Avoiding Predatory Journals and Questionable …...are publishing in predatory journals, it shows...

AVOIDINGPREDATORYJOURNALSANDQUESTIONABLECONFERENCES

ARESOURCEGUIDE

SARAHELAINEEATON

SarahElaineEaton PredatoryJournalsandConferences:AResourceGuide

UniversityofCalgary 2

Acknowledgements

SpecialthankstoDr.Bartlomiej“Bart”Lenart,Librarian,ResearchandLearning(Education),UniversityofCalgary,forthebackgroundheprovidedonpredatoryconferences.

WerklundSchoolofEducation,UniversityofCalgary

2500UniversityDriveNWCalgary,AB,T2N1N4,Canada

www.ucalgary.ca

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Citation(APA,6thedition)

Eaton,S.E.(2018).AvoidingPredatoryJournalsandQuestionableConferences:AResourceGuide.Calgary,Canada:UniversityofCalgary.



Abstract

Purpose:Thegoalofthisguideistoprovideaclearoverviewofthetopicsofpredatoryjournalsandquestionableconferencesandadviceonhowtoavoidthem.ThisguideintentionallyadoptsaplainlanguageapproachtoensureitisaccessibletoreaderswithavarietyEnglishlanguageproficiencylevels.Methods:ElectronicsearcheswereconductedmanuallyusingGoogleandGoogleScholar,alongwithasearchoftheUniversityofCalgarylibraryresearchdatabases.Searchtermsincludedpredatoryjournals,predatorypublisher,predatoryconference,questionableconferenceandvanityconference.Threeprimarytypesofsourcesinformedthisreport:(1)scholarlypeer-reviewedarticles;(2)reputablepopularmediasuchasestablishednewspapers;and(3)greyliteraturesuchasblogswrittenbyexpertsandscholars.Findings:Plain-languageoverviewsofpredatorypublicationsandquestionableconferencesareprovidedtohelpresearchersunderstandwhattheseareandhowtoavoidthem.Adiscussionofhowtofigureoutwhereanaspiringauthorshouldpublishtheirworkisincluded,aswellasachecklistfordeterminingifaconferenceisworththeprospectivepresenter’stimeandresources.Implications:Thereareimplicationsformentorsofgraduatestudentsandearly-careerstageacademics,aswellasforinstitutionsasawhole.Theissueofquestionableconferencesandpublicationsissocomplexthatearly-stageacademicsrequiresupportandmentorshiptocultivateadeeperunderstandingofhowtosharetheirworkinacredibleway.Additionalmaterials:Contains66referencesand2tables.

Keywords:predatory,journals,conferences,publications,research



TableofContents

Abstract.........................................................................................................................................................................3

Introduction................................................................................................................................................................5

IntendedAudience...................................................................................................................................................6

Method...........................................................................................................................................................................7

Selectioncriteria..................................................................................................................................................7

Searchprocedure.................................................................................................................................................8

Analysisandsynthesisprocedure................................................................................................................8

TheUprisingoftheProfit-SeekingPredator................................................................................................9

CharacteristicsofContributors.......................................................................................................................10

UnderstandingOpenAccessandAPCs.........................................................................................................12

PredatoryJournals................................................................................................................................................13

Characteristicsofapredatoryjournal.....................................................................................................13

Howtofigureoutwheretopublishyourmanuscript......................................................................15

QuestionableConferences.................................................................................................................................16

Characteristicsofapredatoryorvanityconference.........................................................................16

Howtodetermineifaconferenceisquestionable.............................................................................18

Implications..............................................................................................................................................................19

ConsequencesforContributors..................................................................................................................19

ImplicationsforMentors...............................................................................................................................19

ImplicationsforAcademia............................................................................................................................20

Conclusions..............................................................................................................................................................21

WorksConsulted....................................................................................................................................................22



Introduction

Notlongago,agraduatestudentwasluredinbyaconferenceinhisprecisefieldofstudyandwrotetometoletmeknowofhisacceptance.Ihadneverheardoftheconference.Ihadneverevencomeacrossthenameofitinpassing.IhaveworkedinhighereducationforalmostaquarterofacenturyandI’veheardofmanylegitimateandcredibleconferencesinmyfield,soIbecameskeptical.

Iaskednumerouscolleagues,aswellasourresidentlibrarian.Nooneelsehadheardoftheconferenceeither.OureducationlibrarianattheUniversityofCalgary,Dr.BartLenart,deservesthankssincehewenttosignificantefforttodetermineiftheconferencewaslegitimate.Intheend,wedecidedthatitwasnotawiseuseofthestudent’smoneyortime.

Asaresultofthatexperience,Istartedinvestigatingthetopicofpredatoryconferencesandjournalsinmoredepth.Istartedthisguidethinkingofothergraduatestudentsandjunioracademicswhomightbeatriskofbeingseducedintospendingvaluableresourcesontakingpart,whiledoingnothingtoadvancetheirownlearning,professionaldevelopment,scholarlyexperienceorreputation.Thestakesarehighforacademicsandthepressuretoproducecanbeoverwhelmingattimes.Thisguideisintendedtohelpscholarsmakewisedecisionsabouthowtospendtheirtime,moneyandresources,whilesimultaneouslyprotectingandpreservingtheirprofessionalreputation.

Iamnotgoingtoofferalistofanyjournalsorconferencesthatare,inmyopinion,questionable.Beall(n.d.)hasalreadydoneanexcellentjobofthis.Healsosufferedforhistroubles(Basken,2017).Othershavehadtoprintcorrectionstotheirpublishingafterimplyingthatsomeeventsmaybepredatory(McCrostie,2016).Ihavelearnedthroughmyresearchthatnamingnamescanbemoretroublethanitisworth,soIamnotgoingtodothat.Instead,Iamgoingtoprovideyouwithanoverviewofwhatamakesajournaloraconferencequestionableandgiveyousometoolssoyoucanmakeaninformeddecisionforyourself.

Grove(2017b)assertedthatthenumberofpredatoryconferencesnowoutnumbersofficialevents.By“officialevents”,hemeansconferencesorganizedbylegitimatescholarlyassociationsandsocieties(Grove,2017b).Whiletheproblemseemstobeworseinthephysicalsciences,otherdisciplinesarenotimmune(Nicoll&Chinn,2015).Thehighnumberofpredatoryconferencesandjournalsmeansthataspiringandemergingacademicshavetobesavvierthaneveraboutprotectingtheirreputation.Inacademia,reputationiseverything.Itisnotworthbeingluredinbythepromiseofaneasyacceptancetoaconferenceorpublication.



IntendedAudience

Iwrotethisguideforgraduatestudents,researchersandanyoneelseinterestedinlearningmoreaboutquestionableconferencesorpredatoryjournals.Thereisrealpressureonaspiringandearly-careeracademicstodemonstratetheirabilitytoproduce.Thispressuremeansproducingconferencepresentationsandpublicationstoshowthatyouareworthyofacareerinacademia,orapromotionifyouhavealreadybeenhired.

Thisguidemaybehelpfultothosewhoarefurtheralongintheircareers,too.Notlongago,acolleaguecamebymyofficetoaskformyadvice.Hewasreviewingatenureapplicationforajuniorprofessorandwasworried.“Isthispersonpublishinginpredatoryjournals?”,heaskedme.Ididnotaskthenameofthejuniorprofessor.Instead,Iaskedwhatthetitlesofthejournalswere.Wesatdowninmyofficetogetheranddidsomeinvestigating.Intheend,wedeterminedthatthejunioracademicwaspublishinginlegitimateandcrediblejournals.Thereviewerwassimplyunfamiliarwiththejournalsinquestionbecausetheywerenotinhisfieldofexpertise.Webecomefamiliarwithjournalsandconferencesinourparticulararea,butassessingthecredibilityofthoseoutsideofourfieldcanbetricky.

Therearesomanynewjournalsandnewconferencespoppingupitcanbedifficult,evenforaseasonedacademic,toknowthedifference(Eriksson&Helgesson,2017).Theimportantpointhereisthatthejunioracademic’sreputation–andcareerfuture–wasontheline.Whensenioracademicswhoarereviewingyourtenureapplicationquestionifyouarepublishinginpredatoryjournals,itshowshowseriouslyacademicstakethisissue.

Itiscrucialforeveryonewhoworks,oraspirestowork,inacademiatoknowhowtoidentifyreputableconferencesandpublications–andavoidthem.

Photocredit:Colourbox.com



Method

Myaimwiththisguideistoofferabroad,butcomprehensive,plainlanguageoverviewofthekeytopicsof(1)predatoryjournalsandpublishingand(2)questionable,predatoryorvanityconferences.Mytreatmentofeachtopicprovidesananalysisandsynthesisofmyfindings,withpracticalsuggestionsforacademics.Thereisacasetobemadefortakingaplainlanguageapproachinacademicwriting(Alford,2017;Szala-Meneok,2007).IwantedtowriteaguidethatwouldbeaccessibletoacademicswithvaryinglevelsofEnglishproficiency,soIoptedforanintentionallyplainlanguageapproachtomywriting.Iwouldaddthatalthoughthetermpredatoryiscontroversial(Christopher&Young,2015),Ihaveuseditinthisguidebecauseitiscommonlyusedandunderstoodamongacademics.

Selectioncriteria

Thisguideisnotintendedasanexhaustiveliteraturereviewofallthepossiblesources,thoughIconsultedasubstantiveandcomprehensiverangeofsourcestoinformthiswork.Myselectioncriteriaincluded:

1. Journalarticlesandeditorialspublishedincrediblescientificandresearchjournals.2. Popularmediaarticlespublishedinhighlyrespectednewspapersandonline

sources,suchasTimesHigherEducation.3. “Greyliterature”,suchasblogpostswrittenbythoughtleadersandexpertswho

haveadeepinterestinthesematters(e.g.Beall’sblog1).4. Sourcespublishedforaninternationalscholarly,scientificoracademicaudience.

1See:https://beallslist.weebly.com/

Photocredit:Psphotography–Colourbox.com



Searchprocedure

Iconductedanonlinesearchoveraneight-weekperiodthatincludedthesearchterms:predatoryjournals,predatorypublisher,predatoryconference,questionableconferenceandvanityconference.Mysearchstrategiesfocusedonelectronicsourcesfrom:

1. ManualsearchesusingGoogleandGoogleScholar.2. UniversityofCalgarylibrarydatabases.3. Referentialsearch,usingbibliographicinformationofselectedsources.

Analysisandsynthesisprocedure

IcollectedsourcesandcreatedareferencelistofrelevantandstrategicsourcesusingEndnote.Ireviewedeachsourceindepth,makingnotesofrecurringorcommonthemessuchascharacteristicsofquestionableconferences.Usingthesenotes,Isynthesizedmyfindingsintoplainlanguage,cross-referencingsourcesasIwrote.



TheUprisingoftheProfit-SeekingPredator

Thisguideexaminesbothpredatorypublicationsandconferences.Therearesomedistinctdifferencesbetweenthem,buttherearealsocommonalitiesthatareworthexploring.

Motivatedbymoney

Thedifferencebetweenalegitimateandquestionablepublicationorconference,canberelateddirectlytoitsmotiveforexistence.Iftheprimarymissionofajournalorconferenceistoadvanceknowledgeandsharenewscientificandresearchfindings,followinganestablishedandrigorouspeerreviewprocess,itislikelycredible.Ontheotherhand,ifthejournalorconference’sprimarypurposeistomakemoneywithlittleregardfordisseminatingqualitywork,itmaywellbepredatory,orattheveryleast,questionable.

Unscrupulousmarketing

Thoseinchargeofquestionablepublicationsoreventsengageinunscrupulouspromotion.Spame-mailstoprospectivecontributorsarecommon.Theirspammessagesareoftendetectableby:

1. poorgrammar2. poorspelling3. hyperboliclanguagebraggingabouthowprestigioustheconferenceis4. flatteryfortheprospectivecontributor,toappealtotheiregoorinexperience5. nobuttonto“unsubscribe”oroptoutoffuturemessages6. logosthatlooksimilartothoseofcrediblepublishers

Lackofcredibilityandlowquality

Ultimately,predatorypublicationsandconferencesdonothingtoadvancescientificknowledgeandnordotheyelevatethereputationofthosewhocontribute.Wordssuchas“scam”,“con”,“corrupt”,“fraudulent”,“plague”,and“bogus”havebeenusedtodescribethesepublicationsorevents(Abbott,2017;Beall,2012;Eriksson&Helgesson,2017;Jalalian,&Mahboobi,2013;Pai&Franco,2016;).

Thosebehindthesescamshavelittle“genuineconcernforcontent”(Eriksson&Helgesson,2017,p.163).Havinganendproductthatmakesanintellectualcontributiontoresearchandscholarshipisinconsequentialtothepredatorypublisherorconferenceorganizer.



CharacteristicsofContributors

Thesejournalsorconferencesarecalled“predatory”becausetheyquiteliterallypreyonacademicswhoareeagertogainscholarlypresentationandpublicationexperience.Thisimpliesthatthesepublicationsoreventspurposelytargetspecifictypesofindividualsinaprey-likefashion,butthatdoesnotaccuratelydescribemanyoftheseorganizationswhoinsteadspampotentialcontributorsindiscriminatelyandrampantly.Beall(2016)alsousestheterm“parasitic”(p.1511)asadescriptor,whichisparticularlyhelpfulwhenweconsiderthekindsofindividualscontribute,sincesomeseemtobenefitinasymbioticwayfromtherelationshipwhileothersfeelprofessionallyweakenedbytheirexperience.

Uponexaminationoftheliterature(Bealln.d.,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016a,b,c;Grove,2017a;McCrostie2016,2017;Nicholl&Chinn,2015;Nolfi,Lockhart&Redgate,2015;Vinny,Vishnu&Lal,2016;Xia,Harmon,Connolly,Donnelly,Anderson,&Howard,2015;Ruben,2016),thosewhocontributetopredatoryorparasiticpublicationsoreventsseemtofallintothreemaincategories:(a)thosewhoaretoonaïvetoknow;(b)thosewhoknow,butdonotmind;and(c)thosepseudo-scientistswhoaremasqueradingaslegitimatescholarsorresearchers,butareessentiallyquacksorcharlatansthemselves.

TheNaïveContributorultimatelyrecognizesthattheircontributionwillbringthemlittlebenefitandtheirreputationmayevenbedamaged.

TheCognizantContributorhasamoresymbioticrelationshipwiththeparasiticalpublicationorconferencebecausetheyperceivesomebenefittotheirownadvancement.

LiketheCognizantContributor,thePseudo-Scientistalsoreceives(oratleastperceives)benefitbecausequestionableconferencesorpublicationsgivethemavenuetoproclaimtheirownexpertise,unprovenresultsorabsurdtheories.

Thetableonthenextpageoffersanoverviewofthesevarioustypes.Itisimportanttorecognizethatthesedescriptionsarenotfixedorpermanent.SomeonemightbeaNaïvecontributoronlyonceandthenbecomemorecautiousaboutwheretheychoosetosharetheirworkinthefuture.

Photocredit:PoprotskiyAlexey-Colourbox.com



Table1:Characteristicsofcontributorstopredatoryjournalsorconferences.

Type Characteristics

Naïvecontributors

Academicsinthiscategoryare,inexperienced,unassumingornaïve.Theylackawarenessthattheyarebeingtargetedbyapredatorypublicationorconference.Thesecontributionshaveanaccidentalcharacteristictothem,becausecontributorsbelievetheirworkhasbeenselectedbecauseofitsmeritandlegitimatelypeer-reviewed.Inexperiencedacademicsmaybeespeciallytemptedtosubmittheirworktoquestionablejournalsiftheirworkhasbeenrejectedbyveryhighcaliberjournals(Nicoll&Chinn,2015).Whencontributorsdiscovertheyhavesuccumbedtoaquestionablepublicationorconferencetheymayfeelregret,dissatisfactionorembarrassment.

Cognizantcontributors

Theseindividualseitherworkin,oraspiretoworkin,academicorscientificprofessions.Theyknowthatthepublicationsoreventslackcredibilityandtheyseemnottocare.Oftentheyseemdrivenbyacompulsiontohavehighnumbersofpresentationsorpublicationsontheirc.v.’sinordertogethiredorpromoted.Cognizantcontributorsmayalsoagreetohavetheirnamesaddedtoorganizingcommitteesoreditorialboardsinordertofurtherpadtheircurriculumvitae.

Pseudo-scientists

Whetherthesecontributorsknowtheconferenceorpublicationisquestionable,islessrelevantbecausetheythemselvesmayhavequestionablecredentialsorfoolishnotionsofwhatconstitutesscholarshiporresearch.Theseindividualslikelydonotholdacredibleacademicorresearchpost,thoughtheymayclaimtobescientists.Thesecontributorsusequestionableconferencesandpublicationstolegitimizetheir(usuallyunproven)claimsortheories.Some(thoughnotall)whoengagein“advocacyresearch”(Beall,2016)mayfallintothiscategory.Beall(2016)sharesexamplesofthetypesofcontributionsfromthiscategory:claimsthatasbestosisnon-toxic;claimsofmiraclecures;thedenialofclimatechange;orclaimsofanswerstounansweredquestionsincosmology.



UnderstandingOpenAccessandAPCs

Inthelate1990s,thenatureofscientificandacademicpublishingbegantochangewiththeintroductionofarticleprocessingcharges(APC),apublishingmodelinwhichauthorspaytohavetheirarticlespublishedinanopen-access,onlineformat(Abbott,2017;Vinnyetal.,2016).Therewasatimeacademicsmighthavedismissedtheideaofpayingtohavetheirarticleappearinajournal,buttimeshavechanged.

WhiletheintroductionofAPCsmayhavebeenintroducedwiththeOpenAccess(OA)movement.Suber(n.d.,2012)providesanin-depthexplanationofOAthateloquentlyexplainsallthekeyfeatures,includingdifferentcategoriesofOAsuchas“green”and“gold”.Anin-depthexplanationofalltheintricaciesofOAisbeyondthescopeofthisreport,soIrecommendfamiliarizingyourselfwithSuber’sworktounderstandthedetails.

Havingsaidthat,herearesomehighlightsofkeyelementsthatcharacterizeOA(Abbott,2017;Suber,n.a.,2012):

1. Foundedontheprinciplethatpublicly-fundedresearchshouldbefreelyavailabletopublic(whohaveeffectivelyalreadypaidfortheresearchwiththeirtaxdollars).

2. Copyrightremainswiththeauthor.3. Theworkisfreelyavailableinadigitalformattoreaderswithoutaprescriptionora

paywallbarrier.4. Iscompatiblewithrigorouspeerreview.Inotherwords,justbecauseaworkis

OpenAccessdoesnotmeanithasnot–orshouldnot–undergorigorouspeerreview.

5. Canbesharedinavarietyofformatssuchasjournalsordigitalrepositories.6. OAisakindofaccess,notakindofbusinessmodel.

Overthepasttwentyyears,muchhaschangedandnowAPCshavebecomemoreprevalent,evenforthemostcrediblejournals.Thepublishingmodelthatexistscurrentlyisimperfect(Anderson,2012),butitistheonewehavetocontendwith.Whatisimportanttonoteis,whetherajournalchargesanarticleprocessingfeeisnotnecessarilyanindicatorofitscredibilityorquality.Itisimportantforprospectiveauthorstoinvestigatethedetailsofajournalandthefeesitchargesbeforesubmittingamanuscript.



PredatoryJournals

Muchhasbeenwrittenonthetopicofpredatorypublishinginbothscholarlyandpopularsources.ArguablythemostprolificandauthoritativewriteronthetopictodatehasbeenJeffreyBeall(n.d.,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016a,b,c).SinceBealllaunchedhisawarenesscampaigntoeducateacademicsaboutwhatpredatoryjournalsareandhowtoavoidthem,otherauthorshavesincejoinedthedialogueonwhathasbecomeaconversationofconcerninacademic,scientificandtechnicalcircles.

Characteristicsofapredatoryjournal

Herearesometraitsthatarecommonamongmanypredatoryjournals(Beall,2016;Eriksson&Helgesson,2017;Nolfi,2015;Vinnyetal.,2016):

1. Arenotlinkedtoorrunbyacrediblescholarly,academicortechnicalsocietyorassociation,thoughsomepretendtobe.

2. Donotreceivepublic(e.g.government)fundsorgrants.3. Sendspame-mails.4. Bragaboutthehighqualityofthejournal,whichcanincludefalseclaimsabout

journalmetricsandwhereitisindexed.5. Featuresaneditor-in-chiefwhoalsoeditsnumerousotherjournals,fromavariety

ofdifferentdisciplines.6. Makefalseclaimsaboutwherethejournalisindexed(e.g.PUBMED).7. Promisefastpublication.8. Promiseaneasypeer-reviewandprocess.9. Havetitlesveryclosetothoseofhighlyrespectedlegitimatejournals,withonly

subtlemodifications.10. Mayincludethewords,“International”,“World”,“Global”or“Universal”inthetitle.11. Claimtobebasedinmajorcities(e.g.LondonorNewYork),whentheyarereally

publishedsomewhereelse.12. Makeitdifficulttofindoutwhomanagesthejournal.

Thesearesignsthataprospectivewritermightlookforbeforetheysubmittheirworktoajournalforpublication.Itisimportanttorememberthatnoneofthesecharacteristicsinandofthemselvesisaguaranteethatajournalispredatory(Nolfietal.,2015).Forexample,therearesomehighlycrediblejournalswiththewords“International”inthetitlesuchastheInternationalJournalofComputerVision,notedatthetimeofthiswritingas



ranking#105outofmorethan28,000journals2.Therearealsojournalsthatare“amateurishbutwell-meaning”(Abbott,2017,p.6),thatmaysharesomeofthesecharacteristics,butaspiretodeveloptheircredibilityovertime.

Asawriterseekingahigh-qualitypublicationtoshareyourresearch,lookforacombinationofthesecharacteristicsandbewaryofjournalsthatdisplaynumeroustraitsofpredatoryjournals.

2See:ScimajoJournalandCountryRank-http://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php



Howtofigureoutwheretopublishyourmanuscript

Itcanbeconfusingforprospectiveauthorstofigureoutwheretosubmittheirmanuscriptsforconsideration(Christopher&Young,2015).ConsultingBeall’swebsite3iscertainlyanexcellentplacetostart.TheDirectoryofOpenAccessJournals4alsooffersinsightsintowhichjournalsarebothopenaccessandlegitimate.Itisworthnotingthatneitherofthesewebsitesisexhaustiveandtheprudentwriterwilllookdeeplyintoajournalbeforesubmittingamanuscript(Eriksson&Helgesson,2017).Abbott(2017)counselswriterstolookforjournalswithafavourablereputationandawell-definedaimandscopethattargets“exactlythetypeofreadertheauthorintendsthearticletobereadby”(p.6).

Oneinformal,buteffectiveapproachtodeterminingwhichjournalstotargetistolookatthecurriculumvitaofahighlyrespectedscholarorresearcherinyourfield.Oftenuniversitieswillpublishthevitaoftheirprofessorsonline,makingthempubliclyaccessible.Aninformalanalysisofwherethetopscholarsinyourfieldpublishcanhelpyoucreatealistofjournalsyouwouldliketotargetforyourownwork.Similarly,askingatrustedadvisorormentorwhoiswell-respectedinyourdisciplineforadvicecanhelptosteeryoutowardsmorereputablejournals.

Consultingwithalibrariancanbeoneoftheeasiestwaystofindreputablejournalsinyourfield(Nolfietal.,2015).Librariansmaybeoneofthemosthelpfulandunder-appreciatedresourcesforscholarsandresearchersseekingtolearnmoreabouttheacademicpublicationprocess.

Investigatingthejournal’simpactfactor(IF),suchastheoneproducedbyThompsonReuters5canbeanotherwaytodetermineitscredibility.Itisworthnothingthatimpactfactorisacontestedindicatorofjournalquality(Abbott,2017).Predatoryjournalssimplylieabouttheirimpactfactors,soitcanbetrickytofigureoutthegenuineimpactthatajournalhas.Itisworthdoingsomeinvestigatingtofigureouthowobjectivethirdpartiesratetheimpactfactorofajournalyouareinterestedin.

3See:https://beallslist.weebly.com/4See:https://doaj.org/5See:ThomsonReuters’website:http://ipscience-help.thomsonreuters.com/inCites2Live/indicatorsGroup/aboutHandbook/usingCitationIndicatorsWisely/jif.html



QuestionableConferences

Characteristicsofapredatoryorvanityconference

Therearekeyredflagsthatindicateaconferencemaybequestionable.Herearesometypicalcharacteristicsofbogusconferencesthatyoucanwatchoutforbeforeregistering(AuthorAID,2017;Bowman,2014;Beal,2015;Cowan,2016;McCrostie,2016,2017):

1. Eventisorganizedbyafor-profitentity,ratherthanacrediblescholarlyorscientificsocietyorassociation.

2. Conferencesthatcombineanumberoffieldstopicsordisciplinesintoasingleconference.Beparticularlywaryofallegedconferencesthatcombinemultiple,unrelatedtopicsintoasingleevent.

3. Theconferenceusesafreee-mailaddress,suchasaGmailaddress.4. Theorganizersspamprospectiveattendeestosubmitproposalsandregister.Often,

thesespame-mailscontainhyperboliclanguageabouthowprestigioustheconferenceis.

5. Informationaboutwhoisorganizingtheconferenceiseitherunclearornon-existent;ortheorganizerisnotwellknownorreputable.

6. Acceptancesarepromisedwithaveryshortturnaroundtime(oftenlessthanfourweeks).

7. Theconferenceismarketedasaholidayinadesirablelocation.Theeventisheldataresortorapopulartouristdestinationandmarketedasaholiday,ratherthananacademicorscientificevent.

8. Theconferencenamebearsastrikingresemblancetothatofacredibleorhighlyprestigiousconference,buthassubtleminordifferencesinitsname.

9. Organizersguaranteeyourcontributionwillbepublishedasanarticleinthejournalassociatedwiththeconference.Liketheconference,thejournalisalsopredatoryandtheorganizersmaylaterinsistonadditionalarticleprocessingchargestopublishyourarticle.

10. Theconferencewebsitesareunstable.TheymaychangeURLsorhavenorecordofconferencesinpreviousyears.

11. Thewebsitetextcontainspoorgrammarornumerousspellingerrors.12. Conferencefeesseemquitehigh,comparedtothoserunbynon-profitscholarly

societiesorassociations.

Anyoneofthesecharacteristicsalonemaynotindicateapredatoryconference.Forexample,sometimescredibleconferencesareheldatpopulartouristdestinationsinordertoencourageattendance.Lookforanumberofthesecharacteristicsincombinationand



usecriticalthinkingskillstoassesstheoveralllegitimacyofaconference.

Sometimesattendeeswhohavebeenluredintosuchconferenceslaterreportabouttheirexperiences,whichcommonlyinclude(Beall,2015;Cowan,2016;Grove2017a,b;McCrostie,2016;Ruben,2016):

1. Uponarrivingattheconferencevenue,attendeesreportedthattheconferencehasmysteriouslybeencancelled.

2. Therewasanevent,butitdoesnotresembleascholarlyorscientificconferenceinthetraditionalsense.Itmaybeoneevent,heldinasinglemeetingroomofahotel,ratherthanspreadoutovermultiplemeetingroomslikealargeacademicconferencewouldbe.

3. Theremayhavebeenveryfewpeopleinattendance(sometimesfewerthantwentyintotal).

4. Spousesandchildrenofpresentersmayhaveattendedsessionsinordertomaketheconferenceroomslookfull.

5. “Conferences”onseveraldifferenttopicsordisciplines(sometimesmarketedasentirelydifferentconferences)wereheldinthesameroom,withpresentersbeingtheonlyonesintheroom.Theotherattendeeshadlittletonointerestinothers’presentationsbecausetheywereluredintopresentonacompletelydifferenttopic.

6. Attendeeswerepromotedtokeynotespeakersorsessionchairs.Subsequently,theirnamesandphotoswereusedwithoutpermissionontheeventorganizersforanynumberoftheirevents.

7. Someattendeeshavefeltregretorembarrassmentafterattendingapredatoryconference,recognizingthatattendingapredatoryconferencemaynothavehelpedtheirreputation.

Photocredit–Colourbox.com



Howtodetermineifaconferenceisquestionable

Hereisachecklisttohelpyoudetermineifaconferencemaybeavanityorpredatory(AuthorAID,2017;Beall,2015;Cowan,2016;Grove2017a,b;McCrostie,2016).Considerthischecklistastartingpointtomakeaninformeddecision,ratherthananexhaustivelistofpotentialindicators.

Table2:Checklisttodetermineofaconferenceislegitimate

Question Yes/No/Unsure

Cautionarynote

HaveIheardofthisconferencebefore?

Ifyouhaveneverheardofaconferencebefore,becautiousaboutsigningup.

Howlegitimatedothewebsiteande-mailaddresslook?

Ifthee-mailisfromafreeaccount(e.g.Gmail,YahooorHotmail)orifthewebsiteURLindicatesafreewebsite,itmaybequestionable.

HaveanyofmyprofessorsorcolleagueswhomIrespectpresentedatthisconference?

Ifpeopleyouknowandrespecthaveneverpresentedatthisconference,thinktwicebeforeyouattend.

Dotheorganizersspammewithlotsofflatteringe-mails?

Ifeventorganizersarelayingontheflattery,besuspicious.Credibleconferencesareaboutsharing(evencritiquing)ideas,notstrokingyourego.

Dotheconferenceorganizersinsistthisisaprestigiousevent?

Credibleconferencesdon’thavetojustifytheircredibility.

DoIknowwhoisorganizingthisconference?

Iftheconferenceisnotorganizedbyaprofessional,scholarlyortechnicalassociationorsocietyyouknowandtrust,bewary.

Doorganizersguaranteeacceptancequickly?

Questionableconferencesoftenguaranteeaveryshortdecisiontimeforyourabstract.

Doorganizersguaranteetopublishyourconferencepaperasanarticleintheirjournal?

Credibleconferencesalmostneverguaranteepublicationofpaperswithoutpeerreview.

Isthisconferenceheldataresortortouristdestination?

Ifaconferenceismarketedasaholidayratherthanascholarlyevent,itmaybepredatory.

Doesthisconferencelooktoogoodtobetrue?

Ifanopportunitylookstoogoodtobetrue,itprobablyis.Consultwithatrustedadvisor.

Anotetoprofessors:Feelfreetosharethischecklistwithyourstudentsanduseitasaconversationtooltopreventyourstudentsfromfallingpreytopredatoryconferences.



Implications

ConsequencesforContributors

Itmaybedifficulttodefineexactlytheconsequencesareforthosewhocontributetopredatorypublicationsorconferences,thereseemstobegeneralagreementintheliteraturethattheimpacttoanacademic’scareercanbenegative(Beall,2015;Byard,2016;Cariappa,Dalal,&Chatterjee,2016;Christopher&Young,2015;Clark,2015;Nicholl&Chinn,2015;Nolfietal.,2015).

Thequestionofreputationismentionedthroughouttheliterature,withtheimplicationbeingthatthecareerofanacademicisfoundedontheirreputationforhighqualityresearchorscholarship.Thekindsofjournalswepublishinandtheconferenceswepresentatareimplicitlyjudgedtobeareflectionofourownreputationasanacademic.

TheexampleIofferedatthebeginningofthisguideabouttheseniorprofessorwhowastryingtodetermineifajuniorcolleaguewasworthyofrecommendationfortenureandpromotionisnoteworthy.Bowman(2014)

Theoverallreputationofaninstitutioniscomprised,inpart,oftherespectabilityofeachindividualacademicwhoisassociatedwithit.Ifanindividualisdeemedtobeofill-repute,asdeterminedbytheircolleagues,theymayfinditdifficulttosecureorkeepanacademicpostatahighlyrespectedinstitution.Whetheranacademicsecuresafull-timeappointmentorapromotionmaybetheultimateformofpeer-reviewandhence,demonstratingqualitycontributionsisparamount.

ImplicationsforMentors

Senioracademicscanplayanimportantroleinhelpingjuniorcolleaguesandgraduatestudentscultivateboththeirreputationandastrongpublicationrecord.Thosewithmoreexperienceinacademicpublishinghavedifferentperceptionsaboutwheretosubmittheirmanuscriptsandwhy,andasaresult,itisimportantformentorsisimportanttoraiseawarenessamongthosewithlessexperience(Christopher&Young,2015).

Onestrategythathastraditionallybeenrecommendedtoearly-careeracademicsisforthemto“aimhigh”withtheirpublicationsandconferenceproposals.Then,iftheyarerejectedto“aimlower”(Nicoll&Chinn,2015).Theproblemisthatrejectioncanbediscouragingandinanenvironmentwhereacademicsmusteither“publishorperish”,sometimes“aimlower”isinterpretedas“Getyourmanuscriptpublishedanywhereyoucan,andfast!”Itisimportantformentorstointerveneduringthisprocessinordertohelp



juniorcolleaguesunderstandthatrejectionofamanuscriptdoesnotequatetoablowtotheirreputation,butpublishinginapredatoryjournalmightbe!

Itisimportantforexperiencedscholarstoteachjuniorcolleaguesandgraduatestudentsthatitmaybemoreimpressivetoturndownaso-calledinternationalconferencethantobeluredbyone(Ruben,2016).Inshort,thosewho“knowtheropes”canhelpthosewhoarecomingupthroughtheranksapplytheircriticalthinkingandanalyticalskillstotheirowncareerdevelopment.

ImplicationsforAcademia

Grove(2017b)pointsoutthatuniversitieshavedonelittletoraiseawarenessaboutthisissue,whichposesaparticularproblemforearly-careeracademics,aswellasgraduatestudents.Whilereviewingtheliteratureforthisguide,Iobservedthatnumerousuniversitylibrarieshaveproducedresourcesintheformofawebpageoraguide(a“libguide”,astheyareoftencalled).Awebpageoralibguideareeffectivelypassiveresources,meaningthatanindividualhastogolookingforinformationonthetopic.

Whileitishelpfultohaveresources,librariansaloneshouldnotbeartheinstitutionalresponsibilityforhelpingmembersoftheacademiccommunityavoidquestionablepublicationsorconferencesinthehandsoflibrarians.Institutionsasawhole,aswellasindividualfacultiesanddepartmentsmusttakeanactiveroleineducatingearly-careeracademicsandgraduatestudentsthroughworkshops,on-goingdialogue,andotherformsofsupporttoensuremembersoftheacademiccommunityarefocusingoncultivatingtheircredibilitydirectingtheirenergiestowardshighlycrediblepublicationsandconferences.Institutionalofficesofresearchandotherswithbudgetaryoversightneedtodotheirduediligencewhenallocatingfundsforconferencesorpublicationfees(Bowman,2014;Nicoll&Chinn,2015).Barroga(2015)putsitsuccinctlywhenhesays,“Allstakeholdersmustraiseawarenessandeducateauthorsaboutpredatorypublishinganditsethicalimplications”(p.1535).

Essentially,theresponsibilityforhelpingscholarspublishandpresenttheirworkinhighqualitywaysisaresponsibilitysharedbyindividualacademics,aswellasacademicdepartments,facultiesandinstitutionsasawhole,aswellasthosewhoworkinthepublishingindustry.



Conclusions

Ultimately,thequestionyouareaskingyourselfis:Isthisconferenceorjournalworthmy…

1. Time?2. Money?3. Reputation?

Oneofthemostimportanttraitsofanacademicistheirreputation(Nolfietal.,2015;Matešić,Vučković,&Dovedan,2010).Aspiringandjunioracademics,inparticular,areinavulnerableposition.Theymustshowthattheycanproduceconcreteoutputsoftheirresearchinordertogethiredorbepromoted.Simultaneously,academicsmuststrivetocultivateareputationofexcellenceasanoutstandingscholarorresearcherwhosecontributionstoknowledgearehighqualityandmeaningful.Thisismorethanaquestionoffindingbalance.Itisaquestionofcarefullyandintentionallycultivatingalifelongcareerwithhighqualityworkasitsfoundation.



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Abouttheauthor

SarahElaineEaton,Ph.D.,isafacultymemberattheWerklundSchoolofEducation,UniversityofCalgary,Canada.Eaton’sresearchinterestsfocusonacademicintegrityandplagiarismpreventioninhighereducation.

EatonisanadvocateofOpenAccessandOpenEducationalResources.ShehaspublishedanumberofresourcesthatarefreelyavailablethroughaCreativeCommonsLicense.Manyoftheseresourcesareavailablefromherblog:www.drsaraheaton.wordpress.com.

OtherplacesyoucanfindherOpenAccessworkincludetheEducationResourceInformationCenter(ERIC);theUniversityofCalgary’sdigitalrepository(PRISM);theInformalEducationArchives(www.infed.org);ResearchGate;andAcademia.edu,amongothersites.

Viewherfacultyprofilehere:http://werklund.ucalgary.ca/educ_info/profiles/sarah-eaton

Photocredit:ClaytonMacGillivray,UniversityofCalgary.

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