics
The output from the simulation are the transmission characteristics forTE and TM palarization. They describe the optical properties of the
designed AWG.
The output from the simulation are the transmission characteristics forTE and TM palarization. They describe the optical properties of the
designed AWG.
Transmission parameters arecalculated fromsimulated/meas
uredtransmission
characteristics. They describe
the AWGs functionality andare also used in
the design ofoptical
networks.
Transmission parameters arecalculated fromsimulated/meas
uredtransmission
characteristics. They describe
the AWGs functionality andare also used in
the design ofoptical
networks.
AWG Transmission Parameters
Patrick Schmid: AWG-Analyzer software tool
AWG Mask Layout
When the AWG designs are ready for the fabrication the next step is their export in
GDSII format. From all single GDSII files the whole mask layout will be
generated and sent to the mask house for the fabrication.
When the AWG designs are ready for the fabrication the next step is their export in
GDSII format. From all single GDSII files the whole mask layout will be
generated and sent to the mask house for the fabrication.
Whole maskWhole mask Device stampsDevice stamps
Mask design rule: no T chip connections!!!Mask design rule: no T chip connections!!!
AWG Fabrication
Final Structure
Cross-sectional
view shows cross-
section of 4 output
waveguides.
Fabricated Wafer with Various AWGs
AWG MeasurementILC Bratislava
Measured Transmission CharacteristicsCoupling
losses
AWG
losses
8-channel, 100 GHz AWG
Simulated transmission
characteristics
Mesured transmission
characteristics
2 cm x 1.7 cm
Design Verification
Parameter AWG-Parameters tool:
input design parameters
AWG-Analyzer tool:
simulation
AWG-Analyzer tool:
measurement
Number of ch. Num = 8 Nr. Channels = 8 Nr. Channels = 8
AWG central wavelength Lambda = 1550.012 nm lc = 1549.00 nm lc = 1547.50 nm
Channel spacing df = 100 GHz Ch. Sp. = 100 GHz Ch. Sp. = 100 GHz
Insertion loss IL = -2.624 dB IL = -6.438 dB
Insertion loss uniformity Lu = 0.712248 dB ILu = 0.520 dB ILu = 0.694 dB
Adjacent channel crosstalk Cr = - 29.338942 dB AX = -42.024 dB AX = -32.476 dB
Non-adj. channel crosstalk nAX = -46.413 dB nAX = -46.308 dB
Background crosstalk BX = -54.571 dB BX = -54.793 dB
Transmission Parameters
20-ch, 200 GHz AWG
Chip 02 Chip 03
Chip 04 Chip 05Chip 01
Design (fabrication) stability
Design (fabrication) stability
Insertion loss 2.594 dB
Insertion loss uniformity 0.490 dB
Adjacent crosstalk 40.804 dB
Non-adjacent crosstalk 41.724 dB
layout
40-channel, 100 GHz AWG
Size: 4.5 cm x 3 cm
Parameter AWG-Parameters tool:
input design parameters
AWG-Analyzer tool:
simulation
AWG-Analyzer tool:
measurement
Number of channels Num = 40 Nr. Channels = 40 Nr. Channels = 40
AWG central
wavelength
lc = 1550.043 nm lc ~ 1550.12 nm lc ~ 1548.35 nm
Channel Spacing df = 100 GHz Ch. Spacing ~ 100 GHz Ch. Spacing ~ 100 GHz
Peak insertion loss Depends on technology pIL = -1.502 dB pIL = -4.145 dB
Insertion loss Depends on technol. IL = -2.833 dB IL = -5.964 dB
Peak insertion loss
uniformity
Lu = 0.982 dB pILu = 0.873 dB pILu = 0.754 dB
Insertion loss
uniformity
ILu = 0.923 dB ILu = 0.785 dB
Adj. channel crosstalk Cr = -31.4 dB AX = -30.395 dB AX = -30.280 dB
Non-Adj. channel
crosstalk
Depends on technology nAX = -37.703 dB nAX = -40.664 dB
Background crosstalk Depends on technology BX = -65.197 dB BX = -67.653 dB
40-channel, 100 GHz AWG: Transmission Paramenters
?Design
Foundry (Fabrication)Measurement
DesignFoundry (Fabrication)
Measurement
64-channel, 50 GHz AWG
Simulation
Measurement
PDL < 7dB
PDW = 0.2nm
PDL< 0.7dB
PDW = 0.02nm
64-channel, 50 GHz AWG. PDL & PDW
Simulation
Measurement
80-channel, 25 GHz AWG
8-ch, 100 GHz AWG8-ch, 100 GHz AWG
80-ch, 25 GHz AWG80-ch, 25 GHz AWG
256-Ch, 25 GHz Narrow Channel Spacing AWG
8-ch, 100 GHz AWG8-ch, 100 GHz AWG
256-ch, 25 GHz AWG256-ch, 25 GHz AWG
13 cm x 10 cm
256-Ch, 25 GHz Narrow Channel Spacing AWG
Optimized 256-Ch, 25 GHz Narrow Channel Spacing AWG
128-Ch., 10 GHz, Narrow Channel Spacing AWG2 months computing time
Background crosstalk
Non-Uniformity
ILu = 1.7 dB
BX = -65 dB
8-channel, 100 GHz Colourless AWG
The condition for cyclic or colourless AWGs is
that the FSR should equal N times the
channel spacing, where N is the number of
output channels.
FSR = 8 x 100 GHz = 800 GHz.
AWG Design: 8-channel, 100 GHz Colourless AWG
Transmission characteristics: 8-ch., 100 GHz Colourless AWG
AWG Temperature Dependence
Since the refractive indices are temperature dependent, they cause wavelength
shift by temperature fluctuations.
Since the refractive indices are temperature dependent, they cause wavelength
shift by temperature fluctuations.
SOLUTION?SOLUTION?
Temperature stabilization: AWG is packaged with the heater that keeps the chip at
constant temperature (usually 75oC).
Temperature stabilization: AWG is packaged with the heater that keeps the chip at
constant temperature (usually 75oC).
AWG athermal design: the AWG structure is composed of two parts: SiO2 + polymers.
The refractive index of the polymers has opposite temperature dependence im
comparison to SiO2.
AWG athermal design: the AWG structure is composed of two parts: SiO2 + polymers.
The refractive index of the polymers has opposite temperature dependence im
comparison to SiO2.
AWG Packaging
Datasheet
Promotion