AVOIDING THE " TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS" IN SA FISHING INDUSTRY - A SIMPLIFIED VIEW AND POTENTIAL...

GROUP 3: EMBA 15.2

Prepared by:

MANDISA MASICHILA-

SEKGALAKANE

AMANDA BRINKMANN

BUSINESS ACUMEN5 JULY 2013

THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

defined as:

INDIVIDUALS NEGLECTING THE WELL-BEING OF

SOCIETY, IN PURSUIT OF PERSONAL GAIN

EXAMPLES: OVER-FISHING AND WILDLIFE POACHING

HARDIN, G. 1968

SOURCE; DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUTURE, FORESTROY AND FISHERIES [ DAFF] Amanda Brinkmann Indigo Consulting

THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS ON THE

SA FISHING INDUSTRY

THE COMBINATION OF:

• LACK OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP• NON-IMPLEMENTATION OF WWF ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH FOR FISHERIES [EAF]• NO RESEARCH TO PLAN AND MANAGE THE FISHING ECOSYSTEM• LEADS TO COLLAPSING FISH STOCKS • WHICH WILL BECOME THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS• WITH LARGE NEGATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ON THE SA ECONOMY

EMPLOYMENT & JOB CREATION

FOOD SECURITYBUT INDUSTRY ON BRINK OF COLLAPSE

HOW DO WE AVOID THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS FROM BECOMING

A REALITY WITHIN THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY?

THIS APPROACH TO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IS CHARACTERISED BY:

• UNDERSTANDING THE WHOLE ECOSYSTEM IMPACTS WITHIN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS• SOCIETAL WELL-BEING OF DEPENDENT FISHING COMMUNITIES ARE INCLUDED WITHIN

MANAGEMENT ADVICE AND PRACTICE• THE LONG-TERM ECONOMIC WELL-BEING OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY IS THE

COMMUNAL OUTCOME• TRANSPARENT AND PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES• REDUCES OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS• SUFFICIENT SKILLS, CAPACITY, EQUIPMENT & FUNDING • ROBUST SCIENTIFIC DATA COLLECTION

POINTING THE NEED FOR A PHASE 1 REDESIGN OF THE

SA FISHING INDUSTRY USING THE VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL

Amanda Brinkmann Indigo Consulting

EMPIRCAL & ACADEMIC RESEARCH

EXTENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEWS

PRESENTATIONS BY SPECIALISTS

USING YOUTUBE AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES

GLOBAL BEST PRACTICE CASE STUDIES

FACTUAL PROPOSITIONS, DISTILLED TO CORE VARIABLESSCENARIO PLANNING & TESTING

PEER REVIEWSS, SURVEYS, FACE TO FACE I

INTERVIEWS & TELEPHONIC/SKYPE WORK SESSIONS

DESK RESEARCH, ID & CAUSAL MECHANISMS

VSD, VSM, ACTIVITY THEORY, ET AL


COLLAPSED FISHING

STOCKSMALNUTRITION, FOOD

INSECURITY &

POVERTY

SOCIETAL, SOCIAL,

INDUSTRY DECAY

AND COLLAPSE

TRAGEDY OF THE

COMMONS

FRAGMENTED

FISHING INDUSTRY

SEEKING

INDIVIDUAL BENEFIT

& ROI

LACK OF OR WEAK

LEADERSHIP &

UNSKILLED

INSTITUTIONAL

CAPACITY

NO OR INFREQUENT

RESEARCH DATA

IRRESPONSIBLE

EXPANSION &

MANAGEMENT OF

AQUACULTURE

CURRENT REALITY = CURRENT FUTURE: SCENARIO 1 TESTING

2 OUT

7 IN

3 OUT

4 IN

6 OUT

1 IN

8 OUT

0 IN4 OUT

4 IN

2 OUT

6 IN

1 OUT

6 IN

1 OUT

6 IN

OUTCOME

DRIVER

DRIVER

OUTCOME

OUTCOME

WWF ECOSYSTEMS

APPROACH FOR

FISHERIES [EAF]

NOT

IMPLEMENTED

7 OUT

2 IN

DRIVER

OUTCOME

THE ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS INDICATES

THAT THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

COULD BE PREVENTED BY:

• IMPLEMENTING THE WWF ECOSYSTEMS

APPROACH FOR FISHERIES [ EAF]

• STRONG INDUSTRY LEADERSHIP

• SKILLED INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

• ROBUST, TIMELY, USEFUL DATA

• RESPONSIBLE, COLLABORATIVE RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

• DIVERSIFICATION OF THE FISHING

INDUSTRY

REJECTED THE NULL HYPOTHESIS Amanda Brinkmann Indigo Consulting

GLOBAL PESTEL ENVIRONMENT

1 A

SADC FISHING

PARTNERS

1E

COMMERCIAL

LIVE CAPTURE

1 D

AQUACULTURE

1C

RECREATIONAL

FISHING

1B SMALL-

SCALE FISHERIES

1 E 5,4,3,2

RECURSION

1 D 5,4,3,2

RECURSION

1 C 5,4,3,2

RECURSION

1 B 5,4,3,2

RECURSION

1 A 5,4,3,2

RECURSION

2

2

2

2

2

S2

SUSTAINABIL

ITY CO-ORD

TASK TEAM –

COLLECTIVE

S3 CROSS-DISCIPLINARY, INTER-

SECTORAL, INTER-GOVERNMENTAL

PUBLIC PRIVATE SPECIALIST

CONTROL SYSTEM

S5 MINISTERIAL TASK TEAM: INTER-DEPT,

PUBLIC/PRIVATE, CIVIL SOCIETY GENERALIST

SPECIALIST STRATEGY, POLICY, TRANSPARENT,

COLLABORABITVE, SUSTAINABILITY FOCUSED

S4 WWF/INDUSTRY/GOV ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH FOR

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT TEAM

INFO GATHERING, MONITORING, STRATEGY ADJUSTMENT

, SUSTAINABILITY MILESTONES REPORTING

S3

AUDIT

ALGEDONIC

ALERTS ATTENUATED

FUTURE

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT

ECOSYTTEMS APPROACHFOR FISHERIES STRATEGY

EMBEDDED &

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTS

EMBEDDED &

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTS

EMBEDDED &

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTS

EMBEDDED &

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTS

EMBEDDED &

LOCAL ENVIROBNMENTS


• THE PRINCIPLES CONTAINED WITHIN THIS MODEL HAVE APPLICATION NOT ONLY IN OTHER NATURAL RESOURCE INTENSIVE SECTORS

• WE STRONGLY ADVOCATE FOR THE USE OF THE PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHY WITHIN ALLBUSINESSES AND ORGANISATIONS

COMMON GOOD PRINCIPLES

WHOLE-OF-SOCIETY WORKING TOWARDS COMMON GOOD

POLICY, SYSTEMS, SOCIAL SYSTEMS, INSTITUTIONS & ENVIRONMENTS ARE BENEFICIALTO ALL – NOW AND FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS

JUSTICE & FAIRNESS

IMPLIES EQUAL BENEFITS AND BURDENS TO ALL =

SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE ENSURES FAIR DISTRIBUTION FOR CURRENT & FUTURE GENERATIONS

EQUAL AND ECONOMICALLY VIABLE ACCESS TO ALL STAKEHOLDERS


AS THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED DEMONSTRATES,

THE FUTURE OF THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY REQUIRES A PARADIGM SHIFT

TOWARDS

SUSTAINABLE, COLLABORATIVE, & TRANSPARENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

WE THEREFORE RECOMMEND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN

-ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH TO FISHERIES –

USING VSD & VSM AS FOUNDATIONAL, EMERGENT MODELLING

AND A SYNTHESIS OF

SO LONG…..AND THANKS FOR THE FISH

ACTIVITY THEORY

SCENARIO PLANNING

ACTIVITY SYSTEMS

INSITUTIONAL ANALYSIS & DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKBUSINESS MODELLING CANVASS

LAWS OF CYBERNETICS

LAW OF REQUISITE VARIETY


REFERENCES: FISHING & VSM

Basurto, X. 2005. How Locally Designed Access and Use Controls Can Prevent the Tragedy of the Commons in a Mexican Small-Scale

Fishing Community. Society & Natural Resource. Vol 18. Pp. 643-659. Taylor & Francis Inc. DOI: : 10.1080/08941920590959631

Blaine, S. 5 March 2013. SA lacks analysis of its fishing markets. Business Day BDLive. www.bdlive.co.za

Business Day Editorial. 22 March 2013. Fishing on the brink of disaster. BDLive. www.bdlive.co.za

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2012. Status of the South African Marine Fishery Resources. www.nda.agric.za

Hardin, G. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, New Series. Vol. 162, No. 3859. Pp.1243 – 1248.

American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Harris, J.M; Codur, A. Nov 2008. Economics of Fisheries. Global Development and Environment Institute. www.eoearth.org

Manuel, T. 19 March 2013. Tie to make the high seas our business – for our future. Business Day BDLive. www.bdlive.co.za

Martin, G. 30 April 2013. Nautic Africa supporting DAFF patrol and research vessels. www.defenceweb.co.za

Ostrom, E. 1999. Coping with the Tragedies of the Commons. Centre of the Study of Institutions, Population and Environmental Change.

Indiana University. Bloomington. U.S.A. Annual Reviews.

Vecchiatto, P. 21 Mary 2013. Minister insists there is no crisis in fishing industry. Business Day BDLive. www.bdlive.co.za


CAUSAL MECHANISM: CURRENT REALITY: NULL HYPOTHESIS

APPENDIX A Amanda Brinkmann Indigo Consulting

SUSTAINABLE

FISHING STOCKS

SUFFIENCT MARINE

RESOURCES TO FEED

AND NOURISH ALL

STAKEHOLDERS

SUSTAINABLE

LIVELIHOODS &

ECONOMIC

GROWTH

REBUILDING OF

LONG-TERM

SUSTAINABLE

FISHING INDUSTRY

STRONG LEADERSHIP

& COHESIVE,

COLLABORATIVE

FISHING INDUSTRY

COLLABORATIVE,

HIGHLY SKILLED

INSTITUTIONAL

CAPACITY

ROBUST, CREDIBLE,

TIMELY RESEARCH

DATA

SUSTAINABLE &

RESPONSIBLE

AQUACULTURE

IDEAL REALITY = IDEAL FUTURE: LONG-TERM SUSTAINABLE FISHING INDUSTRY

5 OUT

2 IN

3 OUT

4 IN

6 OUT

1 IN

6 OUT

2 IN7 OUT

0 IN

4 OUT

3 IN

1 OUT

7 IN

2 OUT

6 IN

DRIVER

DRIVER

DRIVERDRIVER

OUTCOME

OUTCOME

SA FISHING INDUSTRY: ANALYSIS, DIAGNOSIS,

SYNTHESIS & SYSTEMS REDESIGN TAKING INTO

ACCOUNT:

• VIABLE SYSTEMS DIAGNOSTICS

• VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL

• INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS & DEVELOPMENT

FRAMEWORK [ AID]

• ACTIVITY SYSTEMS AND ACTIVITY THEORY

• BUSINESS MODELLING CANVASS

• LEAN & A3 PROCESS MAPPING

• CAUSAL LOOP MODELLING

• SCENARIO PLANNING

• WWF ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH FOR

FISHERIES [EAF]

• LAWS OF CYBERNETICS

• LAW OF REQUISITE VARIETY

WHAT WE NEED TO DESIGN USING THE VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: NOT REJECTED APPENDIX B Amanda Brinkmann Indigo Consulting

EMBA15.2: MODULE 2: BUSINESS ACUMEN GROUP ASSIGNMENT

SYSTAL- Rethinking the SA Fishing Industry With The View Of Improving Its Viability

EXECUTIVE MBA15.2

Prepared by: Mandisa Mashicila-Sekgalakane MSHMAN001

Amanda Brinkmann BRNAMA005

For and on behalf of Group 3 15 July 2013

STUDENT NAMES: STUDENT NO:

Bhadrashil Modi MDXBHA001

Willie Theron THRWIL004

Annie Cohen CHNANN002

Thierry Delvigne-Jean DLVTHIL001

Amanda Brinkmann BRNAMA005

Evan Smith SMTEVA002

Mandisa Mashicila-Sekgalakane MSHMAN001

LECTURER: Tom Ryan

WORD COUNT SCQUARE WITHIN RUVE: 927 WORDS


2

EXECUTIVE MBA

Module 2 Course Code: GSB4222F

Group Position Paper Title : SYSTAL- Rethinking the SA Fishing Industry With The View

Of Improving Its Viability

Group Number: GROUP 3 MODULE 2

Student Names: Amanda Brinkmann BRNAMA005

Mandisa Masichila-Sekgalakane MSHMAN001

For and on behalf of Group 3: Members:

Bhadrashil Modi MDXBHA001

Willie Theron THRWIL004

Annie Cohen CHNANN002

Thierry Delvigne-Jean DLVTHIL001

Evan Smith SMTEVA002

Date: 15 July 2013

Lecturer: Tom Ryan

Word Count: ~ Words

Relevance: Comments

0 - 2

Demonstrates little or no insight into the problem

situation. The concern is vague and it is not clear

why it is a problem and needs attention. Little or no

sense of the relevance of the problem

3-5 6-7 8

Demonstrates good insight into the problem

situation. Clearly states the concern and why it is a

problem and needs attention. Clearly and

compellingly demonstrates the significance and

relevance of the problem

Utility: Comments

0 - 2

The proposed answer is vague and it is not clear

how it answers the question posed and plausibly

deals with the concern

3-5 6-7 8

The proposed answer is clearly stated. Clearly

shows how the proposed action answers the

question posed and plausibly deals with the

concern

Validity: Comment

0-2

The chains of reasoning leading to conclusions and

proposed answers are vague and their underlying

logic is not clear – the data is suspect and there is

little evidence of the rigorous use of dependable

analytic and synthetic methods

3-5 6-7 8

Documents clear and logical chains of reasoning

in getting to conclusions and proposed action -

based on credible data, the rigorous use of

dependable analytic and synthetic methods

Ethics: Comment

0-2

Little or no credible consideration of the ethical

implications of the proposed action

3-5 6-7 8

Makes a well reasoned judgment of the ethical

implications of the proposed action base on a

clear ethical framework and empirical data

Communication: Comment

0-2

Poorly organised; does not meet project and

format requirements. Too many serious spelling and

grammatical mistakes

3-5 6-7 8

Well organised; fully meets project and format

requirements. No serious spelling and grammatical

mistakes

Appendix A: Crafting the paper (20%)

0-7

Incomplete; insufficient appropriate detail

8-12 13-17 18-20

Complete with appropriate rich detail

Appendix B: Doing the work (40%)

0-14

Incomplete; insufficient appropriate detail

15-25 26-35 36-40

Complete with appropriate rich detail

Final mark =

REPORT TITLE: SYSTAL- Rethinking the SA Fishing Industry With The View Of Improving Its Viability

3


4

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: PURPOSE STATEMENT

The purpose of this research report is to rethink the South African [SA] Fishing Industry with the view to

improving its viability. The key words that we have focused upon are: “rethink” and

“improvement of its viability.”

THE SITUATION: SA FISHING INDUSTRY

The SA Fishing Industry is a significant contributor to job creation, government revenue and income

generation.

Seafood is a vital source of protein and food security to a great many fishing communities as well as

the population as a whole.

Mismanagement of our marine resources over decades has brought the resource to the brink of

collapse, which raises the spectre of dire potential socio-economic and societal impacts on SA as a

whole.

The industry is fragmented, there is little or no strategic, political leadership and this status quo, if

maintained, is increasing the probability that we are steering our way towards “The Tragedy of the

Commons” – which implies the complete depletion of a natural resource, because of lack of

collaborative, sustainable and holistic management and resource allocation.

THE CONCERN

THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS ON THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY

The relevance of our concern within the situation, is that with continued lack of leadership, a fragmented

fishing industry, no research or patrol vessels being active and the unabated extraction of this already

threatened, depleted and over-exploited resource, fishing stocks will collapse, leading to “The Tragedy of

the Commons”, which will in turn have dire social, societal and economic impacts on South Africa as a

whole.

THE QUESTION

HOW DO WE AVOID THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS FROM BECOMING A REALITY WITHIN THE SA FISHING

INDUSTRY?

THE ANSWER: STARTING THE PROCESS OF FRAMING AN ANSWER OR LONG-TERM SOLUTION

BY MOVING TO AN ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH FOR FISHERIES [EAF] MANAGEMENT which includes use of

the VSM AND OTHER METHODOLOGIES, TOOLS AND METHODS TO REDESIGN THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY

FROM A STRUCTURAL, SYSTEMS & ORGANISATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

This approach is evidence-based, considers the ecosystems and its future sustainability in totality and takes

the needs of all stakeholders into consideration. The Viable Systems Model [VSM] is a practical tool to both

diagnose and redesign the SA Fishing Industry, as it allows for emergence, adaptation and is by nature,

structured so as to deal with complex, unitary systems, where stakeholders have a vested interest in

communal, mutually beneficial outcomes and objectives. [Flood, R.L. July 1991.]

RATIONALE AND DATA CREDIBILITY

To ensure the credibility and veracity of our conclusions and recommendations, we followed the following,

rigorous, non-linear processes:

EMPIRICAL AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH→EXTENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEWS→EXTRACTS FROM PRESENTATIONS BY

INDUSTRY SPECIALISTS→ADDITIONAL DESK RESEARCH→INTERROGATION OF GLOBAL CASE STUDIES,

METHODOLOGIES, BEST PRACTICE→STUDYING, UNDERSTANDING AND USE OF THE VSM AND OTHER RELEVANT


5

THEOREMS, METHODOLOGIES, TOOLS→EXTRACTED FACT-BASED PROPOSITIONS→CATEGORISED AND

LABELLED→SATURATED CATEGORIES→EXTRACTED TWO SETS OF EMPIRICAL VARIABLES→RAN TWO SCENARIOS

USING ID’S AND CAUSAL MECHANISMS→TOOK INTO ACCOUNT THE PRINCIPLES AND OUTCOMES OF THE

FISHBANKS GAME→

→To test for the validity and credibility of our situation, concern, question, answer as well as for the ethical

implications of what we are proposing. We concluded that the application of our answer is transferable not

only to other natural resource intensive industries, but that it could be employed within businesses and

organisations in any industry or sector.

ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS

The solution or answer that we propose is aimed at securing the long-term sustainability, economic and

social well-being as well as ecosystems health of the SA Fishing Industry and its stakeholders. We tested our

conclusions and recommendations against the principle of ethical decision-making, but emphasised the

following areas of ethics:

Our approach finds resonance with the “Common Good” principle, in that it implies that all policy,

systems, social systems and society as a whole work towards a common good – which ensures that

the benefits accrue to all – now and for future generations.

The “Justice and Fairness” principle, which implies that equal benefits and burdens accrue to all

stakeholders holds true. A Sustainable resource will ensure the fair distribution for current and future

generations in an equal, environmentally sensitive and economically viable manner.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

An Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries Management will ensure that we avert “The Tragedy of the Commons”

and can be embedded within the organisational systems of the SA Fishing Industry, by using the Viable

Systems Model to redesign and adapt this emergent, future-focused solution.


6

CONTENTS PAGE PAGE NUMBERS

Abstract 4

SCQARE REPORT WITHIN THE RUVE

1. Introduction 9

2. Relevance 9

2.1 Creating the Context 9

2.2 The Situation 9

2.3 Conclusion 10

2.4 The Tragedy of the Commons 10

2.5 The Concern 10

2.6 The Argument for Relevance 10

2.7 Conclusion 11

3. Utility 11

3.1 The Question 11

3.2 The Answer 11

3.3 The Argument for Utility 12

4. Rationale and Data Credibility 12

4.1 Methodological Approach 12

4.2 The Argument for Validity 13

5. Ethics 13

5.1 Ethical Implications 13

5.2 The Argument for Ethics 13

6. Conclusions and Recommendations 14

7. References 15

TABLE OF FIGURES:

Fig 1: State of Global Fishing Stocks

Fig 2: Tragedy of the Commons

Fig 3: Scenario 2: CLD: Current Reality

Fig 4: Scenario 1: CLD: Ideal Reality towards a sustainable SA Fishing Industry

Fig 5: Process Flow/Methodological Approach

Fig 6: Tracking Tool for EAF Implementation – Argument for Ethics

APPENDIX A: CRAFTING THE PAPER 17

A 1 Establishing Relevance 17

A 1.1 the Situation 17

A 1.2 Introduction: Purpose Statement 17

A 1.3 The Situation: SA Fishing Industry 17

A 1.3.1 Relevance of the Concern within the Situation 21

A 2 Establishing Utility – The C<>Q<>A Link 21

A 2.1 The Question 21

A 2.2 Process to Substantiate the Concern, Framing the Answer and Validating 22

the Question

A 2.2.1 The Answer; The Framing Process 22

A 2.3 Establishing Utility 25

A 3 Establishing Validity and Credibility 26

A 3.1 Rationale and Data Credibility 26

A 3.2 Argument for Validity 26

A 3.3 Transferability 29

A 4 Ethical Implications & the Argument for Ethics 29


7

A 5 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations 29

TABLE OF FIGURES: APPENDIX A

Fig 1: Status of Global Fishing Stocks: The level of resource depletion

Fig 2: Status of Commercial Line Fishing in SA

Fig 3: Status of Marine Resources in SA

Fig 4: Economic View: Common Heritage Resources

Fig 5: The Tragedy of the Commons: Description

Fig 6: Situation SA Fishing Industry: In a Nutshell

Fig 7: The Immediate Concern

Fig 8: Establishing Relevance: Placing the Concern within the Context of the Situation

Fig 9: The Question

Fig 10: Outcome: Scenario 2: Business as Usual

Fig 11: Scenario 1: ID: Ideal Reality

Fig 12: Scenario 1: CLD: Ideal Reality

Fig 13: Scenario 2: ID: Current Reality: Business-as-Usual

Fig 14: Scenario 2: CLD: Current Reality: Business-as-Usual

Fig 15: Scenario 2 Outcomes

Fig 16: Graphic Representation of Methodology for Validity & Data Credibility

Fig 17: Scenario 1: CLD Confirming the SCQARE within the RUVE

Fig 18: Redesign of SA Fishing Industry using VSD within VSM

Fig 19; Transferability of the Solution

Fig 20: Considering Ethics: Common Good as well as Justice and Fairness

Fig 21: Conclusions & Recommendations: EAF Using VSM, VSD as Foundational Models

APPENDIX B: DOING THE WORK

B 1 Researching and Testing for the SCQARE: Rethinking the SA Fishing Industry with a 31

view to Improving its Viability

B 1.1 Contextual Introduction 31

B 2 Project Purpose Statement 31

B 2.1 Overview of Tragedy of the Commons 31

B 2.2 The Viable Systems Model in Context 32

B 2.3 Broad and Defined Project Purpose Statements 33

B 3 Process Flow 34

B 3.1 Establishing the Situation within the Context of Relevance 34

B 3.2 The Situation 34

B 3.2.1 Substantiating our Analysis and Statement of the Situation: A summary of Data & Facts 35

B 3.3 Establishing the Concern within the Situation 44

B 3.3.1 Scenario Planning/Testing 45

B 3.3.2 The Concern 48

B 3.3.3 Relevance of the Concern within the Situation 48

B 3.3.4 Establishing Utility: The C<>Q<>A Link 48

B 3.3.4.1 The Question 48

B 3.3.4.2 The Answer: The Framing Process 49

B 3.3.4.3 Phase 0 Re-Design of SA Fishing Industry using VSM

B 3.3.4.3.1 The Viable Systems Model: Validity as Core Methodology for Re-design of SA Fishing 51

Industry

B 3.3.4.3.2 Revisiting the Viable Systems Model 51

B 3.3.4.3.3 Phase 0 Re-design of the SA Fishing Industry using the VSD and VSM 59

B 3.3.4.3.4 The Argument for Utility – the C<>Q<>A Link 65

B 3.4 The Argument for Validity and Credibility 65

B 3.5 Ethics 68

B 3.5.1 Ethical Implications 68

B 3.5.2 The Argument for Ethics 68

B 3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 68

B 3.7 Reference 69

8

TABLE OF FIGURES: APPENDIX B

Fig 1: Tragedy of the Commons

Fig 2: Status of Global Fishing Stock in 2008

Fig 3: Process Flow: Methodological Approach

Fig 4: MSC Certified Mark

Fig 5: Tracking Tool: EAF Implementation

Fig 6: Global Facts: Fishing Extraction and Consumption: State of Resource

Fig 7: State of Global Fishing Stocks 2008: Level of Depletion

Fig 8: Recreational Fishing: Economic Benefits and Environmental Impacts

Fig 9: State of Commercial Line Fish in SA: State of Over-exploitation and Collapse

Fig 10: Status of SA Marine Resource

Fig 11: Good Practice: Marine Protected Areas

Fig 12: SA Seafood Contribution to Export Revenue

Fig 13: SASSI: Eco-labelling

Fig 14: Three Pillars of Food Security

Fig 15: SA Fisheries Management; Mission Statement

Fig 16: Contribution of SA Fishing to Revenue & Job Creation

Fig 17: Direct Employment within SA Commercial Fishing Industry

Fig 18: Table of Concepts & Variables for Scenario Testing

Fig 19: Scenario 1: ID: Ideal Reality

Fig 20: Scenario 1: CLD: Ideal Reality

Fig 21: Scenario 2: ID: Current Reality

Fig 22: Scenario 2: CLD: Current Reality

Fig 23: Scenario: How to avoid the Tragedy of the Commons: Argument for Utility

Fig 24: Tracking Tool for EAF Implementation

Fig 25: Tools, Theorems, Methodologies: Re-design of SA Fishing Industry

Fig 26: Three Cybernetic Laws: Management Implications

Fig 27: Law of Requisite Variety

Fig 28: The Viable System: Basic Design

Fig 29: VSM Indices of Performance

Fig 30: Phase 0 Re-design of SA Fishing Industry: Embedding EAF into the System Structure

Fig 31: Methodology to Assure Data Credibility and Validity

Fig 32: Concept Map: Process Flow of Methodological Rigour: Establishing Validity

Fig 33: Considering Ethics: Common Good, Justice & Fairness

APPENDIX C: PROPOSITION LOG 71

APPENDIX D: CATEGORISATION, LABELLING, SATURATION: PROPOSITIONS 86

9

The purpose of this report is to find ways to improve the viability of the SA Fishing Industry. We studied the

industry, the VSM and other methodologies to reach our conclusions and recommendations.

This section of the report provides a snapshot of the current SITUATION within the SA Fishing Industry, in

context of the global situation.

From a report titled, “Fisheries: Facts and Trends: South Africa” , we

extracted the summary below:


generation.

Seafood is a vital source of protein and food security to many fishing communities as well as to the

general population.

Mismanagement of marine resources over decades has brought it to the brink of collapse. The SA

fishing stocks track with the statistics contained in Figure 1, above.

The industry is fragmented, there is no strategic leadership and this situation, if maintained, is

increasing the probability that we are moving towards “The Tragedy of the Commons” – the

complete depletion of our fish stocks.

This would have dire socio-economic consequences to fishing communities and the SA economy as

a whole.


10

This situation raises a serious concern, which we will deal with next.

“An economic problem where individuals try to reap the greatest benefit from a given resource. Demand

overwhelms supply.

All indications within our research point towards the collapse of the SA Fishing Industry, based on the current

unknown state of our marine resources, no current research and patrol vessels at sea and data that indicate

the depletion and over-exploitation of more than 50% of our resources.


The SITUATION:

A lack of leadership

No clear policies to manage and sustain the SA Fishing Industry

No research data to manage the SA marine ecosystem sustainably; the state of biomass of

fishing stocks is unknown

We therefore cannot accurately allocate fishing rights/quotas and could already be in a state

of total depletion of important marine resources

No patrol vessels at sea to regulate, monitor and protect the SA marine resources – creating

conditions for exploitation and poaching

Marine resources which are mostly depleted, over-fished, over-exploited or on the verge of

collapse

Exacerbated by the non-implementation of the Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries [ EAF]


11

Could lead to total collapse of SA Fishing Stocks

Which will become The Tragedy of the Commons – the point of no return for our marine

resources

Creating large, negative, socio-economic impacts and devastating impacts on the SA

Economy as a whole

The CONCERN is centrally situated as an outcome of the SITUATION and made relevant, due to the

dire consequences of inaction.

We need to urgently question how we deal with this concern and find sustainable answers and

solutions so as to avert a national socio-economic crisis.

HOW DO WE AVOID THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS FROM BECOMING A REALITY WITHIN THE SA FISHING

INDUSTRY?

The CLD below demonstrates the dire outcomes if we do not find an answer to our question.

The CLD and ID for Scenario 1: Ideal Reality: A Sustainable SA Fishing Industry led us to include the additional

variable, the EAF into Scenario 2. The first part of our answer is therefore:

MOVING TO AN ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH FOR FISHERIES [EAF] MANAGEMENT

LACK

OF/WEAK/ABSENT

LEADERSHIP

NOT

ADOPTING THE

WWF ECOSYSTEMS APPROACHFOR FISHERIES

and therefore

NO OR INFREQUENT DATA ARE

COLLECTED AND ANALYSED

CREATING THE

CONDITIONS FOR

IRRESPONSIBLE EXPANSION &

MANAGEMENT OF AQUACULTURE

FRAGMENTED FISHING INDUSTRY

SEEKING HIGHEST INDIVIDUAL ROI

which leads to

ENVIRONMENTAL, MARINE

ECOSYSTEMS DEGRADATION

which in turn

leads to

creating thePERFECT STORM

COLLAPSING/COLLAPSED

FISHING STOCKS

which ultimately

leads to

THE TRAGEDY OF THECOMMONS

as a consequence

of which

THE FISHING INDUSTRY

COLLAPSES

contributing

significantly tothereby

leading to the

COLLAPSE OF A VITAL

SOURCE OF PROTEIN &

FOOD SECURITY

INCREASED POVERTY

THROUGH UNEMPLOYMENTINCREASE IN LOCAL

MALNUTRITION

which all adds

up to

SOCIO-ECONOMIC HARDSHIPSFOR FISHING COMMUNITIES AND

SA AS A WHOLE

which manifests

as further

SOCIAL & SOCIETAL DECAY

& INEQUALITY

AT A HUGECOST TO

ECONOMIC

GROWTH &

DEVELOPMENT

SA AS A WHOLE

INTER-RELATED

COMMUNITY

ECOSYSTEMSHOMEOSTASIS AND

HUMANESCHATOLOGY

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

--

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

- R


12

The CLD above demonstrates the benefits of the EAF. It is evidence-based, prioritises the ecosystem, its

sustainability and takes the needs of all stakeholders into consideration.

The Viable Systems Model [VSM] is a practical tool to both diagnose and redesign the SA Fishing Industry, as

it allows for emergence, adaptation and is by nature, structured so as to deal with complex, unitary systems,

where stakeholders have a vested interest in communal, mutually beneficial outcomes and objectives.

BY MOVING TO AN ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH FOR FISHERIES [EAF] MANAGEMENT which includes use of

the VSM AND OTHER METHODOLOGIES, TOOLS AND METHODS TO REDESIGN THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY

FROM A STRUCTURAL, SYSTEMS & ORGANISATIONAL PERSPECTIVE


rigorous, non-linear processes as demonstrated within Figure 5 below:

STRONG LEADERSHIP & COHESIVE,

COLLABORATIVE FISHING

INDUSTRY

ROBUST, CREDIBLE, TIMELY

RESEARCH DATA

COLLABORATIVE, HIGHLY

SKILLED INSTITUTIONAL

CAPACITY

SUSTAINABLEFISHING STOCKS

REBUILDING OF LONG-TERM

SUSTAINABLE FISHING

INDUSTRTY

SUSTAINABLE &

RESPONSIBLE

AQUACULTURE

SUFFICIENT MARINE RESOURCES

TO FEED & NOURISH ALL

STAKEHOLDERS

SUSTAINABLELIVELIHOODS &

ECONOMIC GROWTH

ensure theavailability of

which, whencoupled with

assures andcontributes to

via

which in combinationcreate the conditions

for

with the ultimateoutcome of

which provides theincentives for the

continued

leading tolong-term

+

+

+

+

++

+

++

++

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

R

R

R


13

We feel satisfied that our report as well as the demonstration of the processes employed to ensure validity

and credibility, which are contained within our Appendices, satisfy all criterion in respect of validity. We also

concluded that the application of our answer is transferable not only to other natural resource intensive

industries, but that it could be employed within businesses and organisations in any industry or sector.

The answer that we propose is aimed at securing the long-term sustainability, economic and social well-

being as well as ecosystems health of the SA Fishing Industry and all its stakeholders. We tested our

conclusions and recommendations against the principles of ethical decision-making. Figure 6 makes the

case for the under-lying ethical implications of our answer.








14





15

REFERENCES: GROUP 3 FISHING INDUSTRY VSM PROJECT

Bailey, M; Gakushilshimura; Paisley, R; Sumaila, U, R. 2012. Marine Policy. Elsevier Ltd.

Basurto, X. 2005. How Locally Designed Access and Use Controls Can Prevent the Tragedy of the Commons

in a Mexican Small-Scale Fishing Community. Society & Natural Resource. Vol 18. Pp. 643-659. Taylor &

Francis Inc. DOI: : 10.1080/08941920590959631

Beer, S. 1972. Brain of the Firm. The Penguin Press. London.



Clemson, B. 2013 – EMBA 15. Three Key Cybernetic Laws.

Crawford, S; Ostrom, E.1995. A Grammar of Institutions. American Political Science Review 89(3)(Sept.):582-

600.

Denyer, D; Tranfield, D; Van Aken, J.E. 2008. Developing Design Propositions through Research Synthesis.

Organisation Studies Vol. 29: 393

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2012. Status of the South African Marine Fishery Resources.

www.nda.agric.za

Engestrom, Y. 2009. From Learning Environments and Implementation to Activity Systems and Expansive

Learning. An International Journal of Human Activity Theory. No.2. Pp. 17-33. The Centre of Human Activity

Theory. Kansai University.

Espejo, R. 2003. The Viable System Model: A Briefing about Organisational Structure. Syncho Limited. www.

syncho.com

Espejo, R; Reyes, A. 2011. On Managing Complexity: Variety Engineering: Chapter 4; Organisational

Systems. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg.

Flood, R.L. July 1991. Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention. Chapter 5: Viable Systems

Diagnosis. John Wiley & Sons.



Harris, J.M; Codur, A. Nov 2008. Economics of Fisheries. Global Development and Environment Institute.

www.eoearth.org

Helmy, H. November 1990. Decision Rule Theory and its use in the Analysis of the Organisation’s

Performance. Baligh Organisation Science, Vol.1, No. 4. www.enotes.com

Herbert, S. 1957. A Behavioural Model of Rational Choice; Extracted from Models of Man, Social and

Rational: Mathematical Essays on Rational Human Behaviour in Social Setting. New York. Wiley & Sons.

Hurwicz, L. 1994. Economic Design, Adjustment Processes, Mechanisms, and Institutions.‖ Economic Design

1(1):1-14.

Investopedia US. 2013. Definitions: The Tragedy of the Commons. A Division of ValueClick, Inc.

www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tragedy-of-the-commons.asp


16

Korten, D.C. 1980. Community Organization and Rural Development: A Learning Process Approach.‖ Public

Administration Review (Sept./Oct.): 480-511.

Manuel, T. 19 March 2013. Tie to make the high seas our business – for our future. Business Day BDLive.

www.bdlive.co.za


Ostrom, E. 1999. Coping with the Tragedies of the Commons. Centre of the Study of Institutions, Population

and Environmental Change. Indiana University. Bloomington. U.S.A. Annual Reviews.

Ostrom, E; Gardner, R; Walker, J. 1994. Rules, Games and Common-Pool Resources. Ann Arbor. MI University.

University of Michigan Press.

Pauly, D; Alder, J; Bennett, E; Christensen, V; Tyedmers, P; Watson, R. 21 November 2003. The Future of

Fisheries. Science Vol 302. www.sciencemag.org

Polski, M.M; Ostrom,E. 1999. An Institutional Framework for Policy Analysis and Design. Department of Political

Science. Indiana University. USA.

Sauer, W.H.H; Hecht, T; Britz, P.J; Mather, D. 2003. An Economic and Sectoral Study of the South African

Fishing Industry. Economic and regulatory principles, survey results, transformation and socio-economic

impact Report. Volume 1. Prepared for Marine and Coastal Management by Rhodes University.

www.envirofisharica.co.za

Scholtes, P.R. 1998. The Leader’s Handbook. United States of America. The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Trochim, W,M,K. 2006. Deduction & Induction. Web Center for Social Research Methods. Research Methods

Knowledge Base. www.socialresearchmethods.net

Van Aken, J. E. 2005. Improving the Relevance of Management Research by Developing Tested and

Grounded Technological Rules. Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies. Eindhoven University of

Technology.

Vecchiatto, P. 21 May 2013. Minister insists there is no crisis in fishing industry. Business Day BDLive.

www.bdlive.co.za

Velasquez, M; Andre, C; Shanks, T; Meyer, M.J. Ethical Decision Making: Introduction to Ethics. www.scu.edu

World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011. Fisheries: Facts and Trends: South Africa. Sponsored and

published by Pick ‘n Pay.


17

APPENDIX A: CRAFTING THE PAPER

A 1 ESTABLISHING RELEVANCE

A 1.1 THE SITUATION

A 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION: PURPOSE STATEMENT

The defined purpose of this research report is to rethink the South African [SA] Fishing Industry with the view to

improving its viability. The key words that we have focused upon are: “rethink” and

“improvement of its viability.” The purview of this research paper does not allow for, nor require, finding of

the panacea in respect of proposing an ultimate solution, but it does provide the scope to do the following:

Gain a working understanding of the SA Fishing Industry and the current reality that it is faced with.

To situate the state of the SA Fishing in context of the global fishing industry, so as to gain perspective

and draw from best practice, as well as compare and contrast the SA situation with the general

global trends within the industry.

To grasp the concept of “ The Tragedy of the Commons” which is related and has potential impact

on all finite, natural resources; and to consider the impact it could have on the SA Fishing Industry

and the SA economy as a whole.

To understand the theory and practice of the Viable Systems Model [VSM] [Flood, R.L. July 1991.] as

both a Diagnostic and Organisational/Systems Design tool.

To make connections with complementary and related theorems, methodologies and tools to aid in

the diagnostic and solutions or answer ideation process.

To arrive at the Situation, Concern, Question, Answer, Rationale and Ethics [SCQUARE] in regards to

the SA Fishing Industry and to apply the VSM, in its most basic form, together with other tools, to

provide a snapshot of what the SA Fishing Industry could look like if it departed from its Current Reality

or “Business as Usual” approach and moved to a more Ideal Reality, so as to create a more Ideal,

sustainable future for generations to come.

A 1.1.2 THE SITUATION: SA FISHING INDUSTRY

From its in-depth report titled, “Fisheries: Facts and Trends: South Africa”, the World Wildlife Organisation

[World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.], we extract the following snapshots to paint a picture of the

precarious situation that the SA Fishing Industry finds itself in:


generation.

Seafood is a vital source of protein and food security to a great many fishing communities as well as

the population as a whole.

Mismanagement of our marine resources over decades has brought the resource to the brink of

collapse, which raises the spectre of dire potential socio-economic and societal impacts on SA as a

whole.

The industry is fragmented, there is little or no strategic, political leadership and this status quo, if

maintained, is increasing the probability that we are steering our way towards “The Tragedy of the

Commons” – which implies the complete depletion of a natural resource, because of lack of

collaborative, sustainable and holistic management and resource allocation.

The various graphics in the form of numbered figures, as well as the detailed workings within Appendices B, C

and D, provide a detailed and empirical foundation that describes the situation that the SA Fishing Industry

finds itself in at present. We have summarized the state of industry as succinctly, yet powerfully, as possible.


18

Figure 1: Status of Global Fishing Stocks: The level of resource depletion

Figure 2: Status of Commercial Line Fish in South Africa Amanda Brinkmann Indigo Consulting

19

Figure 3: Status of Marine Resources in South Africa

Figure 4: Economic View: Common Heritage Resources: Lakes & Oceans treated as Free Resources


20

Figure 5: The Tragedy of the Commons: Description [Hardin, G. 1968]

Figure 6: Situation: SA Fishing Industry: In a Nutshell

1.2 THE CONCERN

From the extensive data that were interrogated and the scenarios that we ran, all indications are that we

are being steered towards the complete depletion of our marine resources and the collapse of the industry.

Our concern is therefore expressed as:


The relevance of our concern within the situation, is that with continued lack of leadership, a fragmented

fishing industry, no research or patrol vessels being active and the unabated extraction of this already

threatened, depleted and over-exploited resource, fishing stocks will collapse, leading to “The Tragedy of

the Commons”, which will in turn have dire social, societal and economic impacts on South Africa as a

whole.

Figure 7: The Immediate Concern: Potential Impact of the Tragedy of the Commons on the SA Fishing Industry

The Scenarios that we ran, using Inter-relationship Digraphs as well as Causal Loop Diagramme Mechanisms,

served as further validation of our concern within the situation. All indications within our research,

methodological rigour, diagnosis, analysis and synthesis pointed towards the very real possibility and probability

of the Tragedy of the Commons being a threat to the SA Fishing Industry – if not already a done deal for

certain marine resources, given the dearth of credible and current scientific research data.


21

A 1.3 ESTABLISHING RELEVANCE: SITUATING THE CONCERN WITHIN THE SITUATION

A 1.3.1 RELEVANCE OF THE CONCERN WITHIN THE SITUATION

The SITUATION is characterised by:

A lack of leadership at strategic as well as institutional level as a whole

No clear or stable policies to manage and sustain the SA Fishing Industry

No research data available to plan and manage the SA marine ecosystem sustainably; which

further implies that the state of biomass of fishing stocks is unknown

This in turn means that we cannot accurately allocate fishing rights and quotas and could

already be in a state of total depletion of important marine resources

No patrol vessels at sea to regulate, monitor and protect the SA marine resources – which

creates the conditions for exploitation of all marine resources as well as poaching


collapse


Could lead to the total collapse of SA Fishing Stocks


resources

Creating large, negative, socio-economic impacts, by the collapse of the SA Fishing Industry

and therefore, devastating impacts on the SA Economy as a whole


dire consequences of inaction or continuing on the current path as is prevalent within the current

SITUATION. Relevance is further clearly states within the outcomes of the two [2] scenarios which we

ran.

Figure 8: Establishing Relevance; Placing the Concern within the context of the Situation

A 2 ESTABLISHING UTILITY – THE C<>Q<>A LINK

A 2.1 THE QUESTION

Based on our findings and research, the logical question to ask, would be;

HOW DO WE AVOID THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS FROM BECOMING A REALITY WITHIN THE SA

FISHING INDUSTRY?

Given the state of the SA Fishing industry, its already depleted and over-exploited stock, the lack of

research data for planning and resource management, our question is particularly useful, in that it

seeks to explore how we avoid the collapse of a vital natural resource and all of the concomitant

consequences.


22

Figure 9: The Question: How do we Avoid the Tragedy of the Commons from Becoming a Reality within the

SA Fishing Industry/

A 2.2 PROCESS TO SUBSTANTIATE CONCERN, START FRAMING THE ANSWER AND VALIDATE THE QUESTION

A 2.2.1 THE ANSWER: THE FRAMING PROCESS

In starting the process of framing our answer, we felt that the EAF offers the most practical and cogent

long-term, sustainable solution to the viability of the SA Fishing Industry.

Figure 10: Outcome: Scenario 2; Business as Usual: Leading to the Framing of our Answer

Our answer, or at least part of it, specifically the move to the Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries [ EAF] was

rationalised and brought forth by the entire methodological process employed, but more specifically, by the

two scenarios that we ran, using two sets of variables to create two ID’s and two Causal Loop Diagramme

Mechanisms.


23

Figure 11: Scenario 1: Inter-relationship Digraph: Ideal Reality: Long-term Sustainable Fishing Industry

Figure 12: Scenario 1: CLD: Ideal Reality: Long-term Sustainable Fishing Industry



INDUSTRY


RESEARCH DATA



CAPACITY



SUSTAINABLE FISHING

INDUSTRTY

SUSTAINABLE &

RESPONSIBLE

AQUACULTURE



STAKEHOLDERS


ECONOMIC GROWTH




via


for



continued

leading tolong-term

+

+

+

+

++

+

++

++

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

R

R

R


24

Figure 13: Scenario 2 ID: Current Reality, Business-as-Usual Scenario

Figure 14: Scenario 2: CLD: Current Reality, Business-as-Usual outcomes

LACK

OF/WEAK/ABSENT

LEADERSHIP

NOT

ADOPTING THE


and therefore



CREATING THE

CONDITIONS FOR





which leads to



which in turn

leads to



FISHING STOCKS

which ultimately

leads to


as a consequence

of which


COLLAPSES

contributing


leading to the

COLLAPSE OF A VITAL

SOURCE OF PROTEIN &

FOOD SECURITY

INCREASED POVERTY


MALNUTRITION

which all adds

up to


SA AS A WHOLE

which manifests

as further


& INEQUALITY

AT A HUGECOST TO

ECONOMIC

GROWTH &

DEVELOPMENT

SA AS A WHOLE

INTER-RELATED

COMMUNITY


HUMANESCHATOLOGY

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

--

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

- R


25

Figure 15: Scenario 2 outcomes: Pointing to the requirements to be contained within the Answer

Leading to FRAMING THE ANSWER

THIS APPROACH TO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IS CHARACTERISED BY:

• UNDERSTANDING THE WHOLE ECOSYSTEM IMPACTS WITHIN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• SOCIETAL WELL-BEING OF DEPENDENT FISHING COMMUNITIES ARE INCLUDED WITHIN

MANAGEMENT ADVICE AND PRACTICE

• THE LONG-TERM ECONOMIC WELL-BEING OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY IS THE COMMUNAL OUTCOME

• TRANSPARENT AND PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES

• REDUCES OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

• SUFFICIENT SKILLS, CAPACITY, EQUIPMENT & FUNDING

• ROBUST SCIENTIFIC DATA COLLECTION

POINTING THE NEED FOR A PHASE 1 REDESIGN OF THE

SA FISHING INDUSTRY USING THE VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL

A 2.3 ESTABLISHING UTILITY

This empirically proven, best practice model [The EAF] takes a holistic approach, which includes

consideration of whole ecosystems impacts, the well-being of fishing communities as well as the long-

term socio-economic well-being of the Fishing Industry as its ultimate outcome. With the World Wildlife

Fund [WWF] and the United Nations as its progenitors and the WWF as the specialist implementation

partners globally, the EAF Management System carries gravitas and inherent credibility from successes

that have already been achieved in a variety of other fishing territories.

An Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries [EAF] is being adopted globally. This approach considers all marine

organisms and the processes that inter-connect them. It recognises that alterations in any processes are

difficult to recognise and even more difficult to restore, once disrupted.

Having studied a large range of theorems, methodologies, frameworks and tools, it was found that the

Viable Systems Model [Flood, R.L. July 1991.], with specific reference to the Viable Systems Diagnostics tools

that are built into this model, are most appropriate as a point of departure. The VSM and VSD aided with the

confirmation of the diagnosis of the current system and structure and with a Phase 0 re-design of the SA

Fishing Industry. In addition to the VSM, a range of other tools, methods and methodologies would be

employed as part of the emergent process of adapting, improving, checking, adjusting, measuring,

communicating, co-ordinating and rebuilding the SA Fishing Industry.

At the heart of this emergent process, that is inherent in using the Viable Systems Model to re-design the

structure of the SA Fishing Industry, would be the use of the Deming Wheel or


26

Plan→Do→Study/Check→Act[ion] [ PDCA][ Scholtes, P.R. 1998.] to constantly improve upon the structural

design and functional systems and their interactions. The control [System 2] and co-ordination systems

[ System 3] [Beer, S. 1972.]will be specific areas of emphasis, so as to ensure that communication of any

variances are dealt with as swiftly as possible and the system as a whole adjusted and adapted to deal with

complexity, variety and variances.

The more comprehensive first framing of the ANSWER is therefore expanded as: BY MOVING TO AN

ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH FOR FISHERIES [EAF] MANAGEMENT which includes use of the VSM AND OTHER

METHODOLOGIES, TOOLS AND METHODS TO REDESIGN THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY FROM A STRUCTURAL,

SYSTEMS & ORGANISATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

A 3 ESTABLISHING VALIDITY AND CREDIBILITY

A 3.1 RATIONALE AND DATA CREDIBILITY


rigorous, non-linear processes:

EMPIRICAL AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH→EXTENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEWS→EXTRACTS FROM PRESENTATIONS BY

INDUSTRY SPECIALISTS→ADDITIONAL DESK RESEARCH→INTERROGATION OF GLOBAL CASE STUDIES,

METHODOLOGIES, BEST PRACTICE→STUDYING, UNDERSTANDING AND USE OF THE VSM AND OTHER RELEVANT

THEOREMS, METHODOLOGIES, TOOLS→EXTRACTED FACT-BASED PROPOSITIONS→CATEGORISED AND

LABELLED→SATURATED CATEGORIES→EXTRACTED TWO SETS OF EMPIRICAL VARIABLES→RAN TWO SCENARIOS

USING ID’S AND CAUSAL MECHANISMS→TOOK INTO ACCOUNT THE PRINCIPLES AND OUTCOMES OF THE

FISHBANKS GAME→

→To test for the validity and credibility of our situation, concern, question, answer as well as for the ethical

implications of what we are proposing.

A.3.2 ARGUMENT FOR VALIDITY

We feel satisfied that our report as well as the demonstration of the processes employed to ensure validity

and credibility, which are contained within our Appendices B, C and D, satisfy all criterion in respect of

validity. We also concluded that the application of our answer is transferable not only to other natural

resource intensive industries, but that it could be employed within businesses and organisations in any

industry or sector.


27

Figure 16: Graphic Representation of Methodology for Validity and Data Credibility

Figure 17: Scenario 1: CLD: Confirming the SCQARE within the RUVE



INDUSTRY


RESEARCH DATA



CAPACITY



SUSTAINABLE FISHING

INDUSTRTY

SUSTAINABLE &

RESPONSIBLE

AQUACULTURE



STAKEHOLDERS


ECONOMIC GROWTH




via


for



continued

leading tolong-term

+

+

+

+

++

+

++

++

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

R

R

R


28

Figure 18: Redesign of the SA Fishing Industry using VSD within the VSM

We include the redesign of the SA Fishing Industry, using the VSD within the VSM within this section, as we

firstly, within our Appendix B workings, investigated and substantiated the use of the VSD and VSM as

appropriate tools for complex unitary systems. These systems are subject to constant environmental

changes, yet are by nature able to be unified towards achieving mutually beneficial goals and objectives.

The methodology therefor works perfectly for the fishing industry, which has the characteristics as described

above.

Within Appendix B, we demonstrate our understanding of the VSM as well as the practical applications of

the tool, so as to arrive at a new design for the SA Fishing Industry. Within our very basic, Phase 0 re-design,

we use the Institutional and Development Framework [AID] to aid in our diagnosis and to guide our design.

The scope of this paper does not allow for a detailed diagnosis and resultant diagnostic report, nor for a

comprehensive narrative regarding how each of the systems should ideally be structured, using the array of

methodologies, tools, methods and frameworks at our disposal. We did however, within Appendix B,

provide a snapshot of our diagnosis, as well as a summary of the key areas that we believe would have to

be dealt with, addressed, monitored and measured, so as to evolve the VSM structure of the SA Fishing

Industry over time, so as to reach the end goal – which is a long-term, sustainable marine resource and a

thriving fishing industry and economy.


29

A 3.3 TRANSFERABILITY

Given the nature inherent in our solution – focusing upon long-term sustainability, involving all stakeholders,

collaborating in the interest of the greater good and being adaptable, emergent and evolving by nature,

transferability to other natural resource management systems seems natural. We do however believe that

this model of long-term sustainability has application across sectors, industries, businesses and organisations.

In fact, it is particularly relevant in the era where we have reached the Limits to traditional growth and where

total organisational wellness will lie at the heart of its future existence.

Figure 19: Transferability of the Solution

A 4 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS AND THE ARGUMENT FOR ETHICS


social well-being as well as ecosystems health of the SA Fishing Industry and all of the stakeholders affected

by its well-being and/or who may have an impact on its long-term well-being. We therefore tested our

conclusions and recommendations against all of the principle of ethical decision-making, but emphasised

the following areas of ethics:







Figure 20: Considering Ethics: Common Good as well as Justice & Fairness

A 5 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

An Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries Management will ensure that we avert “The Tragedy of the

Commons” and can be embedded within the organisational systems of the SA Fishing Industry, by using

the Viable Systems Model to redesign and adapt this emergent, future-focused solution.


30

Figure 21: Conclusions and Recommendations: EAF using VSD and VSM as foundational models


31

Appendix B: DOING THE WORK

B.1 RESEARCHING AND TESTING FOR THE SITUATION, CONCERN, QUESTION, ANSWER, RATIONALE AND

ETHICS: RETHINKING THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY WITH THE VIEW OF IMPROVING ITS VIABILITY

B.1.1 CONTEXTUAL INTRODUCTION

The nature of the assignment requires that we have to firstly understand the situation in as much detail

as possible, before we are able to formulate our concern and from there, the question and answer

that would flow from the concern. Given the dynamic complexity of the SA Fishing Industry, it is

patently clear that there are a range of concern variables that could be dealt with. We felt strongly

that we needed to find a concern variable that carried gravitas and that had the potential, if dealt

with in a holistic manner, to positively impact the future sustainability and viability of the industry in a

meaningful manner.

Our approach has therefore been to research and test for these core issues, so as to ensure that

relevance, utility and validity are assured, before we are able to delve deeper into the concern,

question and answer variables.

B.2 PROJECT PURPOSE STATEMENT

B.2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

The South African Fishing Industry forms part of the Regional [Southern Africa] as well as Global Fishing

Industries; all of whom are reliant on a resource which could deplete completely, if not managed in a

collaborative and sustainable manner. It is fair to state that any natural resource is finite by nature and

as such, susceptible to what is known as “The Tragedy of the Commons.” [Hardin, G. 1968.]

The Tragedy of the Commons is defined as:

Figure 1: Tragedy of the Commons [ Source: World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011. Fisheries: Facts

and Trends: South Africa. Sponsored and published by Pick ‘n Pay.]

Investopedia [Investopedia US. 2013.] offers the following two adjuvant definitions;

Definition of 'Tragedy of the Commons'

“An economic problem in which every individual tries to reap the greatest benefit from a given resource. As

the demand for the resource overwhelms the supply, every individual who consumes an additional unit

directly harms others who can no longer enjoy the benefits. Generally, the resource of interest is easily

available to all individuals.”


32

Investopedia explains 'Tragedy of The Commons'

“The tragedy of the Commons occurs when individuals neglect the well-being of society (or the group) in the

pursuit of personal gain. For example, if neighboring farmers increase the number of their own sheep living

on a common block of land, eventually the land will become depleted and not be able to support the

sheep, which is detrimental to all.”

As we will demonstrate within this Appendix as well as within our core thesis, the data are clear in that

the SA Fishing Industry is standing on the precipice of collapse. The current status quo is the result of a

large variety of internal as well as external factors and variables interacting with one another over a

prolonged period of time; all of whom have conspired to create the situation that we are faced with

currently.

We expound on the current Situation in greater detail within the body of this document. However, to

demonstrate the relevance of expounding on The Tragedy of the Commons, Figure 2 below paints a

disconcerting picture of the status of global fish stocks. At the time of releasing these statistics, 53% of

the global marine resources were described as being fully fished, 3% completely depleted and 28%

over-fished. Given the fragmented nature of the local as well as global fishing industries, the lack of

co-ordination, communication and resource management, we fear that this situation may have

become far worse in the ensuing five[5] years. These statistics speak to an industry teetering on the

brink of collapse and therefore, susceptible to The Tragedy of the Commons.

Figure 2: Status of Global Fishing Stocks in 2008; [World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011. Fisheries:

Facts and Trends: South Africa. Sponsored and published by Pick ‘n Pay.]

B.2.2 THE VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL IN CONTEXT

A Viable systems is by inference one that is able to function autonomously and which is organized so that it is able to deal with dynamic complexity in order to survive. [. Beer, S. 1972.] Adaptability and

emergence are two core features of viable systems.

As the environment changes, so the system must be designed so as to adapt to the internal and external

dynamics that affect it. The Viable Systems Model [VSM] [Beer, S. 1972.] is based upon an abstracted

cybernetic description that is applicable to any viable system; implicit within this system is the fact that

regulation theory underpins the design of the system. As we hope to demonstrate within our first attempt at


33

redesigning the SA Fishing Industry, using the VSM, we have placed emphasis upon the regulation theory of

cybernetics, as well as other tools and methodologies to ensure that the control, co-ordination and strategic

systems are equipped so as to ensure the high-functioning of System One [1], which is where the actual work

is done with in the VSM. In Systems Theory, this system one would be akin to the GEMBA – defined as GEM –

specific work – BA – the place – or the core system that produces the customer’s value and work. [Scholtes,

P.R. 1998.]

Using Viable Systems Diagnosis [Flood, R.L. July 1991], which provides the foundation for creative

problem solving and total systems intervention, our aim was to arrive at a broad systems diagnosis and

to re-design the existing SA Fishing Industry, using the Viable Systems Model. We remain fully alive to

the fact that such a diagnosis and Phase 0 re-design are the mere beginnings of an on-going, organic

and emergent process. The Deming Wheel or PDCA [ Plan→Do→Check→Action]process [Scholtes,

P.R. 1998.] should be one of the methodologies or tools used to ensure the constant cycle of planning,

doing, checking and action so as to adapt, improve, adjust and shape the SA Fishing Industry into a high-

functioning, sustainable and independently functioning, self-organising system.

The Viable Systems Model [VSM] [Espejo, R. 2003.] is a foundational instrument via which we are able to

observe collective behaviours from a systemic or holistic perspective. It is a useful tool to gain a

comprehension of why a system, business, organisation or institution is as it is at a given moment in time.

Most importantly, it provides the methodologies and theory of practice to enable systems interventions so

that it works optimally and in the interest of all stakeholders or role players.

It is however one tool in a much larger toolbox of theorems, methodologies, processes and frameworks –

and would be used in combination with a range of methodologies, such as: inter-relationship diagraphs

[ID’s], Causal Loop Diagramme [ CLD] mechanisms, Activity Systems & Activity Theory[Engestrom, Y. 2009.],

The Law of Requisite Variety[Espejo, R; Reyes, A. 2011.], Scenario planning, The Laws of

Cybernetics[Clemson, B. 2013 – EMBA 15.], Institutional and Analysis Framework [AID][ Polski, M.M; Ostrom,E.

1999.] as well as the Context, Mechanism, Outcome [ CMO] model and its companion model, the

CIMO[Denyer, D; Tranfield, D; Van Aken, J.E. 2008.], which includes the Intervention that is proposed so as to

change the behaviour of the concern variable and bring it back into the envelope of acceptance.

Bounded Rationality [Herbert, S. 1957.], Decision Rule Theory [Helmy, H. November 1990.], Technological

Rules [Van Aken, J. E. 2005.] as well as Design Propositions are taken into account during this process of

redesign.

The successful re-design and the implementation of a new functional structure, may take years of learning,

development, adaptation, updating, expansion, analysis and synthesis – so as to finally arrive at a fully

functioning system.

Given the value of the fishing industry, in respect of its contribution to export revenue, job creation, food

security as well as socio-economic impacts, there can be no doubt that urgent interventions are required in

the now, so as to secure the long-term sustainability of this resource. Our responsibility is not confined to the

present, but has specific bearing on the ability of future generations to continue benefiting from the rich

bounty of the oceans.

B.2.3 BROAD & DEFINED PROJECT PURPOSE STATEMENTS

TO GAIN A WORKING UNDERSTANDING OF THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY – CURRENT SITUATION

TO GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL AS

A DIAGNOSTIC AS WELL AS SYSTEMS DESIGN TOOL

TO MAKE THE CONNECTIONS WITH COMPLEMENTARY AND RELATED THEOREMS,

METHODOLOGIES AND TOOLS TO AID IN THE DIAGNOSTIC & SOLUTIONS/ANSWER IDEATION

PROCESS

TO ARRIVE AT THE SITUATION, CONCERN, QUESTION, ANSWER, RATIONALE AND ETHICS IN

REGARDS TO THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY AND TO APPLY THE VSM IN ITS BASIC FORMAT TO PROVIDE

A PHASE 0 RE-DESIGN

ENCAPSULATED AS: DEFINED PROJECT PURPOSE STATEMENT:

RETHINKING THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY WITH THE VIEW OF IMPROVING ITS VIABILITY


34

B.3 PROCESS FLOW

Figure 3: PROCESS FLOW/METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH: TO ARRIVE AT SITUATION, CONCERN,

QUESTION, ANSWER, RATIONALE & ETHICS [SCQARE]: WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE RELEVANCE, UTILITY,

VALIDITY AND ETHICS [RUVE] FRAMEWORK

Before we were able to embark upon the construction of our core thesis within the Relevance, Utility,

Validity and Ethics [RUVE] framework, we had to first establish as well as validate the constituent parts

of the SCQARE within the context of the RUVE. The following non-linear, non-concurrent processes

were employed:

B.3.1 ESTABLISHING THE SITUATION WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF RELEVANCE

The collecting of our propositions required the study of: * various research reports *peer-

reviewed articles and research papers *extracts from presentations made by Fishing Industry

Specialists * additional desk research to source news reports, press statements and additional

research data related to Global Resource Management Best practice models. This provided a

sound foundation to sufficiently understand the fishing industry as a whole [systemic view] and

the SA Fishing Industry in context of the global marine ecosystem as a whole.

It furthermore ensured that the current SITUATION that the SA Fishing Industry finds itself in, which

we describe within our report, is factually based and based upon sound, deductive as well as

inductive [“bottom-up” logic] reasoning. In other words, we constructed and evaluated our

general propositions which were drawn from specific, empirical sources, by using ‘bottom up”

logic, also known as induction. We naturally did the opposite, which involved using some of the

more general propositions, to derive more specific propositions, via a process of deduction.

[Trochim, W.M.K. 2006.]

As such, the propositions used are empirical and factually based, in contrast to subjective,

opinion-based propositions.


35

Given the factual basis of the propositions [Appendix C], we are comfortable that they are

able to accurately describe and validate the SITUATION that the SA Fishing Industry finds itself in.

These propositions were thereafter categorised and labelled [Appendix D]; within the limited

scope and timeframe of this assignment, the categories were saturated so as to be able to

extract the core variables that are responsible, via their inter-play with one another, for the

sustainability [or not] of the SA Fishing Industry.

In terms of the elements contained within our Broad Project Purpose Statement, the process as

described above, allowed us to achieve the objective: TO GAIN A WORKING UNDERSTANDING

OF THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY – CURRENT SITUATION.

B.3.2. THE SITUATION

Based on the methodological approach described above, we populated a comprehensive fact-

based Proposition Log [See Appendix C: Proposition Log] as well as Categorising, labelling and

saturating the categories [See Appendix D: Categorisation, labelling and category saturation:

Propositions] to arrive at a succinct summation and conclusion about the current state of the SA

Fishing Industry; we describe the SITUATION as follows:

“The SA Fishing Industry is a vital component of the SA economy as a whole, provides substantial

employment and job creation opportunities, contributes to the country’s export revenues as well as

local economy and provides food security and subsistence to a great many coastal fishing

communities.

Due to decades of resource mismanagement, a dearth of strategic leadership, a general lack of

credible research data, no patrol vessels in operation and the inability to unite the industry around the

collaborative, sustainable management of our marine resources, the SA Fishing industry stands on the

precipice of collapse.

This is particularly true of its in-shore fishing resources, which are by nature more accessible to

subsistence fishers, small-scale fisheries as well as recreational fishing. The off-shore marine resources

are in a slightly better position due to an attempt by the large commercial fishing companies to co-

manage the resource. As the data will show, urgent interventions are required to prevent the

complete collapse of the marine resource, which would in turn lead to the Tragedy of the Commons –

the point of no return and complete collapse of both the resource and therefore the fishing industry.

This would have dire socio-economic consequences for the country as a whole.”

B 3.2.1 SUBSTANTIATING OUR ANALYSIS AND STATEMENT OF THE SITUATION: A SUMMARY OF DATA AND

FACTS

Our description of the SITUATION is based upon the analysis and synthesis of the information contained

within Appendices C and D and is further validated within the body of this section.

In the Business Day article, “Minister insists there is no crisis in fishing industry”, [Vecchiatto, P. 21 May

2013.] the author provides the following information:

Forestry and Fisheries Minister, Tina Joemat-Pettersson and fishing industry CEO’s have insisted there is

no crisis in the sector.

Almost no fishery protection patrols have been performed over the past year [+].

There has been a disruption of the economically important fishing surveys. [ Required and used to

calculate fishing density, so as to inform the allocation of fishing rights and quotas and to ensure the

sustainable regeneration of fishing stocks so as to keep the industry viable]

There is confusion around the issuing of fishing quotas. [ A great many long-term quotas/rights are

expiring at the end of 2013 and into 2014; without credible research data and the required

institutional skills and capacity, it is doubtful whether new long-term rights will be issued by the due

deadline – further placing economic pressure on the fishing industry and creating further insecurity as

well as the impetus for over-fishing and maximal extraction of the resource]

The Minister of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry [ DAFF] took office in 2009 and

met with the fishing industry for the first time in 2013 – four [ 4] years after taking office. At this


36

meeting, the Minister, under pressure of national government, expressed the need for the industry to

advise her, to have their valued voice hear and to look at how opportunities for both commercial

and small-scale fishers can be expanded. She furthermore spoke to a ‘game change’ within the

industry. She also made a commitment that the fishing patrol and research vessels, currently in the

custody of the SA Navy, would be made operational as soon as possible. [ As at July 2013, these

vessels have not left the harbour in Simon’s Town, Cape Town – and given their state of disrepair, it is

estimated that it will take another year before they are ready and seaworthy]

In an article titled, “Nautic Africa supporting DAFF patrol and research vessels”, [Martin, G. 30 April 2013] the

author confirms that Nautic Africa has signed an agreement with DAFF to support its four fisheries protection

and two fisheries research vessels, as part of the attempt of DAFF to get the fleet to full operational status

again.

Before Nautic Africa can however assist in vessel operations, which will include bunkering, crewing and other

logistics to ensure that the vessels are put to see as quickly and efficiently as possible, DAFF has contracted

with a service provider to repair the fleet for sea[use].

According to Shaheen Moola, during his presentation titled, “Managing Commercial Fisheries in SA”, Nautic

Africa has no experience in patrolling and managing marine resources. He furthermore contends that the

company that DAFF has contracted with to repair the existing fleet, built the original ships, but is not

schooled in the repair of vessels. Their primary focus is manufacturing of new boats, not the repair of

unseaworthy vessels. He expressed his concern about their ability to fulfill the task, including the fact that this

will more than likely delay the readiness of the vessels further.

According to Shaheen Moola, MD of Feike Natural Resource Management Advisors, [Martin, G. 30 April

2013.] industry CEO’s have no choice but to co-operative with the Minister of DAFF, as she had threatened to

withdraw their fishing rights. He furthermore indicated that DAFF still had to allocate 1000 fishing-right quotas,

but had not yet appointed a service provider. It is therefore unlikely that this process will be completed by

year-end [2013].

It goes without saying that regular surveys of South Africa’s fishing resources are important for the country to

prove that it has sustainable fishing stocks in order to keep export markets. [Martin, G. 30 April 2013.] These

surveys have not happened for at least two [2] or more years, placing our marine resources under extreme

threat.

According to Shaheen Moola, from Feike, extracted from his presentation to the EMBA 15.2 class during

Module 2, the SA Fishing Industry faces a large range of challenges:

With the rise of populist, political rhetoric, there has been the accompanying emergency of failed

fishing policy. Cadre deployment has paralysed DAFF and a failed Minister, who is, in Moola’s

opinion completely lacking in understanding of the fishing industry. There has been rampant

corruption under her watch; there is a need for strong political leadership to nurse the fishing industry

back to optimal health. There is a general lack of political leadership, policy and vision for the SA

fishing industry.

With the collapse of in-shore fisheries, this has led to greater unemployment, poverty and social

instability. Fishing co-operatives create further and deeper poverty as well as resource degradation;

this is due to the ownership of the resource being unclear; it is spread thinly between too many

stakeholders and their portion of the resource cannot sustain them. This leads to over-fishing,

poaching and further exploitation of the resource just to survive.

There is no fisheries patrol and research capacity and the potential loss of the Marine Stewardship

Council [MSC] sustainable fishing certification for hake trawl Fisheries.


37

Figure 4: MSC Certified Sustainable Seafood Mark; Eco-label

Loss of this certification would have negative impact on these fisheries having access to export markets,

where consumers are the drivers of ecosystems approaches to fisheries and want confirmation that they are

consuming seafood that has been sustainably managed and caught.

There is a high cost attached to extracting and processing seafood; the biggest investment is in the

technology to find the fish in the first place. The large commercial fishing companies trade together

in respect of the market. They co-operate so as to be able to collaboratively meet market demands

and have access and marketing capabilities.

3000 artisanal fisheries quotas where allocated – out of these quotas, 250 of the quota holders

earned nothing more than R 350; these quotas are in essence paper quotas and are generally ‘

hawked’ to the larger fishing companies.

The 8-15 year quotas are distributed between 3222 quota holders and on an ad hoc, random basis

by the Minister. There are currently no specialists within DAFF, with the 11th Deputy Director-General

being in the acting position in the past 4 years.

Undue political pressure is exactly what is not required in fisheries management. Government

intervention has in fact contributed to the collapsed state of fishing stocks. Because of the ad hoc,

populist nature of the allocation of rights, key sustainable management methodologies have been

abandoned.

DAFF presented to the National Parliament and admitted that they have no idea as to state of the

SA marine resources and admitted that the impact of not having functioning patrol and research

vessels means that no-one is certain about where we stand as an industry.

Trevor Manuel, in his role as a Commissioner on the Global Ocean Commission, [Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

made the following statements:

The task that the Global Ocean Commission has set itself is to demonstrate how the ocean can be

sustainably and equitably managed. All evidence will be assessed, from sectors of society, including

science, economics, business and law. This will be distilled into a to-do list for global leaders – a list of

practical and efficient measures that via their implementation will reverse the degradation of marine

resources in the high seas and restore them to full health and productivity. He reiterates that the large

rewards lie in the high seas and that this where the largest challenges are.

He goes on to confirm that 80 million tonnes of food is extracted from the world’s oceans annually. The

United Nations [UN] Food and Agriculture Organisation calculates that half of the world’s fisheries are

providing as much as they sustainably can, whilst one-third are being exploited beyond that limit, leading to

diminishing returns.

In its publication, ‘Fisheries: Facts and Trends: South Africa”, the World Wildlife Organisation [WWO] [World

Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.], the following facts emerge:

Morne Du Plessis, CEO of the World Wildlife Fund [WWF] states that this report provides a clear picture of the

precarious state of the SA Fishing Industry after decades of mismanagement of our marine systems. For him,

this report and its findings, underscores the drive to promote an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries [EAF]. This

approach recognises the pivotal role that marine ecosystems play in maintaining resilient, socio-cultural

systems in the face of growing threats of climate change and food security.

SA has a coastline stretching 3000 km; our oceans support both commercial and artisanal fisheries. In order

to ensure the social and economic well-being of South Africa’s coastal people, collaborative and

responsible management is required to create a long-term, sustainable marine resource. The historical


38

practice of single species management has failed. Holistic environmental management strategies and

sustainable fishing practices, taking the whole ecosystem into consideration, are now imperative.



difficult to recognise and even more difficult to restore, once disrupted. An EAF aims to: “balance

diverse societal objectives, by taking into account the knowledge and uncertainties about biotic, abiotic

and human components of ecosystems and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to

fisheries within ecologically meaningful boundaries” (FAO 2003).[ World Wildlife Organisation. November

2011.]

Figure 5: Tracking Tool: EAF implementation in SA Fishing Industry


39

Figure 6: Global Facts: Fishing extraction and consumption; state of the resource [World Wildlife

Organisation. November 2011.]

Figure 7: Status of Global Fish Stocks in 2008: Level of Resource Depletion [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]


40

Figure 8: Recreational Fishing in SA; Economic benefits and environmental impacts [World Wildlife


Figure 9: Status of Commercial Line fish in South Africa: State of over-exploitation and collapse [World

Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.]


41

Figure 10: Status of SA Marine Resource [World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.]

Figure 11: Good Practice: Marine Protected Areas in South Africa[World Wildlife Organisation. November

2011.]

From the data provided and the propositions log, it is clear that this good practice is absent within the SA

Fishing Industry.


42

Figure 12: SA Seafood; Contribution to Export Revenue [World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.]

Figure 13: SASSI – Fish markets in SA; Eco-labelling and awareness [World Wildlife Organisation. November

2011.]

Consumer awareness programmes are starting to pay off in terms of providing the incentives for the SA

Fishing Industry to commit to sustainable fishing practices. Consumers are demanding eco-products and

want to be assured that they are not contributing towards the denigration of the ecosystem.

Figure 14: Three [3] pillars of Food Security: A Complex system [World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.]


43

Figure 15: SA Fisheries Management Mission Statement [World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.]

This is a near perfect example of a vision and mission statement that has been devised at the highest level,

which has good intentions, but that is far removed from the realities on the ground and falls far short of being

implemented or implementable, given the current situation of the SA Fishing Industry.

Figure 16: Contribution of the SA Fishing Industry to Revenue and job creation [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]

Figure 17: Direct employment within SA Commercial Fishing Industry [World Wildlife Organisation. November

2011.]


44

It is estimated that in addition to these formal and direct jobs, the commercial fishing industry creates an

additional 100 000 jobs within ancillary sectors.

All of these factual propositions, with additional propositions extracted from an array of additional resources

are contained within our Proposition log [Appendix C] as well as our Categorisation, labelling and saturation

log [Appendix D]. All of these facts were analysed and synthesised so as to establish and confirm the current

SITUATION within the SA Fishing Industry.

B.3.3 ESTABLISHING THE CONCERN WITHIN THE SITUATION

After analyzing, synthesising, categorising, labelling and saturation of the propositions, two sets of

variables were created, so as to test two [2] scenarios, which served as the basis to establish and

validate our: Concern, Question, Answer or C<>Q<>A statements as well as their linkages. These

variables were drawn from Appendix D: Categorisation, labelling and category saturation:

Propositions.

LABEL CONCEPT VARIABLES SCENARIO 1 VARIABLES SCENARIO 2

STATE OF FISHING

STOCKS

UNCERTAIN/ UNDER

THREAT

SUSTAINABLE FISHING

STOCKS

COLLAPSED/COLLAPSING

FISHING STOCKS

AQUACULTURE GROWTH INDUSTRY SUSTAINABLE &

RESPONSIBLE

AQUACULTURE

IRRESPONSIBLE

AQUACULTURE

RESEARCH IMPERATIVE TO REBUILD &

MANAGE MARINE

RESOURCES

ROBUST, TIMELY,

CREDIBLE RESEARCH

DATA

NO OR INFREQUENT

RESEARCH DATA

INSTITUTIONAL

CAPACITY

REQUIRED TO REBUILD

RESOURCE & PREVENT

TRAGEDY OF THE

COMMONS

COLLABORATIVE,

HIGHLY-SKILLED

CAPACITY

FRAGMENTED, UNSKILLED

CAPACITY

INDUSTRY

COHESION/COLL

ABORATION

INTEREST OF LONG-TERM

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS

COHESIVE INDUSTRY –

STRONG LEADERSHIP

FRAGMENTED INDUSTRY –

SEEKING INDIVIDUAL

BENEFIT

RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

SUSTAINABLE,

RESPONSIBLE,

COLLABORATIVE GLOBAL

MANAGEMENT

REBUILDING OF LONG-

TERM SUSTAINABILITY OF

FISHING INDUSTRY

TRAGEDY OF THE

COMMONS

SOCIO-

ECONOMIC

SITUATION &

IMPACTS

HEALTH & WELL-BEING OF

COMMUNITIES, INDUSTRY

AND ECONOMY

SUSTAINABLE

LIVELIHOODS &

ECONOMIC GROWTH

SOCIETAL & INDUSTRY

COLLAPSE & DECAY

FOOD

SOURCE/SECURITY

SOURCE OF NUTRITION

AND INCOME

SUFFICIENT MARINE

RESOURCES FOR HEALTH

AND WELLNESS

MALNUTRITION &

POVERTY

Figure 18: Table of Concepts and Variables for Scenario testing/planning

The set of variables was used to create two [2] Inter-Relationship Digraphs [ID] – these were in turn used

to test the Scenarios within Causal Loops Diagramme [CLD] Mechanisms.


45

B.3.3.1 SCENARIO PLANNING/TESTING

Using the Scenario one [1] variables contained within Figure 18: Table of Concepts and Variables for

Scenario testing/planning, an ID was constructed to interrogate and understand the drivers of the

long-term sustainability and viability of the SA Fishing Industry.

Figure 19: Scenario 1: IDEAL REALITY LEADING TO IDEAL FUTURE: SUSTAINABLE SA FISHING INDUSTRY

The following was deduced from the analysis of Figure 19: Scenario 1: IDEAL REALITY LEADING TO

IDEAL FUTURE: SUSTAINABLE SA FISHING INDUSTRY:

The three [3] primary drivers of the future sustainability and viability of the SA Fishing Industry, in

descending order, are: * Strong leadership & Cohesive, Collaborative Fishing Industry * Robust,

Credible, Timely Research Data * Collaborative, Highly Skilled, Institutional Capacity.

These drivers in turn lead to three [3] primary outcomes, in ascending order: * Sustainable

Fishing Stocks, leading to * Sufficient Marine Resources to feed and nourish all stakeholders,

which in turn assures * Sustainable Livelihoods and Economic Growth.

Using the same variables from Scenario one [1], a Causal Mechanism was constructed to verify the

veracity of the deductions made from the ID. Figure 20: Scenario 1: CAUSAL MECHANISM: TESTING

THE ID AND FEASIBILITY OF THE SCENARIO below confirms that Scenario one [1] creates the foundation

for the design, adaptation and implementation of a Viable SA Fishing Industry, by taking a

Collaborative, Integrated, Sustainable and Holistic Approach to Resource Management. Such a

system is described by the World Wildlife Organisation’s Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries [EAF], to

which South Africa is a signatory, but with limited implementation having taken place to date. [ World



46

Figure 20: Scenario 1: CAUSAL MECHANISM: TESTING THE ID AND FEASIBILITY OF THE SCENARIO

Based on the reinforcing loops contained within the Causal Mechanism above, it points towards the

benefits of the Implementation of the Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries to ensure the long-term

sustainability and viability of the SA Fishing Industry. This in turn led to the inclusion of the Non-

implementation of the EAF as an additional variable within our “Business as Usual” Scenario 2 testing

below.

Figure 21: Scenario 2: CURRENT REALITY “BUSINESS AS USUAL” SCENARIO



INDUSTRY


RESEARCH DATA



CAPACITY



SUSTAINABLE FISHING

INDUSTRTY

SUSTAINABLE &

RESPONSIBLE

AQUACULTURE



STAKEHOLDERS


ECONOMIC GROWTH




via


for



continued

leading tolong-term

+

+

+

+

++

+

++

++

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

R

R

R


47

Using the Scenario two [2] variables contained within Figure 18: Concepts and Variables: Scenario

testing/planning, an ID was constructed to interrogate and understand what the probable outcomes

of a Current Reality, “Business as Usual” scenario would be.

The following was deduced from the analysis of Figure 21: Scenario 2: CURRENT REALITY “BUSINESS AS

USUAL” SCENARIO:

In descending order, the drivers of the collapse of the SA Fishing Industry are: * Lack of or weak

leadership & unskilled institutional capacity leading to the * WWF Ecosystems Approach to

Fisheries [ EAF] NOT being implemented, allied to which * No or infrequent research data being

available with an Adjuvant Driver * Fragmented Fishing Industry seeking Individual Benefit & ROI

Leading to the following disturbing and disconcerting outcomes: * Collapsed Fishing Stocks *

The Tragedy of the Commons * Societal, Social, Industry Collapse & Decay, culminating in *

Malnutrition, Food Insecurity & Poverty

From the scenario above, it seems patently clear that if the SA Fishing Industry continues on its current

trajectory, it is doomed to complete failure and collapse. Such a situation would have dire socio-

economic impacts on the 147 fishing communities along our 3000 km coastline as well as to the

economy as a whole.

Using the same variables as per the ID above, a Causal Mechanism was constructed to verify the

conclusions drawn from the ID above.

Figure 22: Scenario 2: CAUSAL MECHANISM: TESTING THE ID AND “BUSINESS AS USUAL” SCENARIO

LACK

OF/WEAK/ABSENT

LEADERSHIP

NOT

ADOPTING THE


and therefore



CREATING THE

CONDITIONS FOR





which leads to



which in turn

leads to



FISHING STOCKS

which ultimately

leads to


as a consequence

of which


COLLAPSES

contributing


leading to the

COLLAPSE OF A VITAL

SOURCE OF PROTEIN &

FOOD SECURITY

INCREASED POVERTY


MALNUTRITION

which all adds

up to


SA AS A WHOLE

which manifests

as further


& INEQUALITY

AT A HUGECOST TO

ECONOMIC

GROWTH &

DEVELOPMENT

SA AS A WHOLE

INTER-RELATED

COMMUNITY


HUMANESCHATOLOGY

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

--

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

- R


48

As is clearly evidenced from Figure 22 above, the consequences of continuing on the current path

within the SA Fishing Industry has the potential to lead to an array of dire consequences. These

include: * The Tragedy of the Commons which means that * The Fishing Industry collapses or has

collapsed, leading to * Collapse of a vital source of protein and food security; Increased poverty

through unemployment; increase in local malnutrition with all add up to * Socio-Economic Hardships

for Fishing Communities and SA as a whole.

The knock-on effect of the situation as described above, further leads to social and societal decay

and inequality, at a huge cost to Economic Growth and Development, SA as an inter-related system

and community and lastly, poses a real threat to ecosystems homeostasis and human eschatology. In

fact, it would be safe to say that the latter two issues would be in a state of crisis.

B.3.3.2 THE CONCERN

All of the work done, the analysis of the data as well as the collaborative management of the marine

resource within the Fishbanks Game and the positive outcomes thereof, point towards the possibility or

probability of The Tragedy of the Commons being a real threat to the continued viability of the SA

Fishing Industry. Our CONCERN is therefore expressed as:


B3.3.3 RELEVANCE OF THE CONCERN WITHIN THE SITUATION

The SITUATION is characterised by:

A lack of strategic leadership at strategic as well as institutional level

No clear or stable policies to manage and sustain the SA Fishing Industry

No research data available to plan and manage the SA marine ecosystem sustainably; which

further implies that the state of biomass of fishing stocks is unknown

This in turn means that we cannot accurately allocate fishing rights and quotas and could

already be in a state of total depletion of important marine resources

No patrol vessels at sea to regulate, monitor and protect the SA marine resources – which

creates the conditions for exploitation of all marine resources as well as poaching


collapse


Could lead to the total collapse of SA Fishing Stocks


resources

Creating large, negative, socio-economic impacts, by the collapse of the SA Fishing Industry

and therefore, devastating impacts on the SA Economy as a whole


dire consequences of inaction or continuing on the current path as is prevalent within the current

SITUATION. Relevance is further clearly states within the outcomes of the two [2] scenarios which we

ran.

B.3.3.4 ESTABLISHING UTILITY: THE C<>Q<>A LINK

B.3.3.4.1 THE QUESTION

Based on our findings and research, the logical question to ask, would be;

HOW DO WE AVOID THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS FROM BECOMING A REALITY WITHIN THE SA

FISHING INDUSTRY?

Given the state of the SA Fishing industry, its already depleted and over-exploited stock, the lack of

research data for planning and resource management, our question is particularly useful, in that it


49

seeks to explore how we avoid the collapse of a vital natural resource and all of the concomitant

consequences.

B.3.3.4.2 THE ANSWER: THE FRAMING PROCESS

In starting the process of framing our answer, we felt that the EAF offers the most practical and cogent

long-term, sustainable solution to the viability of the SA Fishing Industry.

Figure 23 : Scenario: How to avoid The Tragedy of the Commons: The argument for Utility

ANSWER in PART: BY MOVING TO AN ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH FOR FISHERIES [EAF] MANAGEMENT

This empirically proven, best practice model takes a holistic approach, which includes consideration of

whole ecosystems impacts, the well-being of fishing communities as well as the long-term socio-

economic well-being of the Fishing Industry as its ultimate outcome. With the World Wildlife Fund

[WWF] and the United Nations as its progenitors and the WWF as the specialist implementation partners

globally, the EAF Management System carries gravitas and inherent credibility from successes that

have already been achieved in a variety of other fishing territories.



difficult to recognise and even more difficult to restore, once disrupted.

An EAF aims to: “balance diverse societal objectives, by taking into account the knowledge and uncertainties about biotic,

abiotic and human components of ecosystems and their interactions and applying an integrated approach

to fisheries within ecologically meaningful boundaries” (FAO 2003).[ World Wildlife Organisation. November

2011.]


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Figure 24: Tracking Tool: EAF implementation in SA Fishing Industry

Implementation of the EAF will however require that it is embedded within the very organisational

structure of the SA Fishing Industry, which implies the redesign of the current organisational structure

and system, so as to allow for change management and improvements, with the ultimate outcome of

a long-term, sustainable resource and industry.

Having studied a large range of theorems, methodologies, frameworks and tools, it was found that the

Viable Systems Model [Flood, R.L. July 1991.], with specific reference to the Viable Systems Diagnostics tools

that are built into this model, are most appropriate as a point of departure. The VSM and VSD aided with the

confirmation of the diagnosis of the current system and structure and with a Phase 0 re-design of the SA

Fishing Industry. In addition to the VSM, a range of other tools, methods and methodologies would be

employed as part of the emergent process of adapting, improving, checking, adjusting, measuring,

communicating, co-ordinating and rebuilding the SA Fishing Industry.

At the heart of this emergent process, that is inherent in using the Viable Systems Model to re-design the

structure of the SA Fishing Industry, would be the use of the Deming Wheel or

Plan→Do→Study/Check→Act[ion] [ PDCA][ Scholtes, P.R. 1998.] to constantly improve upon the structural

design and functional systems and their interactions. The control [System 2] and co-ordination systems

[ System 3] [Beer, S. 1972.]will be specific areas of emphasis, so as to ensure that communication of any

variances are dealt with as swiftly as possible and the system as a whole adjusted and adapted to deal with

complexity, variety and variances.

The more comprehensive first framing of the ANSWER is therefore expanded as: BY MOVING TO AN

ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH FOR FISHERIES [EAF] MANAGEMENT which includes use of the VSM AND OTHER

METHODOLOGIES, TOOLS AND METHODS TO REDESIGN THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY FROM A STRUCTURAL,

SYSTEMS & ORGANISATIONAL PERSPECTIVE


51

Figure 25: Tools, theorems, methodologies and methods to re-design the SA Fishing Industry

B.3.3.4.3 PHASE 0 – REDESIGN OF THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY USING THE VSM

B.3.3.4.3.1 THE VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL – VALIDITY AS CORE METHDOLOGY FOR THE RE-DESIGN OF THE SA

FISHING INDUSTRY

In “Creative Problem-solving: Total Systems Intervention”, the author [Flood, R.L. July 1991.] makes us aware

that the Viable Systems Model [ VSM] is particularly useful as a diagnostic tool, when one is dealing with

problems and challenges arising from complex probabilistic systems. What this means, is that these systems

are made up of purposefully organized parts and are particularly exposed to complexity, because of the

fact that they are part of a constantly changing environment.

At the same time, within these systems, there is either already consensus or it can be reached quite swiftly,

because the goals and objectives that need to be achieved are generally communal and mutually

beneficial. In other words, the relationships and inter-relationships of the role players within such a system are

unitary or also known as a complex, unitary system.

In respect of the validity of using the VSM as foundational methodology to assist in the diagnosis and re-

design of the SA Fishing industry, it is clear that the industry is indeed a complex, unitary system, with a vested

interest in the long-term sustainability of the resource in the interest of all role players.

B.3.3.4.3.2 REVISITING THE VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL

To describe as well as demonstrate our understanding of the Viable Systems Model as both a Design and

Diagnostic Tool, we draw from, “Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention: Chapter 5: Viable

Systems Diagnosis” [Flood, R.L. July 1991.] – all information contained within the body of this section of our

report is drawn from this reference document.

Robert Flood, in setting the tone of this chapter, references Stafford Beer, the father of Cybernetics and the

Viable Systems Model, as follows: “We have to become efficient in order to solve our problems and we have

to accept the threat to freedom that this entails – and handle it.” This citation is drawn from “Designing

Freedom – The Free Man in the Cybernetic World” – Stafford Beer. Essentially, the VSM works out ideas from

the science of organisation or cybernetics is similar to the systems dynamics approach in that they focus on

the inter-related nature of complex networks.

The qualitative aspects of the VSM are ideal for social contexts and how they are able to portray a picture of

a well-organised system. The VSM furthermore focuses on organisation rather than structures and is


52

evolutionary by nature; quantitative simulations from systems dynamics can be integrated into the VSM

model, if required or necessary.

Any system containing humans is by nature more dynamically complex and therefore, less predictable. The

qualitative realisations of cybernetic conceptions assist management to deal more effectively with these

social organisations or systems. As stated before, as a diagnostic tool, the VSM is well-suited to problems

arising from complex, probabilistic systems. These systems are comprised of purposefully organised parts and

are subject to a constantly changing environment and complexity. Within such a system, there is near

inherent consensus and/or agreement is relatively easy to attain. This is because of the fact that the

objectives and goals are in the interest of all stakeholders within the system. The SA Fishing Industry would

be an example of such a system.

As has been evidenced by the rigorous and in-depth processes and methodological approach followed

within this report, creative pre-examination is a pre-requisite to reach logical and credible conclusions and

recommendations for problem-solving.

The Cybernetic approach is particularly useful in that the issues that have to be dealt with are usually

characterized by particular or specific defects and pathologies, all of whom are generally localized. These

pathologies are normally either resistant to or ignored by a ‘business-as-usual’ approach. The Viable Systems

view assumes that the natural laws of cybernetics have been violated and therefore, the need for diagnosis

and use of cybernetic findings are required to re-organise or re-design the system.

Figure 26: The Three Cybernetic Laws: Managerial Implications [Clemson, B. 2013 – EMBA 15.]


53

As is demonstrated with Figure 26 above, the three Cybernetics Laws are: [Clemson, B. 2013 – EMBA 15.]

Law 1: SELF ORGANIZING SYSTEMS LAW: Complex systems organize themselves; the characteristic structural

and behavioural patterns in a complex system are primarily a result of the interactions among the system

parts.

Law 2: FEEDBACK: The output of a complex system is dominated by the feedback and, within wide limits, the

input is irrelevant. All outputs that are important to the system will have associated feedback loops.

Law 3 - THE LAW OF REQUISITE VARIETY: Given, a system and some regulator of that system, the amount of

regulation attainable is absolutely limited by the variety of the regulator. Most of the regulation of very

complex systems is achieved through the interaction of’ the parts (i e. one part acts to regulate some other

part)

These natural laws are borne in mind when re-designing the SA Fishing Industry, as they are core to the

successful functioning of the system as a whole and core to serving the needs of System 1, which is the

system where the real work is done.

Figure 27: The Law of Requisite Variety: Amplification and Attenuation of Variety [Espejo, R; Reyes, A. 2011.]

The heuristic inherent within the Law of Requisite Variety is that only variety absorbs variety. In designing any

organisation or system, it is vital to ensure that the structure is of such a nature that variety is attenuated at all

levels of the system, via the empowerment of the stakeholders to act autonomously and make decisions, so

as to reduce variety as it travels upwards in the system to the ultimate strategic management level.

The Philosophy of Viable Systems Diagnosis [VSD] is premised upon the statement that new ways are needed

to deal with the speed of change, which leads to organisational and social problems stemming from

increased complexity and the inter-dependence of all things.


54

VSD crosses various disciplines and is based on scientific management, with a focus on taking advantage of

technological advances. Within the redesign of the SA Fishing Industry, various technologies would be

required so as to ensure the smooth functioning of the system as a whole. The design is based on the neuro-

cybernetic processes of the human brain and central nervous system, which is mirrored within the VSM as the

replication of tried and tested control systems.

Organisations are constantly evolving in response to its rapidly changing environment and are designed to

achieve its goals and objectives.

The Principles of the VSD are all cybernetic in nature. What this means is that if an organisation is not

performing or functioning optimally, it is automatically assumed that all or parts of the three [3] Cybernetic

Laws have been violated.

The VSM is not an organisational diagramme or hierarchy and it does not prescribe structures. It is rather

concerned with the essentials of the organisation and the maintenance of its identity.

Recursion is fundamental to the principles of the VSM. This ensures that vertical inter-dependencies are dealt

with and that the whole system is replicated within its parts. This means that the same VSM principles are

used to model sub-systems. In any viable unit, the horizontally inter-dependent sub-systems are integrated

and guided by the ‘meta-system’ or higher management levels.

Within VSM, the sources of command and control require emphasis. These sources are spread throughout

the systems architecture of the viable system and this enhances self-organisation and localized

management of problems; autonomy is implied. These are the laws of cybernetics in action – thereby

attenuating variety and ensuring the smooth running of an autonomous, self-organising system.

There is furthermore a focus on the relationship of every viable unit with its specific environment – either

influencing or being influenced by it, but mostly, using this environment to promote active and on-going

learning.

The VIABLE SYSTEM MODEL itself comprises an arrangement of FIVE [5] functional elements or systems – simply

named: System 1 to 5. These systems are inter-connected via complex information and control loops via the

principles of recursion.

Figure 28, The Viable System, provides a graphic representation of the basic structure of design of the VSM

and is described as follows:

SYSTEM 1: This system is directly concerned with implementation. Each part is autonomous and has, inherent

in each of its constituent parts, the features of the total viable system, with specific emphasis on all five [5]

levels or Systems 1-5 in recursion. Each part of system 1 connects to it local environment and absorbs as

much variety as possible from this environment.

SYSTEM 2: This is the co-ordination function that has as its central goal, the objective of ensuring that the

System 1 parts remain in harmony. It also dampens uncontrolled oscillations between the different parts of

System 1.

SYSTEM 3: This is the control function, which has the primary function maintaining internal systems stability. It

interprets policy decisions made by higher management levels and allocates resources to the various parts

of System 1. It furthermore ensures effective implementation of policy. It is responsible for complete systems

audits using the System 3 auditing channels.

SYSTEM 4: This is the intelligence gathering and reporting function and captures all relevant information

about the system and its total environment. This system provides the model for the organisational

environment and distributes environmental information both upwards and downwards within the

organisation according to the degree of importance. System 4 brings both internal and external

information together within an environment that enables decision-making. Most importantly, if System 4 is

functioning optimally, it is able to rapidly transmit urgent information emanating from Systems 1 to 3 to

System 5. This is done via Algedonic Alerts – Algedonic, from the Greek, meaning pain and pleasure. It


55

stands to reason that if there is a pain signal, the system needs to respond to contain and manage this

aspect of the signal and if there is a pleasure signal, this needs to be circulated throughout the system. In all

instances, learning must take place.

SYSTEM 5: This is the system that is responsible for policy, strategy and leadership and responds to significant

signals filtered from systems 1 to 4. This system arbitrates between sometimes conflicting and antagonistic

internal and external demands on the organisation. The information to perform these activities is provided

by Systems 3 and 4. System 5 represents the essential qualities of “The Whole System” to any wider system

that it forms part of.

As one connects with the structure of the VSM and the functions of each of its constituent systems, one

realises the gargantuan size of the challenge to re-design the SA Fishing Industry and the degree of positive

change management and improvements that will be required to turn the ship in a sustainable direction.

Figure 28: The Viable System – the basic design [Flood, R.L. July 1991.]

INFORMATION and COMMUNICATIONS FLOWS are absolutely vital to the system; this is about how the

different parts of the organisation as well as the organisation as a whole are performing in relation to its

stated goals and objectives. According to Stafford Beer, purely financial performance measures are simply

no adequate measures of success. His rationale is that such information ignores how well prepared an

organisation is for the future, how adaptable it is to complexity and change or more abstract issues such as

for instance, employee morale.

The VSM therefore suggests THREE LEVELS OF ACHIEVEMENT as the basis for the measurement of the overall

performance of the system as demonstrated within Figure 29 below:


56

Figure 29: VSM Indices of Performance [Flood, R.L. July 1991.]

The THREE LEVELS OF ACHIEVEMENT are:

ACTUALITY: the current achievement of the system within its existing resources and constraints

CAPABILITY: the possible achievement using the existing resources within the existing constraints

POTENTIALITY: what could be achieved by developing resources and removing the constraints

It is at the level of Potentiality that we aim to re-design the SA Fishing Industry – in other words, a move away

from all current constraints over time and pushing for excellence and sustainability, by pooling resources,

capacity, capabilities towards a systemic, long-term, collaborative approach to managing the industry and

its resources.

These three [3] levels combine to create THREE INDICES that are used as comprehensive measures of

performance in relation to all types of resources throughout the organisation. It is encouraging to note that

there are software packages available to measure the performance of the individual components of each

system as well as the individuals systems and ultimately, the Viable System as a whole. This measurement

allows for adjustment and adaptation in the areas where red flags are shown and where the efforts can be

focused so as to ensure further improvements.

The three indices are: PRODUCTIVITY AND LATENCY – which combines to calculate and measure overall

PERFORMANCE of the system.

Using the VSM for diagnostic purposes is indeed a complex and complicated process and can be divided

into TWO MAIN ACTIVITIES

This is a specifically directed process which is necessary so as to identify the purpose that must be

pursued. Once the purpose has been determined, the relevant systems for achieving the purpose, or

the ‘SYSTEM IN FOCUS’ [SIF] is confirmed. We have to remind ourselves that the purpose of the system

is what it does and what the system does is done by System 1; ergo, it is System 1 that produces the SIF.


57

During this process, one specifies the viable parts of System 1 of the SIF as well as specifying the Viable

System of which the System in Focus is part. [The wider system, environment etc]

This part of the process draws on cybernetic principles to carry out the following:

In short, this requires that for each part of System 1, the environment, operational and localized

management must be interrogated. Gaining an understanding of:

what the constraints are that are imposed on each part of System 1 by management

how accountability is exercised for each part

what indicators of performance are taken and used

modeling of System 1 according to the VSM diagramme

During this phase, a list of possible sources of oscillation or conflict between the various parts of the system

and their environments is created. The purpose of this process is to identify the elements of System 2 that

have harmonizing or damping effects. This asks how System 2 is perceived within the organisation – as

threatening or facilitating.

This phase lists the system 3 components of the System in Focus. The following questions are asked:

how System 3 exercises authority

how resource bargaining with the various parts of System 1 are carried out

determine who is responsible for the parts of System 1

clarify what ‘ audit’ enquiries into the aspects of System 1 should be conducted by System 3

understand the relationship between Systems 3 and 1 and find out how much system freedom the

System 1 elements possess

As with the processes in the systems above, a list of System 4 activities of the System in Focus is created. The

following questions are asked:

how far ahead these activities consider the future of the system

do these activities guarantee adaptation to the future

determine if System 4 is monitoring what is happening to the environment and accessing and

analyzing trends

assessing in what way, if any, System 4 is open to novelty – innovation, creativity and new ways of

doing things

does System 4 provide a management centre and/or control room, which brings together internal

and external information so as to provide the enabling environment for intelligent and informed

decision-making

does System 4 have the facilities and capabilities for alerting System 5 to urgent developments within

the system as a whole

Within this system, we ask:

who is on the ‘Board’ or management team and how it acts

does System 5 provide sufficient and cogent identity for the entire System in Focus

how does the ethos set by System 5 affect the perception of System 4

how the ethos set by System 5 affects Systems 3, 4 and 5 homeostasis – does it take Systems 3

and 4 seriously

does System 5 share an identity with System 1 or does it claim to be something different


58

are ALL information channels, transduction and control loops properly designed and

implemented

In the end, DIAGNOSIS often leads to the discovery of violations of the Cybernetic Principles.

The complete approach as described above was contemplated and considered as part of the

redesign process of the SA Fishing Industry.

mistakes in articulating different levels of recursion

importance of certain parts of System 4 not recognised, leading to it not being treated as a

viable system, added to which lack of localised management to tend to their affairs

existence of additional, irrelevant features of the structure which hamper the viability of the

system

systems 2 to 5 become ‘ autopeitic’ and seek viability in their own right; within the VSM, Systems

2 to 5 should serve the whole system via the promotion of the implementation function and

should not be allowed to function at the expense of the system as a whole – these systems

cannot become bureaucratic

system 2 not fully established, because system 1 management resent interferences

system 4 is weak because it is viewed as a ‘ staff’ function and its recommendations are

therefore ignored; according to Stafford Beer, system 4 should be an integral part of Line

management

system 5 collapses into system 3 because system 4 is weak

system 3 managers found interfering into the management processes of system 1

system 5 not creating an identity and not representing the essential qualities of the whole

system to the wider system of which it is part

communication channels within the organisation and between the organisation and its

environments do not correspond to the information flows said to be necessary in any viable

system

transmission of the indices of performance is not rapid enough

It is fair to say, based upon the facts that have been interrogated, analysed and synthesised into the

Situation, Concern, Question and Answer, in context of Relevance, Utility, Validity and Ethics, that the

SA Fishing Industry currently falls foul of the entire complete list of common faults or pathologies that

are found in dysfunctional organisational systems.

Looking at the application of the VS ideas as a Framework for Diagnosis, the simplified process

followed, also in the diagnosis and re-design of the VSM of the SA Fishing Industry, is expressed as

follows:


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[Source; Flood, R.L. July 1991. Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention. Chapter 5: Viable

Systems Diagnosis. John Wiley & Sons.]

The VSD as described within the context of the VSM was fully employed as part of the diagnostic and

redesign process. The VSD structure and processes find strong resonance with the SCQARE

methodology that is embedded with the RUVE. The two methodologies are therefore mutually

reinforcing and complementary.

B.3.3.4.3.3 PHASE 0 RE-DESIGN OF THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY, USING THE VSD AND VSM

The scope of this research paper does not allow for a comprehensive diagnosis of the SA Fishing Industry, as

such a diagnosis would require in-depth interrogation of the system as a whole, using a variety of methods,

models, methodological approaches and most definitely, interaction and engagement with a large range

of the stakeholders. Such a diagnostic report would no doubt be sizeable in format and content.

The scope is furthermore limited to demonstrating an understanding of the VSM and its capabilities as well as

the functions, inter-relatedness and recursion within its five [5] systems levels. The Phase 0 design that was

done for the purposes of the report, therefore touches mostly on the surface of a new proposed structure

within each of the systems. Our very broad diagnosis with top-line conclusions and recommendations in

respect of how systems should be structured as we have proposed and what the possible outcomes could

be, therefore scratch the surface of the process. We do however feel that this first iteration of a re-design

could form a solid foundation from which to evolve and adapt the SA Fishing Industry, towards adoption and

full implementation of the Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries [EAF].

Our observations, cursory diagnosis and proposed re-design solutions are therefore summarized as follows:

SYSTEM 1:

SYSTEM 1 [S1] is currently fragmented with all of the stakeholders essentially working in isolation of one

another and within a greater systems that is fragmented and where the Systems 3 to 5 have

collapsed into one another; this means that there seem to be no clear strategies, policies, regulations

or sense of collective ownership in respect of the current or future sustainability of the marine

resource or the fishing industry.

We have found very little evidence that the existing S1 parts are connected to the system as a whole,

nor that recursion of Systems 2 to 5 are inherent as features of the Viable Systems in S1.

Whilst each of the existing S1’s may connect to their local environment, this is done without

collaboration, with no information being circulated by System 4 [ as System 4 seems not to exist at

present], no allocation of resources done adequately by System 2 and no clear audit functions being

in place by System 3.

Each of the S1’s seem to have their own regulatory and controlling bodies, each with their own set of

rules, research [ where this is indeed present – scarce] and management approaches. It would

seems that the Regional partners within the SADC region are not in communication with most of the

stakeholders at all.

As a result, it would seem that the Regional Fishing partners do not form part of the S1 system at

present; this is a major failure, given that there is an imperative to manage the marine resource

collaboratively and sustainably.

Whilst the commercial fisheries S1’s are collaborating and attempting to produce their own research

so as to manage the resource so as to sustain the off-shore resources that they are mostly engaged

with, the opposite is true of the in-shore S1’s.

At the recreational, subsistence and small-scale fisheries S1 levels, there is little or no collaboration,

there is a lack of skills, capacity, equipment and capabilities to manage the marine resource

sustainably. This is evidenced by the near collapse of the in-shore marine resources.

There is instability surrounding the allocation of fishing rights and communal fishing rights have led to

the further exploitation of the resource, because of survivalist behaviour.

There are furthermore no patrol or research vessels active, so as to manage and regulate the over-

exploitation of the resource.


60

These communities do have not have the capacity at present to function within Decision Rules –

which imply that the specific nature of the decision rules and patterns of connections between the

stakeholders, determine the overall performance of the system – these are the causal connections

that produce the current outcomes of the system as a whole. [Herbert, S. 1957.][ Ostrom, E; Gardner,

R; Walker, J. 1994][Helmy, H. November 1990.].

The stakeholders at the S1 level do not have the necessary skills and capacity to make use of

heuristics, which is premised upon making intuitive judgements, based on common sense – a great

many of these stakeholders are making judgements and decisions based upon their immediate need

for survival.

The long-term sustainability of the marine resource is at present of little or no consequence to them as

they have not been educated or involved in understanding the balance that needs to be kept in

order to keep the marine resource within its envelope of acceptance.

It is clear from the data that the SA marine resource has moved far out of its envelope of

acceptance and that urgent interventions are required to return it to an acceptable level.

Our concern variable – The impact of the Tragedy of the Commons on the SA fishing Industry – has

the potential of becoming a reality, specifically for the in-shore fisheries – with dire consequences to

the economy and lives of the communities that rely on this resource.

SYSTEM 2:

System 2 [S2 ] is the where the co-ordination of all activities within the systems should be happening,

so as to ensure that S1 remains in harmony. It is also responsible for uncontrolled oscillations between

the parts within S1 to be dampened.

It is at this level that the Regional Fisheries Management Organisations [ RFMO’s], the industry and

sectoral bodies, along with the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries [ DAFF] as well as

civil society organisations should be collaborating so as to ensure that there is one vision and one

strategy.

There is currently no collaboration from an inter-sectoral, inter-governmental, inter-disciplinary

perspective and so, it would appear, given the state of the marine resources and the Situation that

we have described earlier within this document, that System 2 is non-functional or even non-existent.

SYSTEM 3:

System 3 [S 3] is responsible for the control function within the system, for maintaining internal systems

stability. It must furthermore interpret policy decision from Levels 4 and 5 and ensure the effective

implementation of these policies throughout the system, with emphasis of S1.

It should have a complete structure for systems audit via an array of S3 auditing channels and should

be using what Van Aken [Van Aken,J. E. 2005] calls Technological Rules of Decision-making.

S 3 is however unable to fulfill any of its obligations to any significant extent, as it has no resources to

audit the system – there are no research and patrol vessels in use, therefore no data available to

audit and manage policy and the system seems to be driven by an ad hoc philosophy, which is

determined by the ethos of System 5.

There are no clear policy directives or strategies to follow – only a confabulation of discombobulated

policies, regulations, bits of legislation, white papers, ancient research data and ad hoc decisions by

the System 5.

There are no audit channels specified for the system as a whole or for S3 – therefore, the lack of data,

information, capacity and tools, has made this function obsolete and has contributed to the SA

Fishing Industry standing on the brink of collapse.

SYSTEM 4:

System 4 [ S4] has the difficult, if not impossible task, of intelligence gathering and reporting. S4

should be capturing all information about the system and its total environment so as to create a

model for the organisation or system as a whole. This information should be distributed in both

direction with in the systems levels and must be done on an on-going basis, so that the system is able

to adapt to subtle changes and shifts in the markets and environments.


61

S 4 is also tasked with bringing both external and internal information together, so as to enable

intelligent decision-making within the system as a whole, but specifically, to drive policy and

strategic decision-making at the System 5 level.

If S4 is functioning optimally, it would be able to transmit urgent information that it has filtered from

S1-4, to System 5 via a system of Algedonic Alerts. There would be contingency plans in place to

activate and deal with any threatening or concerning alerts.

It is fair to say, that our research indicates that S4 does not exist within the current SA Fishing situation.

The patrol and research vessels have not been out to sea in a number of years, no research data is

available to plan and manage the marine resource and those who have been ‘put in charge’ of

this S4 function, have evidently not had any experience in the fishing industry. This is evidenced by

the 11th Deputy Director-General being in an acting position at the Department of Fisheries in Cape

Town.

Information and Communications flows are vital to the performance of the system as a whole –

these are non-existent at present. IF there is any information flowing, the credibility thereof is called

into question immediately. DAFF admitted in the SA national Parliament that it has no idea about

the current state of our marine resources, nor can it commit to a date when the 6 patrol and

research vessels will be seaworthy.

This furthermore means that there are no measures for levels of achievement. In the first instance,

there is no clarity on which measures should be measured, by whom and how – or for what reason or

use. There are no goals set for actuality or capability of the system.

The non-existence of this function has been demonstrated within our ID’s as well as CLD’s as one of

the primary drivers of collapse of the SA marine resource, leading to the Tragedy of the Commons.

SYSTEM 5:

System 5 [S5] is responsible for policy, strategy and leadership. It should be in a position to respond to

the signals that are filtered through the system to S4 level, so that S5 is able to arbitrate conflicting or

antagonistic internal and external pressures and agendas, so as maintain balance and systems

homeostasis.

S5 should be working closely with S 3 and 4, so as to ensure the sustainability of the system as a whole.

As per our diagnosis, there is no real S 3 or S4 within the current system and situation – which starts

pointing out the reasons why S 5 is so far removed from the realities of the system as a whole, but

specifically from S1 – the purpose of the existence of the system.

S 5, very worryingly within the current context, represents the essential qualities of the whole system; if

our analysis is accurate, this would mean that the current systems is running on ad hoc basis, there is

very little knowledge about the fishing industry, there is little or no interest in the future of the industry

and no capacity or motive to deal with the challenges that the industry finds itself in.

There is no clear strategy, policy direction and therefore, no shared concepts in the minds and

routines of the stakeholders at S1 level or throughout what are at best, the skeleton of the system.

S 5 is experienced as isolationist with hardly any communication being done – the Minister took 4

years after taking office to meet with the stakeholders within the industry for the first time.

The S4 function has collapsed and so the S5 has no credible information, counsel or an enabling

environment for decision-making to take place.

Current policy is disconnected and creates perverse incentives within a fragmented and survivalist

fishing industry.

There is a culture of personal gain, to the detriment of the industry and resource as a whole and this is

an outflow of the ethos set by S 5.

The institution at S 5 creates the incentives for the behaviour of the social system as a whole and

creates the patterns of observable patterns of interactions, which in turn create the policy outcomes

– which are dire, as is evidenced by the content of our report and research.

In essence it is fair to say, that the common faults or pathologies of systems diagnosis are ALL present within

the current situation that the SA Fishing Industry finds itself in. These are:


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mistakes in articulating different levels of recursion

importance of certain parts of System 4 not recognised, leading to it not being treated as a

viable system, added to which lack of localised management to tend to their affairs

existence of additional, irrelevant features of the structure which hamper the viability of the

system

systems 2 to 5 become ‘ autopeitic’ and seek viability in their own right; within the VSM, Systems

2 to 5 should serve the whole system via the promotion of the implementation function and

should not be allowed to function at the expense of the system as a whole – these systems

cannot become bureaucratic

system 2 not fully established, because system 1 management resent interferences

system 4 is weak because it is viewed as a ‘ staff’ function and its recommendations are

therefore ignored; according to Stafford Beer, system 4 should be an integral part of Line

management

system 5 collapses into system 3 because system 4 is weak

system 3 managers found interfering into the management processes of system 1

system 5 not creating an identity and not representing the essential qualities of the whole

system to the wider system of which it is part

communication channels within the organisation and between the organisation and its

environments do not correspond to the information flows said to be necessary in any viable

system

transmission of the indices of performance is not rapid enough

The diagnosis of the SA Fishing Industry, using the VSD in context of the VSM, follows, in terms of its

framework, exactly the process employed within the body of this report:

The simplified process and framework of the VSD [Flood, R.L. July 1991.] was followed and again, provides

post-rationalisation of the SCQARE within the RUVE and specifically, for the ANSWER and proposed systems

interventions.

The analysis done via our ID’s and CLD’s earlier within this report, confirm the following in respect of the

Context, Intervention, Mechanism, Outcome [CIMO] model:

O – the Outcome, which is our concern variable – The impact of the Tragedy of the Commons

on the SA Fishing Industry – has moved out of its envelope of acceptance. This is validated by

the state of the SA marine resource and specific fishing stocks; most close to depletion or on

the brink of collapse.

M – the Mechanisms or Causal Mechanisms that we used, clearly indicate how the negative

behaviours of the system are produced and will continue to be produced, with the potential of

our Concern Variable being the ultimate outcome from the behaviour of the system.


63

C – the Contextual issues and activities that impact both negatively and positively on the core

variables within the Mechanism have been explored within the ID’s and CLD’s. The outcomes

from both scenarios, clearly indicate where the negative as well as positive issues and activities

are located and how these should be restructured so as to redesign the SA Fishing Industry

towards long-term sustainability.

I – the Intervention that we have proposed has the potential to change the behaviour of the

concern variable completely and bring the system back into its envelope of acceptance. Our

intervention or answer – which recommends the Implementation of the Ecosystems Approach

to Fisheries [ EAF] via the re-design of the SA Fishing Industry, using the VSD and VSM as

foundational tools, has the intent of removing the possibility that the concern variable would

ever occur.

Whilst we used a variety of other mechanisms and tests in terms of our diagnosis, we feel that what we

have described so far is sufficient and accurate and lays the basis for the rationale and re-design of

the S1 to 5 of the SA Fishing Industry. Figure 30: Phase 0 Re-design of the SA Fishing Industry:

Embedding the EAF into the System structure serves as reference for our broad description of intended

structures within the systems levels and their potential outputs and outcomes. It furthermore has to

make a range of assumptions, for the sake of cogence:

The system as a whole is assumed to have adopted the Ecosystems Approach for Fisheries

[EAF] and this is embedded within the strategies, policy directives, regulatory frameworks as

well as structured within all of the systems.

It is furthermore assumed that through a process of thorough stakeholder engagement,

research and generative dialogic practices, the industry has been brought together as a

complex unitary system,that seeks the same sustainable goals and objectives.

It is assumed that the S5 level, has realised that it cannot function as an island and a Ministerial

Task team has been put in place and mandated to advise on and guide policy, with credible,

reliable and cogent data and information flowing from S4. This task team is inter-

departmental, inter-sectoral, includes civil society, industry and related specialists and ensures

that the S5 is transparent, communicative, responsive and collaborative – and focused on the

long-term sustainability and growth of the SA Fishing Industry.

At S 4 level, specialists from the WWO/WWF have been put in place to take the leadership role

at this level – they do however consult and collaborate with the Department of Fisheries, DAFF,

the Fishing Industry as a whole – and they assure a fisheries management team that gathers

useful information on an on-going basis, monitors, makes recommendations regarding

strategic, operational and policy adjustments and adaptations, based on the information flows

from S1-3; it reports on agreed sustainability and growth and developmental milestones.

At S3, there is a cross-disciplinary, inter-sectoral, inter-governmental, public and private

specialist control system – it uses technology effectively to assure its audit channels and

measurements and areas of audit have been defined and agreed. S 3 is constantly

communicating with S 4 and the rest of the systems.

S 2 is comprised of a co-ordination task team, which has collective representation – which

rotates according to a pre-agreed schedule and is enabled so as to keep S 1 in harmony at all

times. The tools and capacity has been built and established to accomplish this task.

S 1 now comprises of: S1 A: SADC Fishing Partners; S1 B: Small-scale Fisheries; S1 C: Recreational

Fishing; S 1 D: Aquaculture; S 1 E: Commercial Live Capture Fisheries. Each of these S 1’s are

structured in levels of recursion so as to emulate S2-5 of the newly designed system. The entire

S1 system is structured around collaboration, open communication, co-operation, co-

opetition, information sharing, best practice sharing and a combined focus and belief in the

purpose of rebuilding a long-term, sustainable SA Fishing Industry. There is also an openness to

innovation.

Within the System as a whole, as a policy decision made by all, the larger operators within the

S1 level, have agreed to collaborate with the small-scale fisheries, to assist in the building of

capacity, access to production facilities so as to beneficiate their products and thereby earn

higher profits and in general, a process of collaborative enterprise and skills development.

The end goal of all involved is to restore all marine resources to within their optimal levels and

there is agreement that short term financial losses will be cushioned, so as to ensure the


64

possibility not only of restoration, but of growth of the fish biomass so that the industry can

expand.

Responsible Aquaculture has been flagged as a growth industry and specialists from within the

industry and abroad are working together with government to make this a reality.

Figure 30: Phase 0 Re-design of the SA Fishing Industry: Embedding the EAF into the System structure

The innovation of the SA Fishing Industry as a Learning Organisation is a phased, incremental and

evolutionary process. There is however complete buy-in and support from all parties involved, open

communications channels and disincentives to not sticking to the decision-rules that have been

established mutually.

Such an Ideal reality may take a great many years to achieve, but it is our belief that it can be done

and we are in agreement with Trevor Manuel’s contention that we are able to, in this lifetime, rebuild

fishing stocks to levels where we could in fact increase the economic and social value related to the

resource.


65

B.3.3.4.3.4 THE ARGUMENT FOR UTILITY – THE C<>Q<>A<>LINK

In respect of Utility, the CONCERN, stated as the Tragedy of the Commons, poses a real threat to the

future of the SA Fishing Industry. The QUESTION seeks to find ways in which to turn around the

downward spiral that the SA Fishing Industry finds itself in and to move in a complete opposite

direction of the Tragedy of the Commons, towards complete long-term sustainability and viability.

The ANSWER, which recommends the adoption and implementation of the EAF via the redesign of the

SA Fishing Industry, using the VSM as a foundational tool, seeks to address both the CONCERN AND

QUESTION by putting a system in place that:

Seeks to understand the whole ecosystems impact within the SA Fishing Industry Management

systems

Has societal well-being of all dependent fishing communities, companies and stakeholders

included within management advice and practice

Focuses on the long-term economic well-being of the SA Fishing Industry as the mutually

beneficial, communal outcome

Is transparent and participatory in totality

Reduces the overall environmental impacts of the SA Fishing Industry

Builds sufficient skills, capacity, appropriate equipment and funding into the systemic structure,

so that all stakeholders may reap maximal, long-term benefits from the marine resource

Provides robust scientific data on a regular and in a regulated and managed manner, so as to

ensure the sustainable management of the marine resource

Puts controls, co-ordination and communications functions in place, to the benefit of the larger

systems viability

Seeks to put a unifying strategy in place and to ensure the buy-in and commitment of all

stakeholders, based upon the principles of working together for the common good

The linkage between the CONCERN, QUESTION and ANSWER and how they inter-link and inter-relate,

speaks to the utility of proceeding with the redesign of the SA Fishing Industry. Without these

interventions, the prospects for the survival of the SA marine resources are not at all positive.

B.3.4 THE ARGUMENT FOR VALIDITY AND CREDIBILITY

Figures 31 and 32 below the narrative provide graphic representations of the methodologies followed so as

to establish validity and credibility.

The collecting of our propositions required the study of: * various research reports *peer-

reviewed articles and research papers *extracts from presentations made by Fishing Industry

Specialists * additional desk research to source news reports, press statements and additional

research data related to Global Resource Management Best practice models. This provided a

sound foundation to sufficiently understand the fishing industry as a whole [systemic view] and

the SA Fishing Industry in context of the global marine ecosystem as a whole.

It furthermore ensured that the current SITUATION that the SA Fishing Industry finds itself in, which

we describe within our report, is factually based and based upon sound, deductive as well as

inductive [“bottom-up” logic] reasoning. In other words, we constructed and evaluated our

general propositions which were drawn from specific, empirical sources, by using ‘bottom up”

logic, also known as induction. We naturally did the opposite, which involved using some of the

more general propositions, to derive more specific propositions, via a process of deduction.

[Trochim, W.M.K. 2006.]

As such, the propositions used are empirical and factually based, in contrast to subjective,

opinion-based propositions.

Given the factual basis of the propositions [Appendix C], we are comfortable that they are

able to accurately describe and validate the SITUATION that the SA Fishing Industry finds itself in.

These propositions were thereafter categorised and labelled [Appendix D]; within the limited

scope and timeframe of this assignment, the categories were saturated so as to be able to

extract the core variables that are responsible, via their inter-play with one another, for the

sustainability [or not] of the SA Fishing Industry.


66

In terms of the elements contained within our Broad Project Purpose Statement, the process as

described above, allowed us to achieve the objective: TO GAIN A WORKING UNDERSTANDING

OF THE SA FISHING INDUSTRY – CURRENT SITUATION.

Based on the methodological approach described above, we populated a comprehensive

fact-based Proposition Log [See Appendix C: Proposition Log] as well as Categorising, labelling

and saturating the categories [See Appendix D: Categorisation, labelling and category

saturation: Propositions] to arrive at a succinct summation and conclusion about the current

state of the SA Fishing Industry; we describe the SITUATION.

After analyzing, synthesising, categorising, labelling and saturation of the propositions, two sets

of variables were created, so as to test two [2] scenarios, which served as the basis to establish

and validate our: Concern, Question, Answer or C<>Q<>A statements as well as their linkages.

These variables were drawn from Appendix D: Categorisation, labelling and category

saturation: Propositions.

The CONCERN is centrally situated as an outcome of the SITUATION and made relevant, due to

the dire consequences of inaction or continuing on the current path as is prevalent within the

current SITUATION. Relevance is further clearly states within the outcomes of the two [2]

scenarios which we ran.

Our ANSWER: BY MOVING TO AN ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH FOR FISHERIES [EAF] MANAGEMENT

emerged from the two Scenarios that we ran, coupled with the in-depth research into global

best practice in natural resource management and the avoidance of The Tragedy of the

Commons.

We verified that An Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries [EAF] is being adopted globally. This approach

considers all marine organisms and the processes that inter-connect them. It recognises that

alterations in any processes are difficult to recognise and even more difficult to restore, once

disrupted. Our answer was further supported by the statement below:

An EAF aims to: “balance diverse societal objectives, by taking into account the knowledge and uncertainties about

biotic, abiotic and human components of ecosystems and their interactions and applying an

integrated approach to fisheries within ecologically meaningful boundaries” (FAO 2003).[ World


The outcomes of the Fishbanks Game, which relied on collaborative, sustainable, evidence-based

management of the natural resource, served as another health and sanity check to rationalise our

research, conclusions and recommendations.

Lastly, in “Creative Problem-solving: Total Systems Intervention”, the author [Flood, R.L. July 1991.]

makes us aware that the Viable Systems Model [ VSM] is particularly useful as a diagnostic tool, when

one is dealing with problems and challenges arising from complex probabilistic systems. What this

means, is that these systems are made up of purposefully organized parts and are particularly

exposed to complexity, because of the fact that they are part of a constantly changing

environment.

At the same time, within these systems, there is either already consensus or it can be reached quite

swiftly, because the goals and objectives that need to be achieved are generally communal and

mutually beneficial. In other words, the relationships and inter-relationships of the role players within

such a system are unitary or also known as a complex, unitary system.

In respect of the validity of using the VSM as foundational methodology to assist in the diagnosis and

re-design of the SA Fishing industry, it is clear that the industry is indeed a complex, unitary system,

with a vested interest in the long-term sustainability of the resource in the interest of all role players.

Our study, understanding and use of the VSM and VSD as demonstrated within this document, as well

as the Phase 0 re-design of the SA Fishing Industry using the VSM as foundational tool, serves as a

further argument for validity and credibility.

The VSM is however one tool in a much larger toolbox of theorems, methodologies, processes and

frameworks – and would be used in combination with a range of methodologies, such as: inter-

relationship diagraphs [ID’s], Causal Loop Diagramme [ CLD] mechanisms, Activity Systems &

Activity Theory[Engestrom, Y. 2009.], The Law of Requisite Variety[Espejo, R; Reyes, A. 2011.], Scenario

planning, The Laws of Cybernetics[Clemson, B. 2013 – EMBA 15.], Institutional and Analysis Framework

[AID][ Polski, M.M; Ostrom,E. 1999.] as well as the Context, Mechanism, Outcome [ CMO] model and

its companion model, the CIMO[Denyer, D; Tranfield, D; Van Aken, J.E. 2008.], which includes the

Intervention that is proposed so as to change the behaviour of the concern variable and bring it

back into the envelope of acceptance. Bounded Rationality [Herbert, S. 1957.], Decision Rule Theory


67

[Helmy, H. November 1990.], Technological Rules [Van Aken, J. E. 2005.] as well as Design Propositions

are taken into account during this process of redesign.

Figure 31: Methodology to assure data credibility and validity

Figure 32: Concept Map of the Process Flow of the Methodological Rigour: Establishing Validity


68

We used rigorous and multi-based methodologies to test for the validity and credibility of our situation,

concern, question, answer as well as for the ethical implications of what we are proposing. We feel satisfied

that our report as well as the demonstration of the processes employed to ensure validity and credibility,

which are contained within our Appendices, satisfy all criterion in respect of validity.

We also concluded that the application of our answer is transferable not only to other natural resource

intensive industries, but that it could be employed within businesses and organisations in any industry or

sector.

B.3.5 ETHICS

B 3.5.1 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS


social well-being as well as ecosystems health of the SA Fishing Industry and all of the stakeholders affected

by its well-being and/or who may have an impact on its long-term well-being. We therefore tested our

conclusions and recommendations against all of the principle of ethical decision-making, but emphasised

the following areas of ethics as reiterated within Figure 33 below:

B 3.5.2 THE ARGUMENT FOR ETHICS







Figure 33: Considering Ethics: Common Good & Justice and Fairness Principles

B.3.6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS





69

B 3.7 REFERENCES: GROUP 3 FISHING INDUSTRY VSM PROJECT

Bailey, M; Gakushilshimura; Paisley, R; Sumaila, U, R. 2012. Marine Policy. Elsevier Ltd.

Basurto, X. 2005. How Locally Designed Access and Use Controls Can Prevent the Tragedy of the Commons

in a Mexican Small-Scale Fishing Community. Society & Natural Resource. Vol 18. Pp. 643-659. Taylor &

Francis Inc. DOI: : 10.1080/08941920590959631

Beer, S. 1972. Brain of the Firm. The Penguin Press. London.



Clemson, B. 2013 – EMBA 15. Three Key Cybernetic Laws.

Crawford, S; Ostrom, E.1995. A Grammar of Institutions. American Political Science Review 89(3)(Sept.):582-

600.

Denyer, D; Tranfield, D; Van Aken, J.E. 2008. Developing Design Propositions through Research Synthesis.

Organisation Studies Vol. 29: 393

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2012. Status of the South African Marine Fishery Resources.

www.nda.agric.za

Engestrom, Y. 2009. From Learning Environments and Implementation to Activity Systems and Expansive

Learning. An International Journal of Human Activity Theory. No.2. Pp. 17-33. The Centre of Human Activity

Theory. Kansai University.

Espejo, R. 2003. The Viable System Model: A Briefing about Organisational Structure. Syncho Limited. www.

syncho.com

Espejo, R; Reyes, A. 2011. On Managing Complexity: Variety Engineering: Chapter 4; Organisational

Systems. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg.

Flood, R.L. July 1991. Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention. Chapter 5: Viable Systems

Diagnosis. John Wiley & Sons.



Harris, J.M; Codur, A. Nov 2008. Economics of Fisheries. Global Development and Environment Institute.

www.eoearth.org

Helmy, H. November 1990. Decision Rule Theory and its use in the Analysis of the Organisation’s

Performance. Baligh Organisation Science, Vol.1, No. 4. www.enotes.com

Herbert, S. 1957. A Behavioural Model of Rational Choice; Extracted from Models of Man, Social and

Rational: Mathematical Essays on Rational Human Behaviour in Social Setting. New York. Wiley & Sons.

Hurwicz, L. 1994. Economic Design, Adjustment Processes, Mechanisms, and Institutions.‖ Economic Design

1(1):1-14.

Investopedia US. 2013. Definitions: The Tragedy of the Commons. A Division of ValueClick, Inc.

www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tragedy-of-the-commons.asp


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Korten, D.C. 1980. Community Organization and Rural Development: A Learning Process Approach.‖ Public

Administration Review (Sept./Oct.): 480-511.

Manuel, T. 19 March 2013. Tie to make the high seas our business – for our future. Business Day BDLive.

www.bdlive.co.za


Ostrom, E. 1999. Coping with the Tragedies of the Commons. Centre of the Study of Institutions, Population

and Environmental Change. Indiana University. Bloomington. U.S.A. Annual Reviews.

Ostrom, E; Gardner, R; Walker, J. 1994. Rules, Games and Common-Pool Resources. Ann Arbor. MI University.

University of Michigan Press.

Pauly, D; Alder, J; Bennett, E; Christensen, V; Tyedmers, P; Watson, R. 21 November 2003. The Future of

Fisheries. Science Vol 302. www.sciencemag.org

Polski, M.M; Ostrom,E. 1999. An Institutional Framework for Policy Analysis and Design. Department of Political

Science. Indiana University. USA.

Sauer, W.H.H; Hecht, T; Britz, P.J; Mather, D. 2003. An Economic and Sectoral Study of the South African

Fishing Industry. Economic and regulatory principles, survey results, transformation and socio-economic

impact Report. Volume 1. Prepared for Marine and Coastal Management by Rhodes University.

www.envirofisharica.co.za

Scholtes, P.R. 1998. The Leader’s Handbook. United States of America. The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Trochim, W,M,K. 2006. Deduction & Induction. Web Center for Social Research Methods. Research Methods

Knowledge Base. www.socialresearchmethods.net

Van Aken, J. E. 2005. Improving the Relevance of Management Research by Developing Tested and

Grounded Technological Rules. Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies. Eindhoven University of

Technology.

Vecchiatto, P. 21 May 2013. Minister insists there is no crisis in fishing industry. Business Day BDLive.

www.bdlive.co.za

Velasquez, M; Andre, C; Shanks, T; Meyer, M.J. Ethical Decision Making: Introduction to Ethics. www.scu.edu

World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011. Fisheries: Facts and Trends: South Africa. Sponsored and

published by Pick ‘n Pay.


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APPENDIX C: PROPOSITION LOG: EMPIRICAL, REFERENCED SOURCES

PROPOSITION LOG: LOG OF FISHING INDUSTRY

FACTS/DATA

RELEVANCE TO CONCERN, QUESTION & ANSWER –

PREVENTING THE TRAGEDY OF COMMONS WITHIN THE

SOUTH AFRICAN FISHING INDUSTRY

AGRICULTURE, Forestry and Fisheries Minister Tina

Joemat-Pettersson and fishing industry CEOs have

insisted there is no crisis in the sector [Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Denialism and subterfuge – statements without

foundation.

Almost no fishery protection patrols being performed

over the past year [Vecchiatto, P. 21 Mary 2013]

Exposure of SA Fishing Territories to poaching as well

as foreign vessels entering territorial fishing grounds.

Disruption of economically important fishing surveys

[Vecchiatto, P. 21 May 2013]

Lack of credible data to base Ministerial statement

on.

Confusion around the issuing of fishing quotas.


Already fragmented industry in further disarray and

placed under financial pressure.

First meeting with fishing industry role players only in

2013 by Minister of DAFF since taking office in 2009.


No constructive communication or relationship

building. Sends message that fishing industry is not

governmental priority. No common ground in

respect of goals and objectives.

“The meeting has been a chance for industry to

advise me, as a valued voice, on how we can

expand opportunities for commercial and small-scale

fishers.” - Min Joemat—Pettersson [Vecchiatto, P. 21 May 2013]

Indication of realisation of value of fishing industry

within SA economy. Timing in respect of state of

fishing stocks and industry as a whole remains a

concern.

“There is a game change in the agriculture, forestry

and fisheries sector; we value these interactions as

an opportunity to receive advice from industry

leaders” – Min Joemat Pettersson [Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Statement could be linked to National Development

Plan job creation prioritisation of fishing industry.

Cautious optimism that the door has been opened

for generative dialogue towards finding sustainable

socio-economic solutions.

Commitment that the fishing patrol and research

vessels in the South African Navy’s custody would be

made operational as soon as possible. [Vecchiatto,

P. 21 May 2013]

No active fishing and research patrols since 2012

due to DAFF Institutional failure related to tender

irregularities. Navy not capacitated to take research

and patrol vessels into open seas. Impact on

estimation of fish biomass and sustainability planning

as well as enforcement of territorial boundaries and

poaching control.

Cape Town-based shipyard Nautic Africa has signed

an agreement with the Department of Agriculture,

Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) to support its four

fisheries protection and two fisheries research vessels,

as the Department attempts to get the fleet fully

operational again.[Martin, G. 30 April 2013.]

Movement in positive directions – vessels have been

in harbour for more than 12 months – negative

impact on industry and marine resources as a whole

system.

Department is “engaging with its nominated service

provider to repair the DAFF fleet for sea [use].”

[Martin, G. 30 April 2013.]

No indication of state of disrepair, cost or timeframe

within which these vital vessels will be seaworthy.

Nautic’s role in terms of the Service Level Agreement

is to assist in vessel operations, which will include

bunkering, crewing and other logistics to ensure that

the vessels are put to sea as quickly and efficiently as

No indication of timeframe for seaworthiness of

vessels and/or when it can be expected that

fisheries resource management functions will resume.

Putting threatened resource under further risk and


72

possible so that vital fisheries management functions

can be performed. [Martin, G. 30 April 2013.]

pressure.

The DAFF fleet comprises the four Fisheries Protection

Vessels Sarah Baartman, Lilian Ngoyi, Victoria

Mxenge and Ruth First and two Fisheries Research

Vessels (FRS Africana and FRS Ellen Khuzwayo).


Given a marine coastline that stretches for more

than 3000 km’s and the territorial fishing distance of

200 nautical miles from this coastline, as well as the

threat of over-fishing in the open ocean, within the

common-pool resources, this appears to be an

extremely under-resourced fleet. There is doubt

whether this fleet is adequate to manage the

protection of our marine resources.

Shaheen Moolla, MD of Feike Natural Resource

Management Advisers, said the industry CEOs had

no choice but to co-operate with Ms Joemat-

Pettersson as she had threatened to withdraw fishing

rights. [Martin, G. 30 April 2013.]

Command and Control style of leadership – not

conducive to functional and balanced relationships.

Mr Moolla said that according to the department it

still had to allocate 1,000 fishing-right quotas but had

not yet appointed a service provider and so it was

unlikely this would be completed by year-end. [Martin, G. 30 April 2013.]

Creating uncertainty and insecurity within industry as

a whole. Long-term quotas expiring at end of 2013 –

financial sustainability of fishing companies

threatened. Further erosion in capacity of DAFF to

be a trusted partner.

Regular surveys of South Africa’s fishing resources are

important for the country to prove that it has

sustainable fishing stocks in order to keep export markets. [Martin, G. 30 April 2013.]

Surveys have had to be paid for and done by the

private sector despite the fact that they pay a levy

which has the intent of funding DAFF research and

patrol vessels.

WHEN the world you inhabit is beset by economic ills,

the last thing a sensible society should do is ignore a

valuable resource. [Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

A voice of hope and reason in terms of recognizing

the importance of the fishing industry to the SA

economy.

When your country and continent are doing their

best to develop and bring the good things in life to

all of their people, the last thing they should do is

forgo an opportunity to secure a more equal share of the world’s riches. [Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

Asserting SA’s ‘equal rights’ to the common-pool

resource beyond territorial boundaries. At the same

time, this raises concerns regarding the

management of this resource which is owned by

everyone and by no-one.

I’m talking here about the international waters that

begin 200 nautical miles off our coast and most other coasts. [Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

The possibility of creating expanded economic

opportunities for growth within the industry. Without

global treatise and policy, this could however lead

to further depletion of the marine resource.

The task we have set ourselves is to show how the

ocean can be sustainably and equitably managed

in the 21st century. Global Ocean Commission [Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

Encouraging signs of movement towards global co-

operation and sustainable management of Marine

Resources.

The task we have set ourselves is to show how the

ocean can be sustainably and equitably managed

in the 21st century. Working independently, we will

assess all the evidence we can muster, from sectors

of society including science, economics, business

and law. All these good ideas we will distil into what

you might call a "to-do list" for world leaders — a list

of pragmatic and efficient measures that, if

implemented, will reverse degradation of the high

This process and commitment represents the

beginning of global co-operation to prevent the

tragedy of the commons, reversing existing

degradation of fishing stocks and ensuring long-term

sustainability of the industry and resource.


73

seas and restore them to full health and productivity. [Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

Securing the ocean’s benefits for future generations

is a goal within the reach of humanity.[Manuel, T. 19

March 2013.]

Move towards recognizing the inter-relatedness of all

things and the global imperative to work together to

sustain our natural resources – now - and into the

future.

The big challenge and the big rewards lie in the high

seas. .[Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

Both risk and rewards could abound if this resource is

managed and shared.

At present, we obtain about 80-million tons a year of

food from the ocean. .[Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

Source of protein and food security.

The United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture

Organisation calculates that half of the world’s

fisheries are providing as much as they sustainably

can, while a further one-third are being exploited

beyond that limit, so must produce diminishing

returns. [Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

The state of global marine resources is at a tipping

point. Without intervention we run the risk of

depleting all resources beyond the point of return.

Yet the ocean could provide more seafood, not less,

if we managed it properly. [Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

Sustainable management of the resource is

required. It is possible to expand capacity and yield

over the longer term.

The disconnect between what happens at the top

and at the coalface is especially striking in the fishing

sector, where recent events illustrate that South

Africa is trying to play a leading role on the

international stage even as our own fisheries

management system is imploding .[ Business Day Editorial. 22 March 2013.]

No apparent cohesion between DAFF and the

stakeholders within the SA Fishing Industry. A sense

that the industry is on the verge of imploding.

The most important challenge concerns the

management of seafood stocks, many of which are

being exploited in an unsustainable manner. [Business Day Editorial. 22 March 2013.]

Evidenced by the latest state of the SA marine

resources and in line with global decline and

degradation of fish stocks.

At the same time, South Africa, Namibia and Angola

have just signed a convention defining the

boundaries of the Benguela Current Large Marine

Ecosystem, which stretches from Port Elizabeth in the

east around the southern African coast to as far west

as Angola’s Cabinda province. [Business Day

Editorial. 22 March 2013.]

Regional co-operation treatise – encouraging. The

question of enforcement, control and management

remains the large question mark.

This, too, has the goal of managing the rich

ecosystem associated with the cold waters from the

southern ocean that flow northwards along the

African coastline, with special emphasis on research,

conservation and sustainable exploitation of the

benefits it brings to all three countries, which are

estimated to be worth more than $50bn a year. [Business Day Editorial. 22 March 2013.]

Recognition that co-operation is required in order to

sustain the future of this vital source of food.

According to natural resources advisory firm Feike,

which is run by a former fisheries management head

at Marine and Coastal Management, gross

mismanagement of South Africa’s fish stocks

threatens the commercial viability of several

Reality appears to be far removed from the picture

of hubris painted by government.


74

industries, with both the resource and thousands of

jobs now at risk of being destroyed. [Business Day Editorial. 22 March 2013.]

The department admitted in its recent presentation

to the parliamentary portfolio committee that South

Africa’s economic exclusion zone is not being

patrolled or monitored, because of its failure to

ensure the proper functioning of its research and

patrol vessels, leaving South Africa’s fish resources

wide open to exploitation by South African and

foreign vessels. [Business Day Editorial. 22 March 2013.]

Confirmation that we cannot be managing our

marine resources optimally, given that we do not

have access to information, capacity and resources

to do so. This threatens the long-term future of the

fishing industry.

Almost no research is being conducted into the

actual state of the country’s fish stocks, as opposed

to the output of computer models, so overfishing is a

real danger and there is little factual basis for the

allocation of annual quotas; species recovery plans

are not being implemented; and poaching remains rife. [Business Day Editorial. 22 March 2013.]

An industry setting itself up for complete depletion,

degradation and the tragedy of the commons –

unless there is urgent action and intervention.

A NEWLY released discussion document on South

Africa’s fisheries reveals little economic analysis has

been done of the size of the country’s fishing markets over the past decade.[ Blaine, S. 5 March 2013]

Deeply concerning and has a direct bearing on the

sustainability and actual status of the fish stocks

within our territorial boundaries. This could well

indicate that some species and stocks may have

declined beyond the point of return.

The Stats SA document echoes sentiments expressed

by the department in December that noted a

"general trend of deteriorating resource status". [

Blaine, S. 5 March 2013]

Confirming the general trend and concern.

Other depleted fish stocks include deep-water hake,

sharks (optimal to depleted), west and south Coast

rock lobster, tuna (abundant to depleted), tuna

(abundant to heavily depleted) and abalone. [

Blaine, S. 5 March 2013]

These species combine to be the mainstay of the SA

Fishing Industry.

This report presents the most up-to-date information

and analyses of the status of the marine living

resources in 17 fishery sectors in South

Africa.[ Department of Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries. 2012.]

Uncertainty as to veracity of information- given that

research vessels have been in docks for 2 years.

The general trend of deteriorating resource status

with

accessibility continues, with near-shore resources

more accessible and likely to be overexploited than

resources farther offshore. [ Department of

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2012.]

Confirmed by other independent reports as well as

industry specialist presentations. Great threat to

small scale fisheries – the most vulnerable

communities. On verge of Tragedy of Commons??

The commercial fishery for abalone was reopened in

2010 after being closed in 2008, but this resource

continues to decline due to increasing levels of

poaching, and remains in a depleted to heavily

depleted state. [Department of Agriculture, Forestry

and Fisheries. 2012.]

Without vessels and capacity to manage and

control this resource, poaching will continue

unabated and the prospect of the resource

depleting is high.


75

The abundance of Agulhas sole has remained

relatively

constant over the past 15 years and this resource is

considered to be abundant, and under catching of

the total allowable catch (TAC) in recent years is

primarily due to a reduction in effort. [Department of


Could be due to low yield and lack of resources and

equipment.

Deep-water hake remain depleted but the status of

this

resource is improving, whereas shallow-water hake

are

considered optimal to abundant. The

implementation of precautionary management

approaches in the hake fishery in recent years has

resulted in a faster-than-anticipated recovery of

deep-water hake. [Department of Agriculture,

Forestry and Fisheries. 2012.]

Deep-water hake is subject to the commons – no

control over who is able to enter these waters and

fish to their heart’s content. NO SA patrols into the

deep seas.

Cape horse mackerel have increased in abundance

in recent years due to good recruitment, and the

stock is considered to be in an optimal state.

[Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

2012.]

Some evidence of resource management; source is

however not entirely credible.

Line fish resources range from heavily depleted to

optimal states depending on species, but there are

signs of a positive response (increased catch per unit

effort [CPUE]) of some species to the emergency

management measures implemented in 2000. Given

the low population sizes of many line fish species,

however, present management measures need to

remain in place for sufficiently long so as to allow

stock sizes to increase. [Department of Agriculture,




Harders, which are the main target of the beach-

seine and gillnet fisheries, remain in a depleted to

heavily depleted state. Increased illegal netting in

some areas, and environmental anomalies that have

negatively impacted recruitment in recent years, are

likely to retard recovery of this species. [Department

of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2012.]

In-shore fish species – in state of near collapse and

depletion. Urgent resource management measures

required to avoid Tragedy of the Commons.

Oyster resources in KwaZulu-Natal are considered to

be in an optimal state and optimally utilised.


2012.]



A paucity of suitable data for oysters in the Southern

Cape means that their status in this region is

unknown, but their overexploitation, particularly in

the intertidal zone but also in sub-tidal ‘mother beds’,

is cause for concern. [Department of Agriculture,


Confirmation of impact of no research data

available – pushing a high value resource to the

point of depletion.

The status of Patagonian tooth fish remains unknown

although some data suggest that this resource is

depleted and may be declining, and the TAC for

2011/2012 has been reduced by 20%.[Department of


No data = resource at risk. Reduction of TAC by only

20% could be viewed as insufficient, given that this

resource may be close to depletion.

Prawn resources are considered to be in an optimal

(deep water) to depleted (shallow-water) state, with

optimal to light fishing pressure. Continued low

catches of shallow water prawns are attributed to

Evidence of lack of data and resource

management as well as controls. In-shore stocks

depleted due to survivalism and no control or


76

recruitment failure. %.[Department of Agriculture,


regulation.

The status of seaweeds ranges from optimal to

abundant and fishing pressure from optimal to light.

Kelp is regarded as optimally exploited in most areas

but underexploited in some, whereas other

seaweeds are considered underexploited.


2012.]



Sharks range from heavily depleted to optimal states,

depending on species. High shark by-catch in other

fisheries remains a major concern. [Department of


Paucity of data and resource management pushing

this species to a state of emergency.

Small pelagic resources are in optimal or abundant

states and fishing pressure is optimal to light.

Recruitment of all three species was relatively low in

2011 and the anchovy stock is at the lowest level

observed during the past 15 years, but sardine and

round herring stocks continue to increase.


2012.]



South Coast rock lobster is in an optimal to depleted

state, fishing pressure on this resource is optimal to

light and catches are stable. [Department of




The status of the squid resource is considered optimal

and catches in this fishery remain high. Uncertainties

in CPUE data make it difficult to assess fishing

pressure, but the total allowable effort (TAE) has

remained unchanged for the past five years.


2012.]


however not entirely credible. Concern that with

insufficient data the TAE has remained the same –

no real concept of what status of resource really is.

Tuna resources range from heavily depleted to

abundant in status depending on species and

region, and swordfish are considered to be in an

optimal state. Fishing pressure on tuna and swordfish

is mostly light to optimal. [Department of Agriculture,



however not entirely credible. These are off-shore

species and so the collaborative efforts of the Big

Five within the fishing industry may be contributing to

keeping this resource stable.

There are some signs of recovery of the heavily

depleted to depleted West Coast rock lobster

resource under the current operational management

procedure, but reducing illegal harvesting is critical

to ensuring that stock rebuilding is not compromised.


2012.]

Lack of resource management, control and

regulation of quotas. Subsistence fishing and

extraction continues unabated – puts resource at

great risk.

Despite steeply increasing harvests of white mussels in

recent years a continuing paucity of data means

that the status of and fishing pressure on this, and

other small invertebrate resources, remains unknown.


2012.]

No data or regulation may have placed this

resource under threat.

Scientific Working Groups of Fisheries Research and

Development[SWGFRD] comprise both internal

[Fisheries] and external [ fishing industry associations,

NGO’s etc] – parties appointed to evaluate data to

assess the status of the fish stocks. [Department of


All good and well, but no independent research

done for at least 2 years. Private research done by

off-shore fisheries – manipulation of data and

outcomes possible.


77

[SWGFRD] assesses status of fish stocks & make

recommendations regarding sustainable utilisation of

SA Marine Living Resources. [Department of


[SWGFRD] responsible for prioritising & directing

research on fisheries and/or target species with

which they deal – to increase accuracy of the status

assessments – also to improve understanding of

biology, ecology, population dynamics and other

life-history attributes of exploited species.


2012.]

Has not happened – non-functioning.

2 categories of classification are used – each with a

distinct and different attribute. [Department of


First category deals with CURRENT status of resource –

cannot be managed directly as it is the results of

combination of different pressures over time,

including fishing and environmental fluctuations.


2012.]

No credible data available on current state of all

marine resources.

Aim of sustainable management is to have resources

that are in an optimal state and fished at optimal

levels. [Department of Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries. 2012.]


marine resources.

Historical over-exploitation may have reduced some

stocks to depleted or heavily depleted. [Department

of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2012.]


marine resources.

Rebuilding depleted stocks will be attempted by

reducing fishing pressure. [Department of Agriculture,



marine resources. No controls and regulations in

place.

Rebuilding and recovery could take years and even

decades as the rate of recovery is dependent on the

biology of the species and the natural recruitment

fluctuations. [Department of Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries. 2012.]



place.

Short-lived species like squid and anchovy show high

levels of recruitment variability – this can result in

significant inter-annual fluctuations in population;

resource status can change from depleted to

optimal year on year. [Department of Agriculture,




place.

Five categories for stock status defined: Abundant,

Heavily depleted and including Unknowns – for which

there is insufficient or conflicting data to enable

estimation. [Department of Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries. 2012.]



place.

Four categories of fishing pressures are defined: Light,

Optimal, Heavy and Unknown. [Department of




place.

Decades of mismanagement of our marine systems

has placed SA in a precarious state. [World Wildlife




place. Dearth of leadership and resource

management.

WWF is pushing for an Ecosystems Approach to

Fisheries [ EAF], recognising critical role of marine SA has adopted this approach – but implementation

is fragmented due to dearth of strategic leadership,


78

ecosystems in maintaining resilient socio-cultural

systems in the face of growing threats to climate

change and food security. [World Wildlife


political will and collaboration/co-ordination of

fishing industry as a whole. Most practical and

pragmatic approach to ensure long-term future of

fishing industry and resources.

The 3000 km stretch of coastline and oceans support

diverse artisanal and commercial fisheries in SA.

[World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.]

Without a thriving fishing industry, huge potential

socio-economic impacts.

The long-term sustainable collaborative and

responsible management of coastal marine

resources plays a vital role in social and economic

well-being of SA’s coastal people. [World Wildlife


Without a thriving fishing industry, huge potential

socio-economic impacts.

The single species strategy of resource management

of the past has failed SA. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]

Holistic Ecosystems Approach required so as to

ensure long-term sustainability of the resource and

industry.

The single species approach did not consider the

greater impact on the marine ecosystem. [World




industry.

Holistic and sustainable systemic management

practices are being employed to secure the future of

the resource for generations to come. [World Wildlife




industry.

An EAF takes into consideration that all marine

organisms and processes are inter-connected. [World




industry.

An EAF takes into consideration that alterations in

processes are not easily recognised and difficult to

restore once disrupted. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]



industry.

EAF aims to “ balance diverse societal objectives, by

taking into account the knowledge and uncertainties

about biotic, abiotic and human components of the

ecosystems and their interactions and applying an

integrated approach to fisheries within ecologically

meaningful boundaries.” [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]



industry.

EAF approach in South Africa uses tracking tools to

examine progress towards implementation – it

evaluates a range of objectives. [World Wildlife




industry.

Good understanding of the ecosystem impacts of

the fisheries and impacts are included in

management advice. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]



industry.

Social Well-being of dependent fishing communities

is accounted for in management advice. [World




industry.

Economic well-being of the fishing industry is

maintained. [World Wildlife Organisation. November

2011.]



industry.

Marine authority has transparent and participatory

management structures. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]



industry.

Management plans incorporate EAF considerations.

[World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.] Holistic Ecosystems Approach required so as to


79


industry.

Compliance to regulations reduces the ecosystem

impacts of the fishery. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]



industry.

Sufficient capacity, skills, equipment and funding

exist to support EAF implementation. [World Wildlife




industry.

Good data collection procedures exist to support

EAF implementation. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]



industry.

External impacts of the fisheries are addressed –

climate change, other industries etc. [World Wildlife




industry.

Fisheries and aquaculture have traditionally been

regarded as part of the solution to the global

dilemma of providing affordable, high-quality protein

from the fishing sector – as well as being a source of

employment and livelihoods. [World Wildlife




industry.

81% of fish products are consumed by humans.

[World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.] Major source of protein and food security.

In 2007, more than 1.5 billion people derived 20% of

their annual protein intake from fish. [World Wildlife


Major source of protein and food security.

Global production from marine wild capture fisheries

peaked at 86 million tonnes in 1996 – this has

declined to 79.5 million tonnes in 2008. [World Wildlife


Major source of protein and food security – in state

of decline because of mismanagement and non-co-

ordinated efforts.

7 of the 10 top wild-capture species – accounting for

30% of global catch – are considered exploited with

1 over-exploited and 1 under-exploited. [World


Major source of protein and food security – in state


ordinated efforts.

63% of assessed fish stocks require rebuilding. [World

Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.] Major source of protein and food security – in state


ordinated efforts.

Farmed fish products has grown significantly over

recent years and is now the fastest growth animal

food producing sector in the world. [World Wildlife


Good alternative source of the fishing resource – but

requires planning, management and regulation – so

as not to denigrate the environment.

Production of aquaculture species globally

accounted for 52.5 million tonnes in 2008 –

comprising over 3600 species. [World Wildlife





25 of these farmed species are considered important

global trade commodities. [World Wildlife





Aquaculture remains highly reliant on capture

fisheries for dietary nutrients such as fish oil and

fishmeal. [World Wildlife Organisation. November

2011.]




In 2010, 85% of fish oil purchased was used as shrimp

and finfish aquaculture feed. [World Wildlife






80

The Southern African region has a total of 8 states:

Angola, DRC, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia,

Seychelles, South Africa and Tanzania. [World Wildlife


Regional collaboration in resource management is

essential for current and future sustainability. Strong

leadership required.

Living marine resources in the region’s water,

including migrating fish stocks are shared between

two or more of these Southern African countries.





Trends indicate a decline in most marine stocks in the

Southern African region – driven by demand due to

local population increases, higher consumer rates,

emergent export markets and tourism. [World Wildlife




leadership required. Signs of mismanagement, lack

of data, dearth of leadership and controls mirrored

via state of the resource.

There are several Regional Fishery Management

Organisations [ RFMO’s] and regional fishery bodies

within the Southern African region. [World Wildlife





The RFMO’s are tasked with managing high seas

fisheries and migratory fish stocks which straddle the

water of more than one state. [World Wildlife




leadership required. Data suggests that this is not

happening adequately or sufficiently.

The Large Marine Ecosystems [ LME] concept

characterises marine regions in the world, according

to ecological [ rather than political or economic]

criteria. [World Wildlife Organisation. November

2011.]



industry.

An estimated 500 000 people participate in

recreational fishing in South Africa. World Wildlife




industry. Major source of income as well as food

security.

The value of the recreational fishery was estimated to

be R 3 billion in 2011. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]

Major source of income as well as food security.

South African Fisheries have two components: Wild

capture fishing and aquaculture. [World Wildlife



Some studies estimate that some 850 000 people in

SA participate in shore-based recreational fisheries –

with a total economic impact of R 2.5 billion. [World



Aquaculture is relatively new in SA and is considered

as under-developed by DAFF. [World Wildlife


Alternative source of fishing resources – but will

require capacity building, strategic leadership,

management and resource management so as

mitigate possible negative impacts. Could create

significant nr of jobs and spin-offs.

Aquaculture has been focused on high value species

such as abalone, mussels and oysters. [World Wildlife







The SA Government has identified aquaculture as an

area of expansion. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]







81

It is estimated that SA contributes approx. 21% to

global abalone production. [World Wildlife


Mostly aquaculture – poaching continues unabated

– no patrol vessels or appropriate management

methods in place.

In 2008, SA Mariculture was comprised of: abalone,

oysters, mussels, prawn, finfish and seaweeds. [World







Aquaculture is expected to experience substantial

regional growth in the coming years. [World Wildlife







Challenges and lessons learnt globally about

aquaculture should benefit the South African industry

so as to ensure responsible and sustainable

management and practices. [World Wildlife







Wild capture fisheries in SA include commercial,

recreational and subsistence fisheries – each with

their own research and management mandates.


Fragmented industry – all with different control,

regulatory, research bodies – no research done,

therefore state of near collapse of resource.

Commercial fishing sector can be divided into highly

industrialised fisheries – operating off-shore and near-

shore fisheries, generally more traditional and less

capital intensive. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




Management and exploitation of SA’s fisheries are

governed by an over-arching policy known as the

Marine Living Resources Act [ MLRA]. [World Wildlife





Many of SA’s in-shore marine resources are

considered to be over-exploited or collapsed, with a

few being fully exploited. [World Wildlife





Full stock assessments are lacking in the majority of

SA’s line fish species and existing stock assessments

for other species are several years old and

considered outdated. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




There is an urgent need for updated stock

assessments to inform appropriate management

measures and to allow for the implementation of

rebuilding strategies. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable

Development, SA undertook to maintain and rebuild

fish stocks to levels able to produce maximum

sustainable yields by no later than 2015. [World




therefore state of near collapse of resource. Lip

service – scant chance that SA will live up to these

commitments given that there are less than 2 years

left to achieve these lofty ideals.

Status of commercial line fish in SA: 11% over-

exploited, 68% collapsed, 16% optimally exploited

and 5% under review. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]



therefore state of near collapse of resource


82

DAFF has “South Africanised” the fishing industry – no

foreign licences. . [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




The Allocation of long-term rights encourage

community involvement in fisheries and their

management, but also promotes a sense of

stewardship for resources that fishers will have to

access over the 7-10 year period. . [World Wildlife


Noble ideal – but state of collapse of in-shore fishing

demonstrates that there has been little or no

incentive for subsistence and small-scale fishermen

to manage the resource. It is close to being

depleted.

Long-terms rights issued in 22 fishing sectors, with over

2900 rights holders and 1788 vessels. . [World Wildlife


Viability and feasibility of current system under

question – smaller rights holders unable to access

beneficiation and processing capacity.

Status of SA Marine Resources: 29.6% uncertain, 7.4%

under-exploited, 48.1 % optimally exploited, 14.8%

over-exploited. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




Large scale capital investment is required for many

fisheries – this has made it difficult for much of SA’s

fishing community to develop skills and technologies

to participate in the commercial fishing activities.


Viability and feasibility of current system under

question – smaller rights holders unable to access

beneficiation and processing capacity.

Trade of fishery products is of integral importance to

government revenue, income and employment

generation in SA. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]

Important source of export revenue as well as socio-

economic activity and well-being – under threat

with large potential negative consequences to SA

economy.

Fish trade is governed by complex multilateral and

bilateral trade agreements and negotiations at the

national, regional and international levels determine

the amounts of fish imported and exported in SA.


Leadership, collaboration, controls and regulations

and enforcement required to give effect to these

agreements. Dearth of all of the above has brought

the SA Fishing Industry to its knees.

In 2009, SA exported fish and fishery products to the

value of USD 75.5 million. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




economy.

Fish and seafood markets in SA are largely influenced

by market price, species availability and ease of

accessibility for consumers. [World Wildlife





economy.

Market trends are increasingly influenced by

consumer awareness programmes and eco-labels.


Eco-labelling and consumer pressure may assist with

overall improved resource management. May act

as incentive for industry to become eco-efficient.

Diversification of the SA seafood industry refers to the

broadening of the market and access to new

markets. [World Wildlife Organisation. November

2011.]




Eco-labels offer an avenue to enter new markets or

create niche markets for which consumers may pay

a premium for SA seafood products. [World Wildlife





SA consumer and retailer awareness of

environmental and sustainability issues has resulted in

increased demands for eco-friendly and sustainable

seafood products. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]





83

This growing market is a powerful force in shaping

what happens out at sea – a range of global

initiatives have been developed to harness the

power of the market and incentivise responsible

fisheries and suppliers. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




Food security is complex and linked not only to food

availability but also to human health, sustainable

economic development, environment and trade.


Vital to ensure the sustainability and growth of the SA

Fishing Industry; implosion will have large adverse

socio-economic and social impacts.

SA’s rich marine ecosystems have attracted fishers

and their families to the shoreline where they have

developed communities whose cultural values,

customary practices and social dynamics are

intricately linked to the ocean. [World Wildlife





SA has around 147 fishing communities, 28 338 fisher

households and 30 000 people are considered to be

true subsistence fishers. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




53% of traditional fishing community’s countrywide

are still considered to be food insecure. [World





SA features as one of the top 20 countries with the

highest burden of under-nutrition. [World Wildlife





The health of fishing communities is inextricably linked

to the health of the adjacent fisheries resources and

raises the importance of the sustainable and

responsible management of these resources to

ensure job and food security for these communities.





In 2008, commercial fishing industry in SA employed

approx. 27 000 directly, while 100 000 people were

employed in fishery related enterprises. [World





The SA Government considers the fishing industry as a

sector for employment expansion within the country.





Job creation can only take place with progressive

stock rebuilding strategies. [World Wildlife





The immediate goal of fisheries management should

be on job security with job creation being a longer-

term vision. [World Wildlife Organisation. November

2011.]




Financial capital or income of a fisher – or fishing

community – cannot be achieved through

increasing catches along – due to the state of the

global marine fisheries. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




Beneficiation and value adding activities within the

sector has the potential to create livelihoods while

the stocks replenish. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]





84

Marine eco-tourism is also become increasingly

attractive and viable. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




In 2009, 583 000 tonnes of fish to the value of R 4.4

billion were landed in SA. [World Wildlife





The annual revenue from commercial fisheries

exports were estimated at R 3.3 billion in 2008. [World





Commercial Fisheries contribute 0.5% to SA GDP.

[World Wildlife Organisation. November 2011.] Vital to ensure the sustainability and growth of the SA



In the W/Cape – fishing contributes .2% to Gross

Geographic Product. [World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]




In the impoverished E/Cape, squid fisheries

contributed R 500 million in foreign revenue. [World





SA’s commercial fishing industry employs

approximately 48 500 people. [World Wildlife






APPENDIX D: CATEGORISING, LABELLING AND SATURATING: PROPOSITIONS

STATE OF

FISHING STOCKS

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTIONAL

CAPACITY

INDUSTRY

COHESION &

COLLABORATION

RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

SOCIO-

ECONOMIC

SITUATION &

IMPACTS

FOOD

SOURCE/SECURITY

Almost no fishery

protection

patrols being

performed over

the past year

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 Mary 2013]

WWF is

pushing for an

Ecosystems

Approach to

Fisheries

[ EAF],

recognising

critical role of

marine

ecosystems in

maintaining

resilient socio-

cultural

systems in the

face of

growing

threats to

climate

change and

food security.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Almost no

fishery

protection

patrols being

performed over

the past year

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 Mary 2013]

AGRICULTURE,

Forestry and

Fisheries Minister

Tina Joemat-

Pettersson and

fishing industry

CEOs have

insisted there is no

crisis in the sector

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Confusion around

the issuing of

fishing quotas.

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Almost no fishery

protection patrols

being performed

over the past year

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

Mary 2013]

Confusion around

the issuing of

fishing quotas.

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Confusion around

the issuing of

fishing quotas.

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

PAGE 86 ONWARDS Amanda Brinkmann Indigo Consulting

Disruption of

economically

important fishing

surveys

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative

and

responsible

management

of coastal

marine

resources

plays a vital

role in social

and

economic

well-being of

SA’s coastal

people.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Disruption of

economically

important

fishing surveys

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Almost no fishery

protection patrols

being performed

over the past year

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

Mary 2013]

First meeting with

fishing industry role

players only in

2013 by Minister of

DAFF since taking

office in 2009.

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Disruption of

economically

important fishing

surveys

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Shaheen Moolla,

MD of Feike

Natural Resource

Management

Advisers, said the

industry CEOs had

no choice but to

co-operate with

Ms Joemat-

Pettersson as she

had threatened to

withdraw fishing

rights. [Martin, G.

30 April 2013.]

Mr Moolla said

that according to

the department it

still had to

allocate 1,000

fishing-right quotas

but had not yet

appointed a

service provider

and so it was

unlikely this would

be completed by

year-end. [Martin, G. 30 April 2013.]

Commitment

that the fishing

patrol and

research vessels

in the South

African Navy’s

custody would

be made

operational as

soon as possible. [Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Holistic and

sustainable

systemic

management

practices are

being

employed to

secure the

future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Commitment

that the fishing

patrol and

research

vessels in the

South African

Navy’s custody

would be

made

operational as

soon as

possible. [Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Disruption of

economically

important fishing

surveys

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

“The meeting has

been a chance

for industry to

advise me, as a

valued voice, on

how we can

expand

opportunities for

commercial and

small-scale

fishers.” - Min

Joemat—

Pettersson

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Commitment that

the fishing patrol

and research

vessels in the

South African

Navy’s custody

would be made

operational as

soon as possible. [Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Mr Moolla said

that according to

the department it

still had to

allocate 1,000


but had not yet

appointed a

service provider

and so it was

unlikely this would

be completed by


Securing the

ocean’s benefits

for future

generations is a

goal within the

reach of

humanity.[Manuel,

T. 19 March 2013.]


Nautic’s role in terms of

the Service Level

Agreement is to assist

in vessel operations,

which will include

bunkering, crewing

and other logistics to

ensure that the vessels

are put to sea as

quickly and efficiently

as possible so that vital

fisheries management

functions can be

performed. [Martin, G.

30 April 2013.]

Production of

aquaculture

species globally

accounted for 52.5

million tonnes in

2008 – comprising

over 3600 species.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Cape Town-based

shipyard Nautic

Africa has signed an

agreement with the

Department of

Agriculture, Forestry

and Fisheries (DAFF)

to support its four

fisheries protection

and two fisheries

research vessels, as

the Department

attempts to get the

fleet fully operational

again.[Martin, G. 30

April 2013.]

Confusion

around the

issuing of fishing

quotas.

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

“There is a game

change in the

agriculture, forestry

and fisheries sector;

we value these

interactions as an

opportunity to receive

advice from industry

leaders” – Min Joemat

Pettersson

[Vecchiatto, P. 21 May

2013]

Cape Town-based

shipyard Nautic Africa

has signed an

agreement with the

Department of


and Fisheries (DAFF) to

support its four fisheries

protection and two

fisheries research

vessels, as the

Department attempts

to get the fleet fully

operational

again.[Martin, G. 30

April 2013.]

WHEN the world you

inhabit is beset by

economic ills,

the last thing a sensible

society should

do is ignore a valuable

resource. [Manuel, T. 19

March 2013.]

At present, we obtain

about

80-million tons a year of

food

from the ocean. .

[Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]

Regular surveys of

South Africa’s fishing

resources are

important for the

country to prove that it

has sustainable fishing

stocks in order to keep

export markets.


25 of these farmed

species are

considered

important global

trade commodities.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Department is

“engaging with its

nominated service

provider to repair the

DAFF fleet for sea

[use].” [Martin, G. 30

April 2013.]

First meeting with


players only in 2013

by Minister of DAFF

since taking office in

2009. [Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Shaheen Moolla, MD of

Feike Natural Resource

Management Advisers,

said the industry CEOs

had no choice but to

co-operate with Ms

Joemat-Pettersson as

she had threatened to

withdraw fishing rights.

[Martin, G. 30 April

2013.]

Nautic’s role in

terms of the

Service Level

Agreement is

to assist in

vessel

operations,

which will

include

bunkering,

crewing and

other logistics

to ensure that

the vessels are

put to sea as

quickly and

efficiently as

possible so

that vital

fisheries

management

functions can

be performed.

[Martin, G. 30

April 2013.]

When your country and

continent are doing their

best to develop and

bring the good things

in life to all of their people,

the last thing they

should do is forgo an

opportunity to secure a

more equal share of the

world’s riches. [Manuel, T. 19

March 2013.]

The United Nations (UN)

Food and Agriculture Organisation

calculates

that half of the world’s fisheries are

providing as much as they sustainably

can, while a further

one-third are being exploited beyond

that

limit, so must produce diminishing

returns. [Manuel, T. 19 March 2013.]


APPENDIX D: CATEGORISING, LABELLING AND SATURATING: PROPOSITIONS

STATE OF

FISHING STOCKS

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTIONAL

CAPACITY

INDUSTRY

COHESION &

COLLABORATION

RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

SOCIO-

ECONOMIC

SITUATION &

IMPACTS

FOOD

SOURCE/SECURITY

Almost no fishery

protection

patrols being

performed over

the past year

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 Mary 2013]

WWF is

pushing for an

Ecosystems

Approach to

Fisheries

[ EAF],

recognising

critical role of

marine

ecosystems in

maintaining

resilient socio-

cultural

systems in the

face of

growing

threats to

climate

change and

food security.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Almost no

fishery

protection

patrols being

performed over

the past year

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 Mary 2013]

AGRICULTURE,

Forestry and

Fisheries Minister

Tina Joemat-

Pettersson and

fishing industry

CEOs have

insisted there is no

crisis in the sector

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Confusion around

the issuing of

fishing quotas.

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Almost no fishery

protection patrols

being performed

over the past year

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

Mary 2013]

Confusion around

the issuing of

fishing quotas.

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Confusion around

the issuing of

fishing quotas.

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

PAGE 86 ONWARDS


Disruption of

economically

important fishing

surveys

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative

and

responsible

management

of coastal

marine

resources

plays a vital

role in social

and

economic

well-being of

SA’s coastal

people.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Disruption of

economically

important

fishing surveys

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Almost no fishery

protection patrols

being performed

over the past year

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

Mary 2013]

First meeting with


players only in

2013 by Minister of

DAFF since taking

office in 2009.

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Disruption of

economically

important fishing

surveys

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Shaheen Moolla,

MD of Feike

Natural Resource

Management

Advisers, said the

industry CEOs had

no choice but to

co-operate with

Ms Joemat-

Pettersson as she

had threatened to

withdraw fishing

rights. [Martin, G.

30 April 2013.]

Mr Moolla said

that according to

the department it

still had to

allocate 1,000


but had not yet

appointed a

service provider

and so it was

unlikely this would

be completed by


Commitment

that the fishing

patrol and

research vessels

in the South

African Navy’s

custody would

be made

operational as

soon as possible. [Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Holistic and

sustainable

systemic

management

practices are

being

employed to

secure the

future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Commitment

that the fishing

patrol and

research

vessels in the

South African

Navy’s custody

would be

made

operational as

soon as

possible. [Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Disruption of

economically

important fishing

surveys

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

“The meeting has

been a chance

for industry to

advise me, as a

valued voice, on

how we can

expand

opportunities for

commercial and

small-scale

fishers.” - Min

Joemat—

Pettersson

[Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Commitment that

the fishing patrol

and research

vessels in the

South African

Navy’s custody

would be made

operational as

soon as possible. [Vecchiatto, P. 21

May 2013]

Mr Moolla said

that according to

the department it

still had to

allocate 1,000


but had not yet

appointed a

service provider

and so it was

unlikely this would

be completed by


Securing the

ocean’s benefits

for future

generations is a

goal within the

reach of

humanity.[Manuel,

T. 19 March 2013.]


Nautic’s role in

terms of the

Service Level

Agreement is to

assist in vessel

operations,

which will

include

bunkering,

crewing and

other logistics to

ensure that the

vessels are put

to sea as quickly

and efficiently as

possible so that

vital fisheries

management

functions can be

performed.

[Martin, G. 30

April 2013.]

Production of

aquaculture

species

globally

accounted

for 52.5 million

tonnes in 2008

– comprising

over 3600

species.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Cape Town-

based shipyard

Nautic Africa

has signed an

agreement

with the

Department of

Agriculture,

Forestry and

Fisheries (DAFF)

to support its

four fisheries

protection and

two fisheries

research

vessels, as the

Department

attempts to get

the fleet fully

operational

again.[Martin,

G. 30 April

2013.]

Confusion

around the

issuing of

fishing

quotas.

[Vecchiatt

o, P. 21

May 2013]

“There is a

game change

in the

agriculture,

forestry and

fisheries sector;

we value these

interactions as

an opportunity

to receive

advice from

industry leaders”

– Min Joemat

Pettersson

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Cape Town-

based shipyard

Nautic Africa

has signed an

agreement with

the Department

of Agriculture,

Forestry and

Fisheries (DAFF)

to support its

four fisheries

protection and

two fisheries

research vessels,

as the

Department

attempts to get

the fleet fully

operational

again.[Martin,

G. 30 April 2013.]

WHEN the world you

inhabit is beset by

economic ills, the

last thing a sensible

society should do is

ignore a valuable

resource. [Manuel, T.

19 March 2013.]

At present, we obtain

about

80-million tons a year of

food

from the ocean. .


Regular surveys

of South Africa’s

fishing resources

are important for

the country to

prove that it has

sustainable

fishing stocks in

order to keep

export markets.


25 of these

farmed

species are

considered

important

global trade

commodities.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Department is

“engaging with

its nominated

service provider

to repair the

DAFF fleet for

sea [use].”

[Martin, G. 30

April 2013.]

First meeting

with fishing

industry role

players only in

2013 by Minister

of DAFF since

taking office in

2009.

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Shaheen Moolla,

MD of Feike

Natural Resource

Management

Advisers, said the

industry CEOs had

no choice but to

co-operate with

Ms Joemat-

Pettersson as she

had threatened

to withdraw

fishing rights.

[Martin, G. 30

April 2013.]

Nautic’s

role in

terms of

the

Service

Level

Agreemen

t is to assist

in vessel

operations

, which will

include

bunkering,

crewing

and other

logistics to

ensure

that the

When your country

and continent are

doing their best to

develop and bring

the good things in

life to all of their

people, the last

thing they should do

is forgo an

opportunity to

secure a more equal

share of the world’s

riches. [Manuel, T. 19

March 2013.]

The United Nations (UN)

Food and Agriculture

Organisation calculates

that half of the world’s

fisheries are providing as

much as they sustainably


one-third are being

exploited beyond that

limit, so must produce

diminishing returns. [Manuel,

T. 19 March 2013.]


vessels are

put to sea

as quickly

and

efficiently

as possible

so that

vital

fisheries

managem

ent

functions

can be

performed

. [Martin,

G. 30 April

2013.] I’m talking here

about the

international

waters that

begin 200

nautical miles off

our coast and

most other

coasts. [Manuel,

T. 19 March 2013.]

Aquaculture

remains highly

reliant on

capture

fisheries for

dietary

nutrients such

as fish oil and

fishmeal.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Nautic’s role in

terms of the

Service Level

Agreement is to

assist in vessel

operations,

which will

include

bunkering,

crewing and

other logistics

to ensure that

the vessels are

put to sea as

quickly and

efficiently as

possible so that

vital fisheries

management

functions can

be performed.

[Martin, G. 30

April 2013.]

“The meeting

has been a

chance for

industry to

advise me, as a

valued voice,

on how we can

expand

opportunities for

commercial

and small-scale

fishers.” - Min

Joemat—

Pettersson

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

Mr Moolla said

that according to

the department it

still had to

allocate 1,000

fishing-right

quotas but had

not yet

appointed a

service provider

and so it was

unlikely this would

be completed by


The DAFF

fleet

comprises

the four

Fisheries

Protection

Vessels

Sarah

Baartman,

Lilian

Ngoyi,

Victoria

Mxenge

and Ruth

First and

two

Fisheries

Research

Vessels

(FRS

Africana

and FRS

Ellen

Khuzwayo

). [Martin,

Securing the

ocean’s benefits for

future generations is

a goal within the

reach of

humanity.[Manuel, T.

19 March 2013.]

Yet the ocean could

provide more seafood, not

less, if we managed it

properly. [Manuel, T. 19

March 2013.]


G. 30 April

2013.]

The United

Nations (UN)

Food and

Agriculture

Organisation

calculates that

half of the

world’s fisheries

are providing as

much as they

sustainably can,

while a further

one-third are

being exploited

beyond that

limit, so must

produce

diminishing

returns. [Manuel,

T. 19 March

2013.]

In 2010, 85% of

fish oil

purchased

was used as

shrimp and

finfish

aquaculture

feed. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Regular surveys

of South

Africa’s fishing

resources are

important for

the country to

prove that it

has sustainable

fishing stocks in

order to keep

export markets.


“There is a

game change

in the

agriculture,

forestry and

fisheries sector;

we value these

interactions as

an opportunity

to receive

advice from

industry

leaders” – Min

Joemat

Pettersson

[Vecchiatto, P.

21 May 2013]

I’m talking here

about the

international

waters that begin

200 nautical miles

off our coast and

most other coasts.


Regular

surveys of

South

Africa’s

fishing

resources

are

important

for the

country to

prove that

it has

sustainabl

e fishing

stocks in

order to

keep

export

markets.

[Martin, G.

30 April 2013.]

At present, we

obtain about 80-

million tons a year of

food from the

ocean. .[Manuel, T.

19 March 2013.]

The Stats SA document

echoes sentiments

expressed by the

department in December

that noted a "general trend

of deteriorating resource

status". [ Blaine, S. 5 March

2013]

The most

important

challenge

concerns the

management of

seafood stocks,

many of which

are being

exploited in an

unsustainable

manner.

[Business Day

Editorial. 22

March 2013.]

South African

Fisheries have

two

components:

Wild capture

fishing and

aquaculture.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The

department

admitted in its

recent

presentation to

the

parliamentary

portfolio

committee that

South Africa’s

economic

exclusion zone

is not being

patrolled or

monitored,

Department is

“engaging with

its nominated

service provider

to repair the

DAFF fleet for

sea [use].”

[Martin, G. 30

April 2013.]

The task we have

set ourselves is to

show how the

ocean can be

sustainably and

equitably

managed in the

21st century.

Global Ocean

Commission

[Manuel, T. 19

March 2013.]

WHEN the

world you

inhabit is

beset by

economic

ills, the last

thing a

sensible

society

should do

is ignore a

valuable

resource.

[Manuel, T.

19 March

The United Nations

(UN) Food and

Agriculture

Organisation

calculates that half

of the world’s

fisheries are

providing as much

as they sustainably


one-third are being

exploited beyond

that limit, so must

produce diminishing

returns. [Manuel, T.

Rebuilding and recovery

could take years and even

decades as the rate of

recovery is dependent on

the biology of the species

and the natural recruitment

fluctuations. [Department of

Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries. 2012.]


because of its

failure to

ensure the

proper

functioning of

its research

and patrol

vessels, leaving

South Africa’s

fish resources

wide open to

exploitation by

South African

and foreign

vessels.

[Business Day

Editorial. 22

March 2013.]

2013.] 19 March 2013.]

According to

natural resources

advisory firm

Feike, which is

run by a former

fisheries

management

head at Marine

and Coastal

Management,

gross

mismanagement

of South Africa’s

fish stocks

threatens the

commercial

viability of

several

industries, with

both the

resource and

thousands of

jobs now at risk

of being

The

immediate

goal of

fisheries

management

should be on

job security

with job

creation

being a

longer-term

vision. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Almost no

research is

being

conducted into

the actual

state of the

country’s fish

stocks, as

opposed to the

output of

computer

models, so

overfishing is a

real danger

and there is

little factual

basis for the

allocation of

annual quotas;

species

recovery plans

are not being

implemented;

and poaching

The DAFF fleet

comprises the

four Fisheries

Protection

Vessels Sarah

Baartman, Lilian

Ngoyi, Victoria

Mxenge and

Ruth First and

two Fisheries

Research

Vessels (FRS

Africana and

FRS Ellen

Khuzwayo).

[Martin, G. 30

April 2013.]

The task we have

set ourselves is to

show how the

ocean can be

sustainably and

equitably

managed in the

21st century.

Working

independently,

we will assess all

the evidence we

can muster, from

sectors of society

including science,

economics,

business and law.

All these good

ideas we will distil

into what you

might call a "to-

do list" for world

leaders — a list of

pragmatic and

When your

country

and

continent

are doing

their best

to

develop

and bring

the good

things in

life to all of

their

people,

the last

thing they

should do

is forgo an

opportunit

y to

secure a

more

equal

share of

Yet the ocean could

provide more

seafood, not less, if

we managed it

properly. [Manuel, T.

19 March 2013.]

Decades of

mismanagement of our

marine systems has placed

SA in a precarious state.

[World Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]


destroyed.

[Business Day


remains rife.

[Business Day


efficient measures

that, if

implemented, will

reverse

degradation of

the high seas and

restore them to

full health and

productivity.


the world’s

riches.

[Manuel, T.

19 March

2013.]

The department

admitted in its

recent

presentation to

the

parliamentary

portfolio

committee that

South Africa’s

economic

exclusion zone is

not being

patrolled or

monitored,

because of its

failure to ensure

the proper

functioning of its

research and

patrol vessels,

leaving South

Africa’s fish

resources wide

open to

exploitation by

South African

and foreign

vessels. [Business

Day Editorial. 22

Job creation

can only take

place with

progressive

stock

rebuilding

strategies.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

WWF is pushing

for an

Ecosystems

Approach to

Fisheries [ EAF],

recognising

critical role of

marine

ecosystems in

maintaining

resilient socio-

cultural systems

in the face of

growing threats

to climate

change and

food security.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Shaheen

Moolla, MD of

Feike Natural

Resource

Management

Advisers, said

the industry

CEOs had no

choice but to

co-operate with

Ms Joemat-

Pettersson as

she had

threatened to

withdraw fishing

rights. [Martin,

G. 30 April

2013.]

Securing the

ocean’s benefits

for future

generations is a

goal within the

reach of

humanity.[Manuel

, T. 19 March

2013.]

I’m talking

here

about the

internation

al waters

that begin

200

nautical

miles off

our coast

and most

other

coasts.

[Manuel, T.

19 March 2013.]

This, too, has the

goal of managing

the rich ecosystem

associated with the

cold waters from the

southern ocean that

flow northwards

along the African

coastline, with

special emphasis on

research,

conservation and

sustainable

exploitation of the

benefits it brings to

all three countries,

which are estimated

to be worth more

than $50bn a year.

[Business Day

Editorial. 22 March

2013.]

WWF is pushing for an

Ecosystems Approach to

Fisheries [ EAF], recognising

critical role of marine

ecosystems in maintaining

resilient socio-cultural

systems in the face of

growing threats to climate

change and food security.


November 2011.]


March 2013.] Almost no

research is being

conducted into

the actual state

of the country’s

fish stocks, as

opposed to the

output of

computer

models, so

overfishing is a

real danger and

there is little

factual basis for

the allocation of

annual quotas;

species recovery

plans are not

being

implemented;

and poaching

remains rife.

[Business Day


The SA

Government

considers the

fishing industry

as a sector for

employment

expansion

within the

country.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative

and responsible

management

of coastal

marine

resources plays

a vital role in

social and

economic well-

being of SA’s

coastal people.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Mr Moolla said

that according

to the

department it

still had to

allocate 1,000

fishing-right

quotas but had

not yet

appointed a

service provider

and so it was

unlikely this

would be

completed by

year-end.


The big challenge

and the big

rewards lie in the

high seas.

.[Manuel, T. 19

March 2013.]

The task

we have

set

ourselves is

to show

how the

ocean

can be

sustainabl

y and

equitably

managed

in the 21st

century.

Global

Ocean

Commissio

n [Manuel,

T. 19

March

2013.]

According to natural

resources advisory

firm Feike, which is

run by a former

fisheries

management head

at Marine and

Coastal

Management, gross

mismanagement of

South Africa’s fish

stocks threatens the

commercial viability

of several industries,

with both the

resource and

thousands of jobs

now at risk of being

destroyed. [Business

Day Editorial. 22 March 2013.]

SA’s commercial fishing

industry employs

approximately 48 500

people. [World Wildlife

Organisation. November

2011.]

The Stats SA

document

echoes

sentiments

expressed by the

department in

December that

noted a "general

trend of

deteriorating

resource status".

[ Blaine, S. 5

March 2013]

The health of

fishing

communities is

inextricably

linked to the

health of the

adjacent

fisheries

resources and

raises the

importance of

the

sustainable

and

Holistic and

sustainable

systemic

management

practices are

being

employed to

secure the

future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

I’m talking here

about the

international

waters that

begin 200

nautical miles

off our coast

and most other

coasts.


Yet the ocean

could provide

more seafood,

not less, if we

managed it

properly.

[Manuel, T. 19

March 2013.]

The task

we have

set

ourselves is

to show

how the

ocean

can be

sustainabl

y and

equitably

managed

in the 21st

century.

Almost no research is

being conducted

into the actual state

of the country’s fish

stocks, as opposed

to the output of

computer models, so

overfishing is a real

danger and there is

little factual basis for

the allocation of

annual quotas;

species recovery

plans are not being


responsible

management

of these

resources to

ensure job

and food

security for

these

communities.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

November

2011.] Working

independ

ently, we

will assess

all the

evidence

we can

muster,

from

sectors of

society

including

science,

economic

s, business

and law.

All these

good

ideas we

will distil

into what

you might

call a "to-

do list" for

world

leaders —

a list of

pragmatic

and

efficient

measures

that, if

implement

ed, will

reverse

degradati

on of the

high seas

and

restore

them to

full health

implemented; and

poaching remains

rife. [Business Day

Editorial. 22 March

2013.]


and

productivit

y.

[Manuel, T.

19 March 2013.]

Rebuilding and

recovery could

take years and

even decades

as the rate of

recovery is

dependent on

the biology of

the species and

the natural

recruitment

fluctuations.

[Department of

Agriculture,

Forestry and

Fisheries. 2012.]

Aquaculture is

expected to

experience

substantial

regional

growth in the

coming years.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The immediate

goal of fisheries

management

should be on

job security

with job

creation being

a longer-term

vision. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The task we

have set

ourselves is to

show how the

ocean can be

sustainably and

equitably

managed in the

21st century.

Working

independently,

we will assess all

the evidence

we can muster,

from sectors of

society

including

science,

economics,

business and

law. All these

good ideas we

will distil into

what you might

call a "to-do list"

for world

leaders — a list

of pragmatic

and efficient

measures that,

if implemented,

will reverse

degradation of

the high seas

The disconnect

between what

happens at the

top and at the

coalface is

especially striking

in the fishing

sector, where

recent events

illustrate that

South Africa is

trying to play a

leading role on

the international

stage even as our

own fisheries

management

system is

imploding .[

Business Day

Editorial. 22

March 2013.]

Securing

the

ocean’s

benefits

for future

generatio

ns is a

goal within

the reach

of

humanity.[

Manuel, T.

19 March

2013.]

Rebuilding and

recovery could take

years and even

decades as the rate

of recovery is

dependent on the

biology of the

species and the

natural recruitment

fluctuations.

[Department of


and Fisheries. 2012.]


and restore

them to full

health and

productivity.


Securing the

ocean’s

benefits for

future

generations is a

goal within the

reach of

humanity.[Man

uel, T. 19 March

2013.] Decades of

mismanagement

of our marine

systems has

placed SA in a

precarious state.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

In 2008, SA

Mariculture

was

comprised of:

abalone,

oysters,

mussels,

prawn, finfish

and

seaweeds.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Job creation

can only take

place with

progressive

stock rebuilding

strategies.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Yet the ocean

could provide

more seafood,

not less, if we

managed it

properly.

[Manuel, T. 19

March 2013.]

At the same time,

South Africa,

Namibia and

Angola have just

signed a

convention

defining the

boundaries of the

Benguela Current

Large Marine

Ecosystem, which

stretches from

Port Elizabeth in

the east around

the southern

African coast to

as far west as

Angola’s

Cabinda

province.

[Business Day

Editorial. 22

March 2013.]

The big

challenge

and the

big

rewards lie

in the high

seas.

.[Manuel,

T. 19

March

2013.]

Decades of

mismanagement of

our marine systems

has placed SA in a

precarious state.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

WWF is pushing

for an

The SA

Government

The SA

Government

The disconnect

between what

This, too, has the

goal of managing

The United

Nations

WWF is pushing for

an Ecosystems


Ecosystems

Approach to

Fisheries [ EAF],

recognising

critical role of

marine

ecosystems in

maintaining

resilient socio-

cultural systems

in the face of

growing threats

to climate

change and

food security.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

has identified

aquaculture

as an area of

expansion.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

considers the

fishing industry

as a sector for

employment

expansion

within the

country. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

happens at the

top and at the

coalface is

especially

striking in the

fishing sector,

where recent

events illustrate

that South

Africa is trying

to play a

leading role on

the

international

stage even as

our own

fisheries

management

system is

imploding .[

Business Day

Editorial. 22

March 2013.]

the rich

ecosystem

associated with

the cold waters

from the southern

ocean that flow

northwards along

the African

coastline, with

special emphasis

on research,

conservation and

sustainable

exploitation of the

benefits it brings

to all three

countries, which

are estimated to

be worth more

than $50bn a

year. [Business

Day Editorial. 22

March 2013.]

(UN) Food

and

Agriculture

Organisati

on

calculates

that half

of the

world’s

fisheries

are

providing

as much

as they

sustainabl

y can,

while a

further

one-third

are being

exploited

beyond

that limit,

so must

produce

diminishin

g returns.

[Manuel, T.

19 March

2013.]

Approach to

Fisheries [ EAF],

recognising critical

role of marine

ecosystems in

maintaining resilient

socio-cultural

systems in the face

of growing threats to

climate change and

food security. [World

Wildlife Organisation.

November 2011.]

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative

and responsible

management of

coastal marine

resources plays

a vital role in

social and

economic well-

being of SA’s

coastal people.

Aquaculture is

relatively new

in SA and is

considered as

under-

developed by

DAFF. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The health of

fishing

communities is

inextricably

linked to the

health of the

adjacent

fisheries

resources and

raises the

importance of

the sustainable

The department

admitted in its

recent

presentation to

the

parliamentary

portfolio

committee that

South Africa’s

economic

exclusion zone

is not being

According to

natural resources

advisory firm

Feike, which is run

by a former

fisheries

management

head at Marine

and Coastal

Management,

gross

mismanagement

Yet the

ocean

could

provide

more

seafood,

not less, if

we

managed

it properly.

[Manuel, T.

19 March

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative and

responsible

management of

coastal marine

resources plays a

vital role in social

and economic well-

being of SA’s coastal

people. [World


The long-term sustainable

collaborative and

responsible management of

coastal marine resources

plays a vital role in social and

economic well-being of SA’s

coastal people. [World


November 2011.]


[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

and responsible

management

of these

resources to

ensure job and

food security

for these

communities.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

patrolled or

monitored,

because of its

failure to ensure

the proper

functioning of its

research and

patrol vessels,

leaving South

Africa’s fish

resources wide

open to

exploitation by

South African

and foreign

vessels.

[Business Day

Editorial. 22

March 2013.]

of South Africa’s

fish stocks

threatens the

commercial

viability of several

industries, with

both the resource

and thousands of

jobs now at risk of

being destroyed.

[Business Day


2013.] November 2011.]

Holistic and

sustainable

systemic

management

practices are

being employed

to secure the

future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Aquaculture

has been

focused on

high value

species such

as abalone,

mussels and

oysters. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Food security is

complex and

linked not only

to food

availability but

also to human

health,

sustainable

economic

development,

environment

and trade.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Almost no

research is

being

conducted into

the actual state

of the country’s

fish stocks, as

opposed to the

output of

computer

models, so

overfishing is a

real danger

and there is little

factual basis for

the allocation

of annual

quotas; species

recovery plans

are not being

implemented;

and poaching

remains rife.

WWF is pushing

for an Ecosystems

Approach to

Fisheries [ EAF],

recognising

critical role of

marine

ecosystems in

maintaining

resilient socio-

cultural systems in

the face of

growing threats to

climate change

and food security.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The

disconnec

t between

what

happens

at the top

and at the

coalface

is

especially

striking in

the fishing

sector,

where

recent

events

illustrate

that South

Africa is

trying to

play a

leading

role on the

Holistic and

sustainable systemic

management

practices are being

employed to secure

the future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World


November 2011.]

Holistic and sustainable

systemic management

practices are being

employed to secure the

future of the resource for

generations to come.


November 2011.]


[Business Day


internation

al stage

even as

our own

fisheries

managem

ent system

is

imploding

.[ Business

Day

Editorial.

22 March

2013.] In 2009, 583 000

tonnes of fish to

the value of R

4.4 billion were

landed in SA.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

An EAF takes

into

consideration

that all marine

organisms

and processes

are inter-

connected.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Fish trade is

governed by

complex

multilateral and

bilateral trade

agreements

and

negotiations at

the national,

regional and

international

levels

determine the

amounts of fish

imported and

exported in SA.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative and

responsible

management of

coastal marine

resources plays a


and economic

well-being of SA’s

coastal people.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The most

important

challenge

concerns

the

managem

ent of

seafood

stocks,

many of

which are

being

exploited

in an

unsustaina

ble

manner.

[Business

Day

Editorial.

22 March

2013.]

SA’s commercial

fishing industry

employs

approximately

48 500 people.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

In the impoverished

E/Cape, squid fisheries

contributed R 500 million in

foreign revenue. [World


November 2011.]

Beneficiation

and value

adding activities

within the sector

has the potential

to create

An EAF takes

into

consideration

that

alterations in

processes are

Status of SA

Marine

Resources:

29.6%

uncertain, 7.4%

under-

Decades of

mismanageme

nt of our marine

systems has

placed SA in a

precarious

Holistic and

sustainable

systemic

management

practices are

being employed

At the

same

time,

South

Africa,

Namibia

In the impoverished

E/Cape, squid

fisheries contributed

R 500 million in

foreign revenue.

[World Wildlife

Commercial Fisheries

contribute 0.5% to SA GDP.


November 2011.]


livelihoods while

the stocks

replenish. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

not easily

recognised

and difficult to

restore once

disrupted.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

exploited, 48.1

% optimally

exploited,

14.8% over-

exploited.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

state. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

to secure the

future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

and

Angola

have just

signed a

conventio

n defining

the

boundarie

s of the

Benguela

Current

Large

Marine

Ecosystem

, which

stretches

from Port

Elizabeth

in the east

around

the

southern

African

coast to

as far west

as

Angola’s

Cabinda

province.

[Business

Day

Editorial.

22 March

2013.]

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Financial capital

or income of a

fisher – or fishing

community –

cannot be

achieved

through

increasing

EAF aims to

“ balance

diverse

societal

objectives, by

taking into

account the

knowledge

At the 2002

World Summit

on Sustainable

Development,

SA undertook

to maintain

and rebuild fish

stocks to levels

WWF is pushing

for an

Ecosystems

Approach to

Fisheries [ EAF],

recognising

critical role of

marine

Beneficiation and

value adding

activities within

the sector has the

potential to

create livelihoods

while the stocks

replenish. [World

This, too,

has the

goal of

managing

the rich

ecosystem

associate

d with the

Commercial Fisheries

contribute 0.5% to SA

GDP. [World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The immediate goal of

fisheries management

should be on job security

with job creation being a

longer-term vision. [World


November 2011.]


catches along –

due to the state

of the global

marine fisheries.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

and

uncertainties

about biotic,

abiotic and

human

components

of the

ecosystems

and their

interactions

and applying

an integrated

approach to

fisheries within

ecologically

meaningful

boundaries.”

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

able to

produce

maximum

sustainable

yields by no

later than 2015.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

ecosystems in

maintaining

resilient socio-

cultural systems

in the face of

growing threats

to climate

change and

food security.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

cold

waters

from the

southern

ocean

that flow

northward

s along

the

African

coastline,

with

special

emphasis

on

research,

conservati

on and

sustainabl

e

exploitatio

n of the

benefits it

brings to

all three

countries,

which are

estimated

to be

worth

more than

$50bn a

year.

[Business

Day

Editorial.

22 March

2013.] Job creation

can only take

place with

progressive stock

Good

understanding

of the

ecosystem

Full stock

assessments

are lacking in

the majority of

Holistic and

sustainable

systemic

management

Financial capital

or income of a


community –

According

to natural

resources

advisory

The annual revenue

from commercial

fisheries exports were

estimated at R 3.3

The SA Government

considers the fishing

industry as a sector for

employment expansion


rebuilding

strategies.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

impacts of the

fisheries and

impacts are

included in

management

advice.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

SA’s line fish

species and

existing stock

assessments for

other species

are several

years old and

considered

outdated.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

practices are

being

employed to

secure the

future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

cannot be

achieved through

increasing

catches along –

due to the state

of the global

marine fisheries.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

firm Feike,

which is

run by a

former

fisheries

managem

ent head

at Marine

and

Coastal

Managem

ent, gross

mismanag

ement of

South

Africa’s

fish stocks

threatens

the

commerci

al viability

of several

industries,

with both

the

resource

and

thousands

of jobs

now at risk

of being

destroyed.

[Business

Day

Editorial.

22 March 2013.]

billion in 2008. [World


November 2011.]

within the

country. [World Wildlife


2011.]

The SA

Government

considers the

The RFMO’s are

tasked with

managing high

Marine eco-

tourism is also

become

The immediate

goal of fisheries

management

The

departme

nt

In 2009, 583 000

tonnes of fish to the

value of R 4.4 billion

In 2008, commercial fishing

industry in SA employed

approx. 27 000 directly,


fishing industry as

a sector for

employment

expansion within

the country.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

seas fisheries

and migratory

fish stocks

which straddle

the water of

more than one

state. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

increasingly

attractive and

viable. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

should be on job

security with job

creation being a

longer-term vision.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

admitted

in its

recent

presentati

on to the

parliament

ary

portfolio

committe

e that

South

Africa’s

economic

exclusion

zone is not

being

patrolled

or

monitored

, because

of its

failure to

ensure the

proper

functionin

g of its

research

and patrol

vessels,

leaving

South

Africa’s

fish

resources

wide open

to

exploitatio

n by South

African

and

foreign

vessels.

were landed in SA.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

while 100 000 people were

employed in fishery related

enterprises. [World Wildlife


2011.]


[Business

Day

Editorial.

22 March

2013.] The health of

fishing

communities is

inextricably

linked to the

health of the

adjacent

fisheries

resources and

raises the

importance of

the sustainable

and responsible

management of

these resources

to ensure job

and food

security for these

communities.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative

and responsible

management

of coastal

marine

resources plays

a vital role in

social and

economic well-

being of SA’s

coastal people.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Job creation can

only take place

with progressive

stock rebuilding

strategies. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Almost no

research is

being

conducte

d into the

actual

state of

the

country’s

fish stocks,

as

opposed

to the

output of

computer

models, so

overfishing

is a real

danger

and there

is little

factual

basis for

the

allocation

of annual

quotas;

species

recovery

plans are

not being

implement

ed; and

poaching

remains

rife.

[Business

Marine eco-tourism is

also become

increasingly

attractive and

viable. [World


November 2011.]

The health of fishing

communities is inextricably

linked to the health of the

adjacent fisheries resources

and raises the importance

of the sustainable and

responsible management

of these resources to ensure

job and food security for

these communities. [World


November 2011.]


Day

Editorial.

22 March 2013.]

Food security is

complex and

linked not only to

food availability

but also to

human health,

sustainable

economic

development,

environment

and trade.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The single

species

strategy of

resource

management

of the past has

failed SA.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Financial

capital or

income of a


community –

cannot be

achieved

through

increasing

catches along –

due to the state

of the global

marine fisheries.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The SA

Government

considers the

fishing industry as

a sector for

employment

expansion within

the country.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The Stats

SA

document

echoes

sentiments

expressed

by the

departme

nt in

December

that noted

a "general

trend of

deteriorati

ng

resource

status". [

Blaine, S. 5

March

2013]

Beneficiation and

value adding

activities within the

sector has the

potential to create

livelihoods while the

stocks replenish.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

53% of traditional fishing

community’s countrywide

are still considered to be

food insecure.


November 2011.]

Trade of fishery

products is of

integral

importance to

government

revenue, income

and

employment

generation in SA.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The single

species

approach did

not consider

the greater

impact on the

marine

ecosystem.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The immediate

goal of fisheries

management

should be on

job security with

job creation

being a longer-

term vision.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The health of

fishing

communities is

inextricably linked

to the health of

the adjacent

fisheries resources

and raises the

importance of the

sustainable and

responsible

management of

these resources to

ensure job and

food security for

these

Rebuilding

and

recovery

could take

years and

even

decades

as the rate

of

recovery is

dependen

t on the

biology of

the

species

and the

Financial capital or

income of a fisher –

or fishing community

– cannot be

achieved through

increasing catches

along – due to the

state of the global

marine fisheries.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

SA has around 147 fishing

communities, 28 338 fisher

households and 30 000

people are considered to

be true subsistence fishers.


November 2011.]


communities.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

natural

recruitmen

t

fluctuation

s.

[Departm

ent of

Agriculture

, Forestry

and

Fisheries.

2012.] Status of SA

Marine

Resources: 29.6%

uncertain, 7.4%

under-exploited,

48.1 % optimally

exploited, 14.8%

over-exploited.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Holistic and

sustainable

systemic

management

practices are

being

employed to

secure the

future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Food security is

complex and

linked not only to

food availability

but also to human

health,

sustainable

economic

development,

environment and

trade. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Decades

of

mismanag

ement of

our marine

systems

has

placed SA

in a

precarious

state.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

SA’s rich marine ecosystems

have attracted fishers and

their families to the

shoreline where they have

developed communities

whose cultural values,

customary practices and

social dynamics are

intricately linked to the

ocean. [World Wildlife


2011.]

Status of

commercial line

fish in SA: 11%

over-exploited,

68% collapsed,

16% optimally

exploited and

5% under review.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

An EAF takes

into

consideration

that all marine

organisms and

processes are

inter-

connected.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Job creation

can only take

place with

progressive

stock rebuilding

strategies.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Fish trade is

governed by

complex

multilateral and

bilateral trade

agreements and

negotiations at

the national,

regional and

international

levels determine

the amounts of

fish imported and

WWF is

pushing

for an

Ecosystem

s

Approach

to Fisheries

[ EAF],

recognisin

g critical

role of

marine

ecosystem

The immediate goal

of fisheries

management should

be on job security

with job creation

being a longer-term

vision. [World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Food security is complex and

linked not only to food

availability but also to

human health, sustainable

economic development,

environment and trade.


November 2011.]


exported in SA.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

s in

maintainin

g resilient

socio-

cultural

systems in

the face

of growing

threats to

climate

change

and food

security.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.] At the 2002

World Summit on

Sustainable

Development,

SA undertook to

maintain and

rebuild fish

stocks to levels

able to produce

maximum

sustainable

yields by no later

than 2015.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

An EAF takes

into

consideration

that alterations

in processes

are not easily

recognised

and difficult to

restore once

disrupted.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The SA

Government

considers the

fishing industry

as a sector for

employment

expansion

within the

country. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Long-terms rights

issued in 22 fishing

sectors, with over

2900 rights holders

and 1788 vessels. .

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The long-

term

sustainabl

e

collaborati

ve and

responsibl

e

managem

ent of

coastal

marine

resources

plays a

vital role in

social and

economic

well-being

of SA’s

coastal

people.

[World

Wildlife

Job creation can

only take place with

progressive stock

rebuilding strategies.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Long-terms rights issued in

22 fishing sectors, with over

2900 rights holders and 1788

vessels. . [World Wildlife


2011.]


Organisati

on.

November

2011.] Some studies

estimate that

some 850 000

people in SA

participate in

shore-based

recreational

fisheries – with a

total economic

impact of R 2.5

billion. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

EAF aims to

“ balance

diverse societal

objectives, by

taking into

account the

knowledge

and

uncertainties

about biotic,

abiotic and

human

components of

the ecosystems

and their

interactions

and applying

an integrated

approach to

fisheries within

ecologically

meaningful

boundaries.”

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

In 2008,

commercial

fishing industry

in SA employed

approx. 27 000

directly, while

100 000 people

were employed

in fishery related

enterprises.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The Allocation of

long-term rights

encourage

community

involvement in

fisheries and their

management,

but also promotes

a sense of

stewardship for

resources that

fishers will have to

access over the

7-10 year period. .

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Holistic

and

sustainabl

e systemic

managem

ent

practices

are being

employed

to secure

the future

of the

resource

for

generatio

ns to

come.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

The SA Government

considers the fishing

industry as a sector

for employment

expansion within the

country. [World


November 2011.]

The Allocation of long-term

rights encourage

community involvement in

fisheries and their

management, but also

promotes a sense of

stewardship for resources

that fishers will have to

access over the 7-10 year

period. . [World Wildlife


2011.]

Trends indicate

a decline in most

marine stocks in

the Southern

African region –

driven by

demand due to

local population

increases, higher

consumer rates,

emergent export

EAF approach

in South Africa

uses tracking

tools to

examine

progress

towards

implementation

– it evaluates a

range of

objectives.

The health of

fishing

communities is

inextricably

linked to the

health of the

adjacent

fisheries

resources and

raises the

importance of

Status of

commercial line

fish in SA: 11%

over-exploited,

68% collapsed,

16% optimally

exploited and 5%

under review.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

South

African

Fisheries

have two

compone

nts: Wild

capture

fishing and

aquacultu

re. [World

Wildlife

In 2008, commercial

fishing industry in SA

employed approx.

27 000 directly, while

100 000 people were

employed in fishery

related enterprises.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Status of commercial line fish

in SA: 11% over-exploited,

68% collapsed, 16%

optimally exploited and 5%

under review. [World Wildlife


2011.]


markets and

tourism. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

the sustainable

and responsible

management

of these

resources to

ensure job and

food security for

these

communities.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

The RFMO’s are

tasked with

managing high

seas fisheries

and migratory

fish stocks which

straddle the

water of more

than one state.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Good

understanding

of the

ecosystem

impacts of the

fisheries and

impacts are

included in

management

advice. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Food security is

complex and

linked not only

to food

availability but

also to human

health,

sustainable

economic

development,

environment

and trade.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Trends indicate a

decline in most

marine stocks in

the Southern

African region –

driven by

demand due to

local population

increases, higher

consumer rates,

emergent export

markets and

tourism. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Marine

eco-

tourism is

also

become

increasingl

y

attractive

and

viable.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

The health of fishing

communities is

inextricably linked to

the health of the

adjacent fisheries

resources and raises

the importance of

the sustainable and

responsible

management of

these resources to

ensure job and food

security for these

communities. [World


November 2011.]

Some studies estimate that

some 850 000 people in SA

participate in shore-based

recreational fisheries –

with a total economic

impact of R 2.5 billion.


November 2011.]

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative

and responsible

management of

coastal marine

resources plays

a vital role in

social and

economic well-

being of SA’s

coastal people.

[World Wildlife

In 2009, SA

exported fish

and fishery

products to the

value of USD

75.5 million.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

There are several

Regional Fishery

Management

Organisations

[ RFMO’s] and

regional fishery

bodies within the

Southern African

region. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Beneficiati

on and

value

adding

activities

within the

sector has

the

potential

to create

livelihoods

while the

stocks

53% of traditional

fishing community’s

countrywide are still

considered to be

food insecure.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Trends indicate a decline in

most marine stocks in the

Southern African region –

driven by demand due to

local population increases,

higher consumer rates,

emergent export markets

and tourism. [World Wildlife


2011.]


Organisation.

November 2011.]

replenish.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

The single

species strategy

of resource

management of

the past has

failed SA. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Fish trade is

governed by

complex

multilateral and

bilateral trade

agreements

and

negotiations at

the national,

regional and

international

levels

determine the

amounts of fish

imported and

exported in SA.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The RFMO’s are

tasked with

managing high

seas fisheries and

migratory fish

stocks which

straddle the

water of more

than one state.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Financial

capital or

income of

a fisher –

or fishing

communit

y – cannot

be

achieved

through

increasing

catches

along –

due to the

state of

the global

marine

fisheries.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

SA has around 147

fishing communities,

28 338 fisher

households and

30 000 people are

considered to be

true subsistence

fishers. [World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The 3000 km stretch of

coastline and oceans

support diverse artisanal

and commercial fisheries in

SA. [World Wildlife


2011.]

The single

species

approach did

not consider the

greater impact

on the marine

ecosystem.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Trade of fishery

products is of

integral

importance to

government

revenue,

income and

employment

generation in

SA. [World

Wildlife

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative and

responsible

management of

coastal marine

resources plays a


and economic

well-being of SA’s

coastal people.

SA’s rich marine

ecosystems have

attracted fishers and

their families to the

shoreline where they

have developed

communities whose

cultural values,

customary practices

and social dynamics

are intricately linked

The long-term sustainable

collaborative and

responsible management

of coastal marine resources

plays a vital role in

social and economic well-


people. [World Wildlife


2011.]


Organisation.

November

2011.]

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

to the ocean. [World


November 2011.] Holistic and

sustainable

systemic

management

practices are

being employed

to secure the

future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Status of SA

Marine

Resources:

29.6%

uncertain, 7.4%

under-

exploited, 48.1

% optimally

exploited, 14.8%

over-exploited.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Holistic and

sustainable

systemic

management

practices are

being employed

to secure the

future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Job

creation

can only

take

place with

progressiv

e stock

rebuilding

strategies.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

Holistic and sustainable

systemic management

practices are being

employed to secure the

future of the resource for

generations to come.


November 2011.]

An EAF takes

into

consideration

that all marine

organisms and

processes are

inter-connected.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Status of

commercial line

fish in SA: 11%

over-exploited,

68% collapsed,

16% optimally

exploited and

5% under

review. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

An EAF takes into

consideration

that all marine

organisms and

processes are

inter-connected.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The SA

Governme

nt

considers

the fishing

industry as

a sector

for

employme

nt

expansion

within the

country.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

Food security is

complex and linked

not only to food

availability but also

to human health,

sustainable

economic

development,

environment and

trade. [World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

An EAF takes into

consideration that

all marine organisms and

processes are inter-

connected. [World Wildlife


2011.]

An EAF takes

into

consideration

that alterations

in processes are

At the 2002

World Summit

on Sustainable

Development,

SA undertook to

An EAF takes into

consideration

that alterations in

processes are not

easily recognised

In 2008,

commerci

al fishing

industry in

SA

SA consumer and

retailer awareness of

environmental and

sustainability issues

has resulted in

EAF aims to “ balance

diverse societal objectives,

by taking into account the

knowledge and

uncertainties about biotic,


not easily

recognised and

difficult to

restore once

disrupted. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

maintain and

rebuild fish

stocks to levels

able to

produce

maximum

sustainable

yields by no

later than 2015.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

and difficult to

restore once

disrupted. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

employed

approx.

27 000

directly,

while

100 000

people

were

employed

in fishery

related

enterprises

. [World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

increased demands

for eco-friendly and

sustainable seafood

products. [World


November 2011.]

abiotic and human

components of the

ecosystems and their

interactions and applying

an integrated approach to

fisheries within ecologically

meaningful boundaries.”


November 2011.]

EAF aims to

“ balance

diverse societal

objectives, by

taking into

account the

knowledge and

uncertainties

about biotic,

abiotic and

human

components of

the ecosystems

and their

interactions and

applying an

integrated

approach to

fisheries within

ecologically

meaningful

boundaries.”

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

Trends indicate

a decline in

most marine

stocks in the

Southern

African region –

driven by

demand due to

local

population

increases,

higher

consumer rates,

emergent

export markets

and tourism.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

EAF aims to

“ balance diverse

societal

objectives, by

taking into

account the

knowledge and

uncertainties

about biotic,

abiotic and

human

components of

the ecosystems

and their

interactions and

applying an

integrated

approach to

fisheries within

ecologically

meaningful

boundaries.”

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

The health

of fishing

communiti

es is

inextricabl

y linked to

the health

of the

adjacent

fisheries

resources

and raises

the

importanc

e of the

sustainabl

e and

responsibl

e

managem

ent of

these

resources

to ensure

Market trends are

increasingly

influenced by

consumer awareness

programmes and

eco-labels. [World


November 2011.]


November 2011.] November 2011.] job and

food

security for

these

communiti

es. [World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

EAF approach in

South Africa uses

tracking tools to

examine

progress towards

implementation

– it evaluates a

range of

objectives.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

There are

several

Regional Fishery

Management

Organisations

[ RFMO’s] and

regional fishery

bodies within

the Southern

African region.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

EAF approach in

South Africa uses

tracking tools to

examine progress

towards

implementation –

it evaluates a

range of

objectives. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

SA’s rich

marine

ecosystem

s have

attracted

fishers and

their

families to

the

shoreline

where

they have

develope

d

communiti

es whose

cultural

values,

customary

practices

and social

dynamics

are

intricately

linked to

the

ocean.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

In 2009, SA exported

fish and fishery

products to the

value of USD 75.5

million. [World


November 2011.]


November

2011.]

Good

understanding of

the ecosystem

impacts of the

fisheries and

impacts are

included in

management

advice. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The RFMO’s are

tasked with

managing high

seas fisheries

and migratory

fish stocks which

straddle the

water of more

than one state.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Good

understanding of

the ecosystem

impacts of the

fisheries and

impacts are

included in

management

advice. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

Food

security is

complex

and linked

not only to

food

availability

but also to

human

health,

sustainabl

e

economic

developm

ent,

environme

nt and

trade.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

Fish trade is

governed by

complex multilateral

and bilateral trade

agreements and

negotiations at the

national, regional

and international

levels determine the

amounts of fish

imported and

exported in SA.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative

and responsible

management

of coastal

marine

resources plays

a vital role in

social and

economic well-

being of SA’s

coastal people.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

SA

consumer

and

retailer

awareness

of

environme

ntal and

sustainabili

ty issues

has

resulted in

increased

demands

for eco-

friendly

Trade of fishery

products is of

integral importance

to government

revenue, income

and employment

generation in SA.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]


2011.] and

sustainabl

e seafood

products.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

Holistic and

sustainable

systemic

management

practices are

being

employed to

secure the

future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Market

trends are

increasingl

y

influenced

by

consumer

awareness

programm

es and

eco-

labels.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

Status of SA Marine

Resources: 29.6%

uncertain, 7.4%

under-exploited, 48.1

% optimally

exploited, 14.8%

over-exploited.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

An EAF takes

into

consideration

that all marine

organisms and

processes are

inter-

connected.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Fish trade

is

governed

by

complex

multilatera

l and

bilateral

trade

agreemen

ts and

negotiatio

ns at the

national,

Long-terms rights

issued in 22 fishing

sectors, with over

2900 rights holders

and 1788 vessels. .

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]


regional

and

internation

al levels

determine

the

amounts

of fish

imported

and

exported

in SA.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

An EAF takes

into

consideration

that alterations

in processes are

not easily

recognised and

difficult to

restore once

disrupted.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Trade of

fishery

products is

of integral

importanc

e to

governme

nt

revenue,

income

and

employme

nt

generatio

n in SA.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

The Allocation of

long-term rights

encourage

community

involvement in

fisheries and their

management, but

also promotes a

sense of stewardship

for resources that

fishers will have to

access over the 7-10

year period. . [World


November 2011.]

EAF aims to

“ balance

diverse societal

Status of

SA Marine

Resources:

Status of commercial

line fish in SA: 11%

over-exploited, 68%


objectives, by

taking into

account the

knowledge and

uncertainties

about biotic,

abiotic and

human

components of

the ecosystems

and their

interactions and

applying an

integrated

approach to

fisheries within

ecologically

meaningful

boundaries.”

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

29.6%

uncertain,

7.4%

under-

exploited,

48.1 %

optimally

exploited,

14.8%

over-

exploited.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

collapsed, 16%

optimally exploited

and 5% under

review. [World


November 2011.]

EAF approach

in South Africa

uses tracking

tools to

examine

progress

towards

implementation

– it evaluates a

range of

objectives.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

The

Allocation

of long-

term rights

encourag

e

communit

y

involveme

nt in

fisheries

and their

managem

ent, but

also

promotes

a sense of

stewardshi

p for

Some studies

estimate that some

850 000 people in SA

participate in shore-

based recreational

fisheries – with a total

economic impact of

R 2.5 billion. [World


November 2011.]


resources

that fishers

will have

to access

over the 7-

10 year

period. .

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

Good

understanding

of the

ecosystem

impacts of the

fisheries and

impacts are

included in

management

advice. [World

Wildlife

Organisation.

November

2011.]

Status of

commerci

al line fish

in SA: 11%

over-

exploited,

68%

collapsed,

16%

optimally

exploited

and 5%

under

review.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

Trends indicate a

decline in most

marine stocks in the

Southern African

region – driven by

demand due to

local population

increases, higher

consumer rates,

emergent export

markets and tourism.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

At the

2002 World

Summit on

Sustainabl

e

Developm

ent, SA

undertook

to

The RFMO’s are

tasked with

managing high seas

fisheries and

migratory fish stocks

which straddle the

water of more than

one state. [World



maintain

and

rebuild fish

stocks to

levels able

to

produce

maximum

sustainabl

e yields by

no later

than 2015.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

November 2011.]

Full stock

assessmen

ts are

lacking in

the

majority of

SA’s line

fish

species

and

existing

stock

assessmen

ts for other

species

are

several

years old

and

considere

d

outdated.

[World

Wildlife

The 3000 km stretch

of coastline and

oceans support

diverse artisanal and

commercial fisheries

in SA. [World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]


Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

The SA

Governme

nt has

identified

aquacultu

re as an

area of

expansion.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

The long-term

sustainable

collaborative and

responsible

management of

coastal marine

resources plays a


and economic well-


people. [World


November 2011.]

Some

studies

estimate

that some

850 000

people in

SA

participat

e in shore-

based

recreation

al fisheries

– with a

total

economic

impact of

R 2.5

billion.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

The single species

strategy of resource

management of the

past has failed SA.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]


Trends

indicate a

decline in

most

marine

stocks in

the

Southern

African

region –

driven by

demand

due to

local

populatio

n

increases,

higher

consumer

rates,

emergent

export

markets

and

tourism.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

The single species

approach did not

consider the greater

impact on the

marine ecosystem.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

There are

several

Regional

Fishery

Managem

ent

Organisati

ons

[ RFMO’s]

and

regional

Holistic and

sustainable systemic

management

practices are being

employed to secure

the future of the

resource for

generations to

come. [World


November 2011.]


fishery

bodies

within the

Southern

African

region.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

The

RFMO’s

are tasked

with

managing

high seas

fisheries

and

migratory

fish stocks

which

straddle

the water

of more

than one

state.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

An EAF takes into

consideration that all

marine organisms

and processes are

inter-connected.

[World Wildlife

Organisation.

November 2011.]

The long-

term

sustainabl

e

collaborati

ve and

responsibl

e

An EAF takes into

consideration that

alterations in

processes are not

easily recognised

and difficult to

restore once

disrupted. [World


managem

ent of

coastal

marine

resources

plays a

vital role in

social and

economic

well-being

of SA’s

coastal

people.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]


November 2011.]

The single

species

strategy of

resource

managem

ent of the

past has

failed SA.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

EAF aims to

“ balance diverse

societal objectives,

by taking into

account the

knowledge and

uncertainties about

biotic, abiotic and

human components

of the ecosystems

and their interactions

and applying an

integrated

approach to fisheries

within ecologically

meaningful

boundaries.” [World


November 2011.]

The single

species

approach

did not

EAF approach in

South Africa uses

tracking tools to


consider

the

greater

impact on

the marine

ecosystem

. [World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

examine progress

towards

implementation – it

evaluates a range of

objectives. [World


November 2011.]

Holistic

and

sustainabl

e systemic

managem

ent

practices

are being

employed

to secure

the future

of the

resource

for

generatio

ns to

come.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

Good understanding

of the ecosystem

impacts of the

fisheries and impacts

are included in

management

advice. [World


November 2011.]

An EAF

takes into

considerat

ion that all

marine

organisms

and


processes

are inter-

connecte

d. [World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

An EAF

takes into

considerat

ion that

alterations

in

processes

are not

easily

recognise

d and

difficult to

restore

once

disrupted.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

EAF aims

to

“ balance

diverse

societal

objectives,

by taking

into

account

the

knowledg

e and


uncertainti

es about

biotic,

abiotic

and

human

compone

nts of the

ecosystem

s and their

interaction

s and

applying

an

integrated

approach

to fisheries

within

ecological

ly

meaningfu

l

boundarie

s.” [World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

EAF

approach

in South

Africa uses

tracking

tools to

examine

progress

towards

implement

ation – it

evaluates

a range of


objectives.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]

Good

understan

ding of the

ecosystem

impacts of

the

fisheries

and

impacts

are

included

in

managem

ent

advice.

[World

Wildlife

Organisati

on.

November

2011.]


AVOIDING THE " TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS" IN SA FISHING INDUSTRY - A SIMPLIFIED VIEW AND POTENTIAL...

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Transcript of AVOIDING THE " TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS" IN SA FISHING INDUSTRY - A SIMPLIFIED VIEW AND POTENTIAL...